Biomechanics Review Questions

15. Which muscle(s) stabilize(s) the scapula in order to allow normal function of the teres major muscle? a. Levator scapula b. Supraspinatus c. Rhomboids d. Upper trapezius

C

13. Elevation of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint involves osteokinematic motion of the clavicle in the ____________________ direction and arthrokinematic motion of the joint surface in the ____________________ direction. a. inferior, superior b. inferior, inferior c. superior, inferior d. superior, superior

C

23. Which of the following groups of soft tissue structures could potentially limit full forearm supination? a. Oblique cord, quadrate ligament, distal palmar radioulnar ligament b. Lateral collateral ligament, oblique cord, distal anterior radioulnar ligament c. Quadrate ligament, distal posterior radioulnar ligament, oblique cord d. Distal posterior radioulnar ligament, interosseous membrane, oblique cord

A

24. Which of the following would you consider to be a limiter of motion when a patient cannot achieve full elbow extension? a. Passive tension of the flexor muscles b.Tension in the posterior ligaments c. Passive tension of the elbow extensor muscles d. Posterior capsular tightness

A

27. In which position is the central band of the interosseous membrane the most taut? a. Midway between supination and pronation b. At full supination c. At full pronation

A

29. Which of the following muscles works to dynamically support the distal radioulnar joint? a. Pronator quadratus b. Pronator teres c. Flexor carpi radialis longus d. Palmaris longus

A

32. Which carpal bone is not part of the wrist complex? a. Scaphoid b. Lunate c. Trapezoid d. Pisiform

A

33. Extension of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the second digit results in a ____________________ roll and a ____________________ glide of the proximal phalanx on the metacarpal. a. dorsal, dorsal b. volar, volar c. dorsal, volar d. volar, dorsal

A

34. Which of the following is the anatomical basis of the longitudinal palmar arch? a. The adjustable positions of the first, fourth, and fifth metacarpals around the fixed second and third metacarpals, and the musculature of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) b. The fact that the third metacarpal is the longest bone in the hand c. The relatively mobile unit formed by the second and third metacarpal as they articulate with the trapezium and trapezoid, and the musculature of the FDP and FDS d. The carpal arch

A

1. The ultimate function of motion at the scapulothoracic joint is to: a. Orient the glenoid fossa for optimal contact with the humeral head when maneuvering the arm. b. Provide downward rotation during shoulder girdle elevation. c. Decrease stability at the acromioclavicular (AC) and sternoclavicular (SC) joints. d. Work independent of the glenohumeral (GH) motion.

A

11. Which structure directly produces the posterior rotation of the clavicle needed for normal shoulder girdle elevation? a. The conoid portion of the coracoclavicular ligament b. The coracohumeral ligament c. The subclavius muscle d. The anterior fibers of the deltoid muscle

A

10. Which of the following muscles produce upward scapular rotation when the shoulder girdle is elevated from 90° to 180°? a. Deltoid and rotator cuff muscles b. Upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior c. Upper trapezius and serratus anterior d. Teres major and teres minor

B

12. Anterior scapular tipping is normally ____________________ from vertical and directly affects motion at the ____________________ joint. a. 10° to 15°, glenohumeral b. 10° to 15°, acromioclavicular c. 35° to 45°, glenohumeral d. 35° to 45°, acromioclavicular

B

17. During elbow extension from 90° flexion at the humeroradial joint, the radial head rolls in a(n) ____________________ direction and glides in a(n) ____________________ direction on the capitulum at the humeroradial joint. a. anterior/cephalic, posterior/inferior b. posterior/caudal, posterior/inferior c. anterior/cephalic, anterior/inferior d. posterior/caudal, anterior/inferior

B

14. Which of the following muscles assists in counteracting the upward translatory force caused by the deltoid muscle at the glenohumeral joint? a. Supraspinatus b. Serratus anterior c. Coracobrachialis d. Teres minor

D

18. Which of the following structures is the primary stabilizer of elbow to valgus stress between 20° and 120° flexion? a. Quadrate ligament b. Oblique cord c. Annular ligament d. Medial collateral ligament

D

37. Which of the following factors would explain why there is a weaker grip on the ulnar side of the hand? a. Active finger flexion range of motion (ROM) increases from the radial to the ulnar side of the hand, lending to increased occurrence of active insufficiency of the ulnar digits. b. Active finger flexion ROM increases from the ulnar to the radial side of the hand, lending to increased occurrence of active insufficiency of the radial digits. c. Active finger flexion is the same in all fingers. d. Weaker grip is not possible with the ulnar side of the hand.

