2- Nutrition

Manufacturers can choose to list other ingredients.

Are required to include a nutrient on the Nutrition Facts panel if they make a claim or if the food is fortified. .

Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)

Average daily energy (calorie) need for each life-stage group Energy from carbohydrates, protein, fat, and alcohol consumed in amounts above need is stored as body fat: Used to promote healthy body weight

MyPlate Focuses on key behaviors:

Balancing calories Foods to Increase Foods to Reduce

Foods to Reduce:

Compare sodium in foods and choose foods with lower numbers. Drink water instead of sugary drinks.

Dietary Reference Intakes

DRIs are set for almost 40 nutrients Differ by life stage: • Age group • Gender (after age 9) • Pregnancy • Lactation Should be applied to dietary intake averaged over a number of days, not a single day

*Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)*

Daily nutrient intake amounts estimated to meet the needs of half of the people Set for 17 nutrients

Focus on Overall Eating

Decrease intake of animal protein Decrease added sugars Do not have to limit Cholesterol

Health claims:

Describe a relationship between a disease and a nutrient, food, or food constituent. Must have significant scientific agreement that they are true Must use a may or might qualifier

Putting the Dietary Guidelines into Action

Diet recommended by the Dietary Guidelines is not especially expensive. Fruits, vegetables, and low-fat and fat-free milk are similar in price to chips, cookies, and sugared soft drinks. Take into account your current health status and family history. Identify specific changes you need to make. Develop a plan to incorporate these changes. See whether these changes are effective.

Balancing calories:

Enjoy your food, but eat less. Avoid oversized portions.

Labels include:

Product name Name and address of the manufacturer Amount of product in the package Ingredients list in descending order by weight Ingredients that are common allergens

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Recommendations from the Food and Nutrition Board Apply to people in the U.S. and Canada Set for 5 standards: • Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) • Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) • Adequate Intakes (AIs) • Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (Upper Levels, or ULs) • Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)

Daily Values based on 2 sets of dietary standards:

Reference Daily Intakes Daily Reference Values

Dietary Guidelines for Americans The U.S. government's foundation for nutrition policy and education

Reflect the most accurate and up-to-date scientific knowledge about: • Nutritious diets. • Physical activity. • Related healthy lifestyle choices.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)

Set for intake of: • Carbohydrate • Protein • Fat • Essential fatty acids Provide a range of intake associated with good health and a reduced risk of chronic diseases.

Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs)

Set for vitamins and most minerals Use highest value All have established nutrient standards

*Adequate Intakes (AIs)*

Should cover the needs of 97-98% of individuals Can be used for individuals

Although not a DRI, Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) are established for guidance on intake levels of:

• Carbohydrates. • Protein. • Fat. Meant to help reduce the risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases

Must be listed on Nutrition Facts panel:

• Total calories (kcal) and calories from fat • Total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat • Cholesterol • Sugars • Sodium • Protein • Total carbohydrates • Fiber • Vit A and C • Calcium and iron

Putting MyPlate into Action

Begin by estimating your energy needs. Use Table 2-6 to discover how your energy needs correspond to the recommended number of servings from each food group. The servings are based on the sizes listed in Table 2-7.

*Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)*

Daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97 to 98%) Based on a multiple of the EARs Set at an amount based on the nutrient's ability to prevent chronic disease rather than just prevent deficiency

Nutrient content claims:

Describe the nutrients in a food.

Nutrient databases can be used to calculate a food's energy density:

Determined by comparing a food's calorie count per gram weight of the food.

Nutrient density:

Determined by dividing the amount of a nutrient in a serving of food by your daily recommended intake Next, divide the calories in a serving of the food by your daily calorie need (EER). Compare these values: Food will be nutrient dense if it provides a greater contribution to your nutrient need than your calorie need.

Nutrient Composition of Foods Nutrient databases make it possible to:

Estimate the amount of calories and nutrients in foods. See how closely intake matches dietary standards. Cannot account for: Factors that affect nutrient levels in the food we eat. How nutrients are handled in the body. Putting Nutrient Databases into Action to Determine

Appropriate Uses of the DRIs

Intended for diet planning Should aim to meet any RDAs or AIs set Do not exceed the upper level for a nutrient Can be applied to healthy people (May not be appropriate for the undernourished or those with diseases or other health conditions.)

MyPlate depicts the key elements of a healthy diet.

It emphasizes the fruit, vegetable, grain, protein, and dairy food groups. The goal is to remind consumers to think about building a healthy plate at mealtimes.

Foods to Increase:

Make half your plate fruits and vegetables. Make at least half your grains whole grains. Switch to fat-free or low-fat milk.

Claims on Food Labels

Marketing tool directed toward health-conscious consumers Claims must comply with FDA regulations. Claims can be: • Nutrient content claims. • Health claims. • Structure/function claims.

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (Upper Levels, or ULs)

Maximum daily intake Based on nutrient intake from all sources

Nutrients listed on Nutrition Facts panels tend to be...

the ones of greatest health concern.

Putting the Daily Values into Action on Nutrition Facts Panels

Information related to the Daily Values is found on almost every food and beverage sold.

Daily Values Set for 4 groups:

Infants Toddlers Pregnant and lactating women People over age 4 years

How DRVs for energy-producing nutrients are calculated: Fat is set at --% of calories. Saturated fat is set at --% of calories. Carbohydrate is set at --% of calories. Protein is set at --% of calories. Fiber is set at --- g of fiber per ----- calories. All other DRVs do not vary with calorie intake.

Fat is set at 30% of calories. Saturated fat is set at 10% of calories. Carbohydrate is set at 60% of calories. Protein is set at 10% of calories. Fiber is set at 11.5 g of fiber per 1000 calories. All other DRVs do not vary with calorie intake.

Many people eat too much:

Fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar.

Many people are concerned that they don't get enough:

Fiber, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C.

Key Elements of 2015-2020

Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan. Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount. Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats Reduce sodium intake Shift to healthier food and bev. Choices Support healthy eating patterns for all

Premise is that nutrient needs should be met primarily by consuming foods.

Fortified foods and dietary supplements may be useful sources of nutrients in certain cases. Dietary supplements are not a substitute for a healthful diet.

Exceptions in Labeling

Fresh fruits and vegetables, fish, meats, and poultry are not required to have a Nutrition Facts Labels.

Low-energy-dense foods contain large amounts of water and few calories:

Fruits, vegetables, stews, casseroles, and oatmeal Can help keep calorie intake under control

Daily Values (DVs)

Generic standards developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Found on the Nutrition Facts panel on a food label Compares the amount of nutrients in the food with a set of standards

Empty-calorie foods:

Not nutrient dense High in sugar and/or fat Few other nutrients present: Sugared soft drinks Chips Cookies Candy

Nutrition Facts panel

Nutrition Facts panel lists amounts of certain food components and reports them as % Daily Value Represent information for a single serving of food: Serving sizes are specified by the FDA. Based on typical serving size eaten by Americans

Energy dense foods are high in calories but weigh very little:

Nuts, cookies, fried foods, snack foods Can help people with poor appetite maintain or gain weight

Dietary Guidelines for Americans Designed to meet nutrient needs while reducing the risk of:

Obesity. Hypertension. Cardiovascular disease. Type 2 diabetes. Osteoporosis. Alcoholism. Foodborne illness.

Daily Reference Values (DRVs)

Standards for: Energy-producing nutrients Cholesterol Sodium Potassium For energy-producing nutrients, DRVs are based on daily caloric intake: FDA selected 2000 calories as the reference for calculating percent DVs