Criminal Justice midterm quizes
This set of criminological theories uses scientific techniques to study crime and offenders
Positivist school
A reason based on known facts to think that a criminal offense has taken place
Probable cause
The _______ law dictates how the government can go about discovering and prosecuting violations of the _______ law.
Procedural; Substantive
The FBI currently classifies arson as a __________.
Property crime
Experiment that attempted to determine how effectively detectives solved cases
RAND Study of Detectives
Suspicion of illegal activity based on a person's race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on actual illegal activity or evidence of illegal activity
Racial profiling
When law enforcement officers take potential evidence in a criminal case
Seizure
Individuals are asked to identify the types of offenses they have committed
Self-report studies
This kind of offender is extremely rare
Serial murderer
_______ is sexual contact that is committed without the other party's consent or with a party who is not capable of giving consent.
Sexual Assault
This theory explores why people do not break the law
Social control theory
Annual FBI publication that uses data from participating U.S. law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
The most extensive and useful measure of crime available
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
The 4th Amendment states that "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against _______, shall not be violated."
Unreasonable searches and seizures
Criminologists use this term to refer to instances when a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict
Victim precipitation
___________ ask crime victims about their experiences.
Victimization surveys
The FBI classifies murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault as _________.
Violent Crime
NOT one of the major exceptions to the requirement that officers obtain warrants before conducting a search
House searches
Study that sought to measure the effect of police patrol on crime
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
In this case, the Supreme Court found that an arrest warrant allows only the search of a suspect's person and the immediate vicinity. Further searches require a warrant
Chimel v. California
The _____ school of criminology argues that people freely choose to break the law.
Classical
This refers to the act of thinking, which includes attitudes, beliefs, and values that individuals hold about themselves, other people, and their surroundings.
Cognition
Influences on policing styles
Community size Population's racial and ethnic diversity Local economic trends
Offenses committed by a corporation's officers who pursue illegal activity in the corporation's name
Corporate crime
The number of crime index offences divided by the population of an area is called the ________.
Crime rate
Nuisance-type offenses that reflect quality-of-life concerns for many people are called _________.
Crimes against public order
Example of special-needs search
Inventory search
According to Bandura, the process of learning by watching the behavior of others is __________.
Observational learning
Skinner's theory of behaviorism was based on the psychological principle of _______.
Operant conditioning
Much of local police work is especially concerned with _____ and problem solving.
Order maintenance
Most visible function of police
Patrol
This police reform act rejected patronage and administered employment and promotions based on merit
Pendleton Civil Service Act
This agency is recognized as the first uniformed, professional state police department in the United States
Pennsylvania State Police
Joel Best contended that perceptions of violence are constructed not by official measures of crime, but by__________.
the media
According to Laub and Sampson, offenders who eventually adopt more conventional behavior typically experience ________.
Turning points
This is NOT a life-course theory
Differential association theory
Criminologist who's theory espoused free will and punishment based on humane principles
Cesare Beccaria
The _____ school of theories relies on the demographics and geographic location of individuals.
Chicago
Criteria that must be met for the discovery of evidence to fall outside the 4th Amendment's definition of a search
-Incriminating nature of the evidence must be immediately apparent -The item must be in plain view of the officer -The officer must lawfully be in the place where he discovered the evidence
Two considerations that exempt law enforcement from the 4th Amendment provision that police officers have to knock and announce their presence prior to a house search
-Officer safety -Giving suspects an opportunity to destroy evidence
The advantage the National Incident based reporting system (NIBRS) has over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify _________.
-The form of an offense -When and where an offense takes place -The characteristics of victims and perpetrators
Procedural law that controls the activities of law enforcement is derived from the ____ Amendment of the Constitution.
4th
A major twentieth-century police reformer
August Vollmer
The right and power to commit an act or order others to commit an act is called _____.
Authority
Which type of patrol can expand the range that officers can cover, allowing officers to patrol areas where motor vehicles are prohibited and keeping officers in touch with the community?
Bicycle patrol
The basic idea of ______ is that genes are, in part, responsible for behavior because they determine how our brains are constructed.
Biosocial Criminology
Henry and John Fielding organized the _______.
Bow Street Runners
_______ theory observes that people of color are overrepresented at every decision point of the criminal justice system.
Critical race theory
Program that began in 1983 in Los Angeles to give children information about illegal drugs
DARE
A crucial differences between the police and the military
Discretion
Which issue makes supervising the police a different and more difficult job than supervising the military?
Discretion Visibility Authority
Peacemaking or order-maintenance problems that the police may be called for
Domestic disputes Mental illness issues Crowd control
Agency that measures crime using the Uniform Crime Reports
FBI
This term describes an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the reality of that class's existence
False consciousness
The 3 distinct levels of law enforcement in the U.S.
Federal, state, and local
_______ examines how women are treated differently from men in a society dominated by men.
Feminism
In this case, the Supreme Court determined that the test of what constitutes seizure is whether the suspect is free to decline an officer's request for a search and terminate the encounter
Florida v. Bostick
Which features did England contribute to U.S. policing, according to Walker and Katz?
Fragmented System Limited police authority Local control
The early form of policing that most directly led to that of modern U.S. policing was the _____.
Frankpledge system
As a starting point in addressing the social condition of women, feminists employ the concept of ________, which argues that society has different expectations of females and males.
Gender
In this case, the Supreme Court found that probable cause for a search does not demand proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Illinois v. Gates
The somewhat decentralized structure of law enforcement agencies creates some problems with _____.
Jurisdiction
This is NOT a problem with victimization surveys
Lack of victims
This involves the unlawful taking of another person's property
Larceny
This was the first successful bill in England to create a permanent, public police force
Metropolitan Police Act
This is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior
National Incident-based Reporting System (NIBRS)
This theory seeks to explain how delinquents drift between conventional lifestyles and delinquent ones
Neutralization theory
Largest local police force in the nation
New York Police Department (NYPD)
Sheldon used this term to describe his three variations of the body
Somatyping
This recently classified social problem became established as a distinct and important issue for the criminal justice system
Stalking
This temporary detention is legally a seizure of an individual
Stop
This theory is based on Durkheim's theory of anomie
Strain theory
Violence against a state or other political entity
Terrorism
In this case, the Supreme Court found that police have the right to search suspects to ensure their own safety if they think that the suspects are armed.
Terry v. Ohio
This organization was among the first advanced police agencies in the United States
The Texas Rangers
This sector of society typically suffers the least victimization but expresses the highest level of fear of crime
The elderly
NOT a goal of police patrol
To collect crime statistics
Early criminal psychology looked for individual _____ that influenced behavior, such as extroversion or introversion.
Traits
One method used to determine guilt or innocence in ancient times was _____.
Trial by Ordeal
According to this case, the exclusionary rule (law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial) is applicable to federal criminal proceedings
Weeks v. United States