A

40. Which of the following statements is true regarding the extensor mechanism of the fingers? a. Lumbricles and interossei allow active metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint flexion, and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint extension. b. Extensor digitorum extends the PIP and DIP joints, but not the MCP joint. c. Lumbricales and interossei work to extend the MCP joint against the force of the long finger flexors. d.Extensor digitorum is the only muscle that can extend the DIP joint.

A

42. In abduction of the first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint, the first metacarpal would roll in a ____________________ direction and glide in a ____________________ direction on the trapezium. a.volar, dorsal b.radial, ulnar c.volar, volar d.radial, radial

A

43. The range and direction of motion at the first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint produces opposition of the thumb. Opposition is sequentially ____________________. a. abduction, flexion, and adduction of the first metacarpal b. adduction, flexion, and abduction of the first metacarpal c. abduction, extension, and adduction of the first metacarpal d. Opposition does not occur at this joint.

A

44 In which of the following types of grip does the thumb play a very minimal role? a. Hook grip b. Tip-to-tip prehension c. Spherical grip d. Cylindrical grip

A

48. Which of the following carpal bones shows the greatest amount of motion during wrist flexion/extension? a. Scaphoid b. Lunate c. Triquitrum d. Pisiform

A

6. Which of the supporting ligaments of the glenohumeral (GH) joint is considered to be a "ligament complex"? a. The inferior GH ligament b. The middle GH ligament c. The superior GH ligament d. The coracoacromial ligament

A

19. A football offensive lineman takes his three-point stance. The base of support (BOS) includes 1 upper extremity (hand placed on ground) and both lower extremities with his right elbow in 30° of flexion. Which of the following would best resist a valgus stress applied to the humeroulnar joint by an opposing player? a. Lateral collateral ligament b. Anterior medial collateral ligament c. Lateral ulnar collateral ligament d. Posterior medial collateral ligament

B

2. Which of the following best describes motion at the sternoclavicular (SC) joint? a. During clavicular elevation and depression, the disc of the SC joint moves with the medial end of the clavicle on the manubrial facet. b. During clavicular protraction and retraction, the disc of the SC joint moves with the medial end of the clavicle on the manubrial facet. c. During clavicular elevation and depression, the lateral end and medial end of the clavicle move in the same direction. d. During clavicular protraction and retraction, the lateral end and medial end of the clavicle move in opposite directions.

B

25. Which of the following wrist muscles can play a significant role in resisting valgus stress to the elbow? a. Brachioradialis b. Flexor carpi ulnaris c. Extensor carpi radialis d. Flexor carpi radialis

B

28. Which of the following muscles helps to support the medial collateral ligament when exposed to large valgus forces? a. Brachioradialis b. Flexor carpi ulnaris c. Pronator quadrates d. Anconeus

B

30. Your patient demonstrates limited wrist flexion. Which of the following ligaments would be taut in full wrist flexion? a. Volar radiocarpal ligaments b. Dorsal radiocarpal ligaments c. Radial collateral ligament d. Quadrate ligament

B

38. Which of the following muscles is the primary finger flexor of digits two through five? a. Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) b. Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) c. Lumbricles d. Interossei

B

45. Which ligament blends with the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) of the wrist? a. Radial collateral ligament b. Ulnar collateral ligament c. Volar radiocarpal ligament d. Dorsal radiocarpal ligament

B

5. Which of the following best describes the structure of the glenohumeral (GH) joint? a. The joint surfaces of the GH joint are naturally congruent and stable. b. The glenoid labrum enhances the depth of the glenoid fossa. c. The glenoid fossa, by itself, is three times larger than the humeral with which it articulates. d. The glenoid labrum is a thin hyaline cartilage structure.

