1.a. There is global variation in human rights norms.

Contemporary Geopolitics - There are supranational political and economic organisations like the...

UN, EU, ASEAN and OPEC, which exert greater political influence that their individual member states.

Who are the Rohingya?

a stateless, ethnic group, with their own language and are predominantly Muslim living in a Buddhist majority nation, Myanmar. Myanmar recognises 145 ethnic groups, of which Rohingya aren't one.

What are some examples of human rights issues investigated by the UN include?

albinism, the death penalty and indigenous people.

The UDHR was established on the basis of customs and norms. What were these drawn from?

all cultures, religions and philosophies across the world.

An example of the human rights violations since 1948 includes the discrimination and violation of African-Americans' human rights through Jim-Crow laws. From separate bathrooms and schools to...

belittlement and judgement of individuals based on their skin color, African-Americans were stripped of their rights in America until 1964.

Geopolitics of intervention in human rights issues requires an understanding of the: Political composition of the groups of...

countries and organisations that are involved in intervention.

Press freedom declined to its lowest point in 12 years in 2015, as political, criminal, and terrorist forces sought to co-opt or silence the media in their broader struggle for power. Only 13% of the world's population enjoys a Free press—that is, where...

coverage of political news is robust, the safety of journalists is guaranteed, state intrusion in media affairs is minimal, and the press is not subject to onerous legal or economic pressures.

Contemporary geopolitical power has a very uneven spatial...

distribution and is viewed from different perspectives.

UN human rights teams can work in areas to protect and promote human rights. Its task is to monitor the situation, attempt to...

empower populations to assert their human rights, enable governments to implement their human rights obligations and strengthen rule of law.

Geopolitics of intervention in human rights issues requires an understanding of the: Possible political, socio-economic and...

environmental consequences of intervention/global governance

Intervention includes the use of military force by a state/s in a...

foreign territory to end gross violation of fundamental human rights of its citizens.

Historically there've been a number of 'geopolitical transitions' in which...

geopolitical world power has shifted. The most recent has being the ending of the Cold War.

'Intervention' can be used in a wider non-military sense. E.g. other instruments of intervention designed to compel states, or...

groups within them, to respect human rights include economic sanctions and the international criminal prosecution of individuals responsible for abuses.

Global governance of human rights is complex and multifaceted: it can involve direct physical intervention as well as the application of a...

growing number of human rights norms, laws and treaties or conventions, plus the work of civil society. Effective intervention depends on their interaction and co-ordination at all scales.

Intervention also includes NGOs, private enterprises and...

human rights activists working with local communities and national governments.

Although there's a non-binding resolution, what are human rights protected by?

international law, which set out the obligations of state governments.

Geopolitics of intervention in human rights issues requires an understanding of the: Nature of the intervention itself. Reasons why...

intervention has been deemed necessary.

Geopolitics of intervention in human rights issues requires an understanding of the: Complexity of human rights...

issues and their spatial patterns.

Afghanistan had the highest infant mortality rate (110.6) of 175 countries. There are several reasons why, but what is the main cause?

lack of medical care. This is especially true in rural areas. In conservative rural areas, many husbands won't allow their wives to be seen by male doctors. And since the Taliban banned education for women, there aren't many female doctors. If there are midwives available, they are few and far between and not trained in modern medicine. Most are ill-equipped to handle emergencies.

Most infant deaths could be prevented. UN believes if a country isn't doing what it can to prevent these deaths it isn't meeting its legal and...

moral obligations. It isn't upholding the rights of its most vulnerable people. Therefore infant mortality isn't just a health matter but a human rights concern.

Contemporary Geopolitics - There are the effects of globalisation in which trans-state organisations like...

multinational corporations (MNCs) have considerable influence on the countries I which they invest.

United Nations involvement takes many forms and its peacekeeping, political and...

peacebuilding mission serve many purposes, not least concerning human rights violation. Usually military presence helps protect citizens from human rights abuse, with non-use of force except in self-defence.

Military intervention can have unintended negative impacts. These include injuries and deaths of civilians, loss of homes and...

population displacement. It may also cause an increase in human rights abuses, further injustices and widening of the socio-economic inequalities which already exist within the country.

By signing international treaties, what is it the duty of states to do?

respect, protect and fulfil international human rights. Governments that ratify or sign treaties thus must carry out domestic measure and legislation compatible with the treaty.

