19. Aerobic vs Anaerobic

6. Glycolysis produces two ATP molecules. Through what process are these ATP molecules made?

"Substrate level phosphorylation"

1. Fill in the missing numbers of ATP molecules in the diagram of the Cori Cycle shown below.

A=2 ATP; B=6 ATP

4. What is anaerobic metabolism?

ATP production using only substrate level phosphorylation.

7. What is anaerobic metabolism?

ATP production using only substrate level phosphorylation. During anaerobic metabolism, substrate-level phosphorylation (during glycolysis) is the only mechanism for making ATP.

6. Why is it important to have an anaerobic mechanism for producing ATP in active muscles?

Active muscles can run out of oxygen but still need ATP, requiring them to have an alternate pathway for ATP production available.

15. Which of the following is the main source of energy used in the cell?

Adenosine triphosphate ATP is known as the "energy currency" of the cell.

3. Starting with one molecule of glucose, compare the amount of ATP made in aerobic vs anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration creates 30 ATP while anaerobic respiration creates 2 ATP.

5. Starting with one molecule of glucose, compare the amount of ATP made in aerobic vs anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration creates 30 ATP while anaerobic respiration creates 2 ATP.

3. How does the change in lactate concentration affect the pH of the blood in muscle tissue?

An increase in lactate concentration causes the pH of the blood in muscle tissue to decrease.

18. Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Is this a catabolic process or an anabolic process?

Catabolic

13. Which of the following processes does NOT take place in the mitochondria of a cell?

Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid Pyruvate is converted to lactate during anaerobic metabolism, which occurs only in the cytosol.

17. Which of the following best describes the purpose of fermentation?

Fermentation enables the regeneration of NAD+ so that glycolysis can still occur in anaerobic conditions.

9. Which of the following best describes the purpose of fermentation?

Fermentation enables the regeneration of NAD+ so that glycolysis can still occur in anaerobic conditions.

5. Which molecules undergo anaerobic metabolism?

Glucose, some amino acids, and glycerol

9. Which molecules undergo anaerobic metabolism?

Glucose, some amino acids, and glycerol

11. What process is shared between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism?

Glycolysis

8. Which metabolic processes are required for anaerobic metabolism?

Glycolysis, lactate fermentation, and gluconeogenesis

23. What are the three fates of pyruvate in carbohydrate metabolism?

It can be metabolized aerobically to make ATP, anaerobically to make lactate, or it can undergo gluconeogenesis.

14. Which of the following can be produced in dangerous excess in a patient taking metformin because of its involvement in decreasing the liver's participation in the Cori cycle?

Lactic acid Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver which can therefore lead to the buildup of lactic acid because it is no longer converted to glucose.

8. Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

Lactic acid fermentation - mitochondrial matrix

16. Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

Lactic acid fermentation - mitochondrial matrix Lactic acid fermentation occurs during anaerobic metabolism and therefore occurs in the cytosol, not the mitochondria

4. What effect does the change in blood pH due to anaerobic metabolism in muscles have on the delivery of oxygen to the muscle? (Hint: review your Module 3 resources)

Oxygen delivery is increased. As the pH decreases due to an increasing H+ concentration, oxygen is released from hemoglobin and is delivered to the muscles.

10. During periods of strenuous exercise, the muscle cells can become anaerobic. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain cannot continue and the citric acid cycle slows down. When this occurs, how do cells make ATP?

Pyruvate is transformed to lactate. Part of the process of making ATP anaerobically is to convert pyruvate to lactate.

21. During periods of strenuous exercise, the muscle cells can become anaerobic. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain cannot continue and the citric acid cycle slows down. When this occurs, how do cells make ATP?

Pyruvate is transformed to lactate. Part of the process of making ATP anaerobically is to convert pyruvate to lactate.

10. Glycolysis produces two ATP molecules. Through what process are these ATP molecules made?

Substrate level phosphorylation

2. In the absence of oxygen in the exercising muscle, why does the amount of lactate in the blood change?

The amount of lactate increases because lactate produced in muscles anaerobically must travel to the liver. "The amount of lactate increases in the blood because lactate produced in muscles anaerobically must travel to the liver." Lactate produced during anaerobic metabolism leaves the muscle cells and travels to the liver via the blood.

19. Which of the following is an accurate statement about glycolysis?

The final products of glycolysis are two molecules of pyruvate.

Learning Objective

The student identifies the differences between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. (3 questions on the assessment)

7. Which of the following differentiates aerobic from anaerobic cellular metabolism?

The utilization of O2 as an electron acceptor Only aerobic metabolism depends on oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

12. Which of the following differentiates aerobic from anaerobic cellular metabolism?

The utilization of O2 as an electron acceptor Yes! Only aerobic metabolism depends on oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

22. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate __________, while in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate _________.

is converted to acetyl-CoA; is converted to lactate. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA while in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate.

20. In human cells, glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The products of glycolysis will enter the _________________ to continue the process of aerobic respiration.

mitochondria