B

8. The acromioclavicular (AC) joint contributes to shoulder elevation ____________________. a. between 30° and 90° of abduction when tension on the trapezoid component of the coracoclavicular ligament produces a posterior rotation of the clavicle b. after 90° of shoulder abduction and until all scapulothoracic motion is taken up c. between 30° and 90° of abduction when anterior rotation of the clavicle allows for 30° of scapular upward rotation d. after 60° of abduction

B

16. Which of the following describes the arthrokinematic motion that occurs at the humeroulnar joint when the elbow is flexing to bring your hand to your mouth? a. Caudal/anterior/cephalic glide of ulna on trochlea; medial glide of ulna on trochlea b. Cephalic/posterior/caudal glide of ulna on trochlea; medial glide of ulna on trochlea c. Caudal/anterior/cephalic glide of ulna on trochlea; lateral glide of ulna on trochlea d. Cephalic/posterior/caudal glide of ulna on trochlea; lateral glide of ulna on trochlea

C

21. Which of the following elbow flexors produces the greatest amount of compression in the elbow joint and therefore is a stabilizer of the elbow? a. Biceps brachii b. Pronator teres c. Brachioradialis d. Brachialis

C

26. Which of the following structures will resist a valgus stress to the elbow at 30° of flexion? a. Interosseous membrane b. Annular ligament c. Medial collateral ligament

C

3. The ____________________ ligament is the primary stabilizer of the sternoclavicular joint. a. interclavicular b. coracoclavicular c. costoclavicular d. sternoclavicular

C

35. The purpose of the volar plate of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the finger is to: a. Restrict MCP joint mobility. b. Act as a point of insertion for the interossei muscles and extensor digitorum. c. Prevent pinching of the long flexor tendons during finger flexion. d. Add surface area to the head of the metacarpal.

C

36. Which of the following is true regarding the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of the digits two through five? a. They are not true synovial joints. b. They do not have any collateral ligaments to resist valgus and varus stresses. c. The proximal articulating surface is larger than the distal articulating surface. d. They are biaxial joints with two degrees of freedom.

C

39. Which of the following muscles is the only muscle capable of extending the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the digits? a.Interossei b.Lumbricles c.Extensor digitorum d.Extensor carpi ulnaris

C

4. When a tennis player elevates her shoulder during a serve, the clavicle rolls in a(n) ____________________ direction and glides in a(n) ____________________ direction on the clavicular notch at the sternoclavicular joint. a. superior, superior b. inferior, inferior c. superior, inferior d. inferior, superior

C

41. Which of the following muscles act as strong interphalangeal (proximal interphalangeal [PIP] and distal interphalangeal [DIP]) extensors and weak metacarpophalangeal (MCP) flexors? a. Interossei b. Extensor indicis c. Lumbricles d.Oblique retinacular ligaments

C

49. This structure of the extensor mechanism lies volar to the axis of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and dorsal to the axis of the PIP. a. Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) b. Lumbricles c. Oblique retinacular ligament (ORL) d. Transverse retinacular ligament

C

9. Which of the following is a function of the rotator cuff during shoulder girdle elevation? a. Functions with the deltoid to produce a superior translation of the humeral head during shoulder girdle elevation b. Produces scapular upward rotation during shoulder girdle motion c. Balances the deltoid activity by providing a slight inferior translatory force of the humeral head during shoulder girdle elevation d. Produces downward rotation of the scapula during shoulder girdle motion

C

20. In full elbow extension, varus stability is provided by which of the following bony and/or noncontractile soft tissue structures? a. Configuration of the joint surfaces, medial collateral ligament, anterior ligament b. Posterior ligament, configuration of the joint surfaces, annular ligament c. Oblique cord, quadrate ligament, configuration of the joint surfaces d. Configuration of the joint surfaces, joint capsule, lateral collateral ligament

D

22. The ____________________ radioulnar joint has a disc that is also known as ____________________. a. superior, annular ligament b. superior, triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFC) c. inferior, annular ligament d. inferior, triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFC)

D

31. The midcarpal joint favors which of the following directions? a. Flexion and radial deviation b. Flexion and ulnar deviation c. Extension and ulnar deviation d. Extension and radial deviation

D

46. Which of the following best represents the closed pack position of the wrist? a. 15° wrist flexion b. 10° wrist extension c. Full wrist flexion d. Full wrist extension

D

47. Tip-to-tip prehension involves which of the following muscle groups? a. Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus, and flexor pollicis brevis b. Flexor digitorum profundus, opponins pollicis, and abductor pollicis brevis c. Flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus d. B and C

D

7. The external rotation that occurs at the glenohumeral joint after 80° to 90° of abduction produces a(n) ____________________ roll and a(n) ____________________ glide of the humeral head on the glenoid fossa. a. posterior, posterior b. anterior, anterior c. anterior, posterior d. posterior, anterior

D