Globalisation has contradictory impacts on human rights. What has transnational integration and increased mobility done?

simultaneously strengthened and diminished the protection of human rights. On one hand it has enhanced the ability of civil society to work out across borders and to promote human rights. But its enabled some organisations to gain power and perpetrate violations.

If the international community is called upon, why does the UN Security Council establish a mandate?

so its workers and troops can be authorised and drawn from a wide range of member states.

The UN Security Council is the only body that can legally authorise use of force. Irrespective of this, the entire process of military intervention is controversial. It can be effective in...

stopping violations. This can have immediate benefits for local communities and contribute to longer term socio-economic development and political stability.

According to freedomhouse.org, of 195 countries assessed, some of the 'Worst of the Worst' countries for human rights are...

the Central African Republic, North Korea and Syria.

The UN co-ordinates the input of a wide range of agencies and organisations in the area affected - including: Public-private partnerships such as...

the Gavi Alliance (Global Alliance of Vaccines and Immunisation)

The number of human rights norms, laws, treaties and conventions are growing. What is the most widely ratified of all international human rights?

the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). Signed by governments worldwide, this convention has been designed to change the ways in which children are treated.

What are the definitions and understating of human rights and issues surrounding them in the 21st century derived from?

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This was one of the most significant events in human rights history when it was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.

Despite UNICEF's extensive work, there's still significant global variation in deaths of young children. Define infant mortality rate (IMR) and give two countries at the opposite end of the scale.

the annual number of deaths of infants under the age of 1/1000 births. Monaco had the lowest number, with a score of 1.8, while Afghanistan had the highest with 110.6.

Geopolitics of intervention in human rights issues requires an understanding of the: Characteristic features of...

the country, government and peoples affected

What does geopolitics refer to?

the global balance of political power and international relations. The pattern of political power is closely related to economic power especially in terms of the relative wealth and international trade strength of nations and groups of nations.

The UN co-ordinates the input of a wide range of agencies and organisations in the area affected - including: Non-governmental organisations like...

the international committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Oxfam.

What are human rights norms based on?

the moral principles that underpin the universally accepted standards of human behaviour.

Contemporary Geopolitics - There are inequalities in power between individual states depending on wealth, political strength and development. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) there are...

the powerful advanced countries (ACs), the increasingly influential emerging and developing countries and the peripheral economies of low-income developing countries (LIDCs).

The rights embedded within the UNCRC describe what a child needs to survive, grow and thrive. What does it explain?

the responsibilities of governments and adults to ensure that all children can enjoy their rights. This forms the basis of UNICEF's work today.

Geographically patterns of socio-economic inequality are closely associated with inequalities in respect for human rights. Many development programmes and...

the steps towards achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been human rights led.

Give some examples of human rights violations

use of child labour, people trafficking, genocide and modern slavery.

What do human rights norms represent?

ways of living that have been inculcated into the culture of a country or area over long time periods. They're the foundation of human rights.

How long did the Cold War last?

1946 to 1989 in which period the USA and the USSR were the 2 dominant superpowers.

Since 1948, it has become evident that many of the principles haven't been adhered to uniformly. From a geographical perspective these violations of human rights have occurred in...

> many different parts of the world, > on every continent, > in advanced countries as well as developing countries (LIDCs and EDCs), > and at different scales from individuals to large-scale groups.

Give two statements (generally accepted as human rights norms) of the total 30, found within the declaration.

>Article 5: no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. > Article 9: no one shall be subject to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Give an example of ethnic cleansing.

August 2017: 1000s of Rohingya militants staged a coodrianted attack and killed 12 security officers in Myanmar's border state of Rakhine. The attacks sparked a brutal crackdown by the Myanmese military on the Rohingya people. UN officials have called this a textbook example of thenic cleansing.

Contemporary Geopolitics - The USA is the only 'superpower'. It may have lost its place to...

China as the world's leading trading nation but it remains dominant militarily and politically.

What are human rights?

Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled.

What is humanitarian intervention?

Intervention in pursuit of humanitarian objectives.

The UN coordinates the input of a wide range of agencies and organisations in the area affected - including: Regional organisations like the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the organisation for...

Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights.

When are human rights applicable?

They're applicable at all times and in all places and they protect everyone equally, without discrimination.