Criminal Justice midterm quizes

This set of criminological theories uses scientific techniques to study crime and offenders

Positivist school

A reason based on known facts to think that a criminal offense has taken place

Probable cause

The _______ law dictates how the government can go about discovering and prosecuting violations of the _______ law.

Procedural; Substantive

The FBI currently classifies arson as a __________.

Property crime

Experiment that attempted to determine how effectively detectives solved cases

RAND Study of Detectives

Suspicion of illegal activity based on a person's race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on actual illegal activity or evidence of illegal activity

Racial profiling

When law enforcement officers take potential evidence in a criminal case

Seizure

Individuals are asked to identify the types of offenses they have committed

Self-report studies

This kind of offender is extremely rare

Serial murderer

_______ is sexual contact that is committed without the other party's consent or with a party who is not capable of giving consent.

Sexual Assault

This theory explores why people do not break the law

Social control theory

Annual FBI publication that uses data from participating U.S. law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

The most extensive and useful measure of crime available

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

The 4th Amendment states that "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against _______, shall not be violated."

Unreasonable searches and seizures

Criminologists use this term to refer to instances when a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict

Victim precipitation

___________ ask crime victims about their experiences.

Victimization surveys

The FBI classifies murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault as _________.

Violent Crime

NOT one of the major exceptions to the requirement that officers obtain warrants before conducting a search

House searches

Study that sought to measure the effect of police patrol on crime

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

In this case, the Supreme Court found that an arrest warrant allows only the search of a suspect's person and the immediate vicinity. Further searches require a warrant

Chimel v. California

The _____ school of criminology argues that people freely choose to break the law.

Classical

This refers to the act of thinking, which includes attitudes, beliefs, and values that individuals hold about themselves, other people, and their surroundings.

Cognition

Influences on policing styles

Community size Population's racial and ethnic diversity Local economic trends

Offenses committed by a corporation's officers who pursue illegal activity in the corporation's name

Corporate crime

The number of crime index offences divided by the population of an area is called the ________.

Crime rate

Nuisance-type offenses that reflect quality-of-life concerns for many people are called _________.

Crimes against public order

Example of special-needs search

Inventory search

According to Bandura, the process of learning by watching the behavior of others is __________.

Observational learning

Skinner's theory of behaviorism was based on the psychological principle of _______.

Operant conditioning

Much of local police work is especially concerned with _____ and problem solving.

Order maintenance

Most visible function of police

Patrol

This police reform act rejected patronage and administered employment and promotions based on merit

Pendleton Civil Service Act

This agency is recognized as the first uniformed, professional state police department in the United States

Pennsylvania State Police

Joel Best contended that perceptions of violence are constructed not by official measures of crime, but by__________.

the media

According to Laub and Sampson, offenders who eventually adopt more conventional behavior typically experience ________.

Turning points

This is NOT a life-course theory

Differential association theory

Criminologist who's theory espoused free will and punishment based on humane principles

Cesare Beccaria

The _____ school of theories relies on the demographics and geographic location of individuals.

Chicago

Criteria that must be met for the discovery of evidence to fall outside the 4th Amendment's definition of a search

-Incriminating nature of the evidence must be immediately apparent -The item must be in plain view of the officer -The officer must lawfully be in the place where he discovered the evidence

Two considerations that exempt law enforcement from the 4th Amendment provision that police officers have to knock and announce their presence prior to a house search

-Officer safety -Giving suspects an opportunity to destroy evidence

The advantage the National Incident based reporting system (NIBRS) has over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify _________.

-The form of an offense -When and where an offense takes place -The characteristics of victims and perpetrators

Procedural law that controls the activities of law enforcement is derived from the ____ Amendment of the Constitution.

4th

A major twentieth-century police reformer

August Vollmer

The right and power to commit an act or order others to commit an act is called _____.

Authority

Which type of patrol can expand the range that officers can cover, allowing officers to patrol areas where motor vehicles are prohibited and keeping officers in touch with the community?

Bicycle patrol

The basic idea of ______ is that genes are, in part, responsible for behavior because they determine how our brains are constructed.

Biosocial Criminology

Henry and John Fielding organized the _______.

Bow Street Runners

_______ theory observes that people of color are overrepresented at every decision point of the criminal justice system.

Critical race theory

Program that began in 1983 in Los Angeles to give children information about illegal drugs

DARE

A crucial differences between the police and the military

Discretion

Which issue makes supervising the police a different and more difficult job than supervising the military?

Discretion Visibility Authority

Peacemaking or order-maintenance problems that the police may be called for

Domestic disputes Mental illness issues Crowd control

Agency that measures crime using the Uniform Crime Reports

FBI

This term describes an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the reality of that class's existence

False consciousness

The 3 distinct levels of law enforcement in the U.S.

Federal, state, and local

_______ examines how women are treated differently from men in a society dominated by men.

Feminism

In this case, the Supreme Court determined that the test of what constitutes seizure is whether the suspect is free to decline an officer's request for a search and terminate the encounter

Florida v. Bostick

Which features did England contribute to U.S. policing, according to Walker and Katz?

Fragmented System Limited police authority Local control

The early form of policing that most directly led to that of modern U.S. policing was the _____.

Frankpledge system

As a starting point in addressing the social condition of women, feminists employ the concept of ________, which argues that society has different expectations of females and males.

Gender

In this case, the Supreme Court found that probable cause for a search does not demand proof beyond a reasonable doubt

Illinois v. Gates

The somewhat decentralized structure of law enforcement agencies creates some problems with _____.

Jurisdiction

This is NOT a problem with victimization surveys

Lack of victims

This involves the unlawful taking of another person's property

Larceny

This was the first successful bill in England to create a permanent, public police force

Metropolitan Police Act

This is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior

National Incident-based Reporting System (NIBRS)

This theory seeks to explain how delinquents drift between conventional lifestyles and delinquent ones

Neutralization theory

Largest local police force in the nation

New York Police Department (NYPD)

Sheldon used this term to describe his three variations of the body

Somatyping

This recently classified social problem became established as a distinct and important issue for the criminal justice system

Stalking

This temporary detention is legally a seizure of an individual

Stop

This theory is based on Durkheim's theory of anomie

Strain theory

Violence against a state or other political entity

Terrorism

In this case, the Supreme Court found that police have the right to search suspects to ensure their own safety if they think that the suspects are armed.

Terry v. Ohio

This organization was among the first advanced police agencies in the United States

The Texas Rangers

This sector of society typically suffers the least victimization but expresses the highest level of fear of crime

The elderly

NOT a goal of police patrol

To collect crime statistics

Early criminal psychology looked for individual _____ that influenced behavior, such as extroversion or introversion.

Traits

One method used to determine guilt or innocence in ancient times was _____.

Trial by Ordeal

According to this case, the exclusionary rule (law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial) is applicable to federal criminal proceedings

Weeks v. United States