2007 World History
14. Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? (A) Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology (B) Lack of European interest in African goods (C) A prohibition on external trade by the Islamic states of North Africa (D)Directives from the pope to limit Christian with Africa (E) Fear of dying from tropical diseases
A
15. The map above indicates that (A) Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade (B) slavery existed in the western Sudan (C) Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa (D) Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East (E) Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold
A
19. Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494 primarily because they (A) needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean (B) were concerned that the Western Hemisphere's native peoples be treated by the (C) needed to agree on the official languages for Central and South America in order to keep out English and French (D) wanted to protect the existing religions in South Asia and the Western Hemisphere (E) did not wish to disrupt the plant and animal life of the Western Hemisphere with the introduction of foreign species
A
25. Which of the following occurred in nineteenth-century Africa as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade? (A) An increased use of slave labor within Africa (B) The collapse of traditional religions (C) The spread of factory industry (D) A decrease in diamond production (E) The rise of political democracy
A
26. In nineteenth-century liberal democratic theory, a woman's role was generally portrayed as that of (A) the mother of citizens (B)manager of property (C) a political participant (D) a productive worker (E) a consumer
A
27. The trade patterns shown on the map above depict (A) British imports of raw cotton and exports of finished cotton in the 1850s (B) major slave trading routes in the nineteenth century (C) alternate trade routes that developed as a result of the disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars (D) routes that developed in response to the building of railroads in North America (E) illicit drug routes that developed in the second half of the twentieth century
A
28. Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was (A) the Industrial Revolution (B) European medical technology (C) Spanish control of New World silver (D) Portuguese naval and firearms technology (E) the Enlightenment
A
3. Which of the following was the major feature of the Neolithic Revolution in the Middle East? (A) The establishment of sedentary village communities (B) The spread of a migratory way of life (C) A decline in the total population of the area (D) An increase in the amount of forested land (E) An increase in the use of bronze tools
A
33, which of the following was most clearly NOT a consequence of the Second World War? (A) The independence of Brazil (B) The independence of (C) The nuclear standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States (D) The democratic constitution of Japan (E) The division of Berlin
A
42. Which of the following pairs of belief systems offered opportunities for women to lead monastic lives? (A) Buddhism and Christianity (B) Buddhism and Judaism (C) Confucianism and Hinduism (D) Confucianism and Islam (E) Hinduism and Islam
A
43. Which of the following governments filled positions in the bureaucracy by means of merit examinations? (A) China under the Tang (B) China under Mao Zedong (C) The Byzantine Empire (D) Feudal monarchies in western Europe (E) The Roman Empire
A
45. By 600 C.E., which of the following world regions had experienced the most extensive urban decline? (A) Western Europe (B) Eastern Mediterranean (C) India (D) China (E) Japan
A
52. Before 1700, Spain governed its American colonies through a system of (A) appointed administrators (B) independent merchants (C) written constitutions (D) chartered companies (E) elected presidents
A
7. Judaism is based on the belief in (A) a covenant between God and the Hebrew people (B) nature as a life force in an orderly and just (C) faith alone with few rituals or rules of behavior (D) a rejection of this world and its cares (E) eternal punishment for nonbelievers
A
9. Prior to 1000 CE, Southeast Asia was most influenced by which of the following? (A) India and China (B) China and Japan (C) Korea and Japan (D) Australia and Polynesia (E) The Swahili states and the Ottoman Empire
A
10. The tenth-century structure in Cordoba, Spain, shown above, exemplifies the (A) adoption of Gothic engineering techniques (B) Islamic architectural style (C) influence of Christian religious painting D) influence of Chinese art (E) incorporation of art and architecture of the Aztecs
B
16. Under the Japanese system of feudalism after 1600, the emperor served as the symbol of authority while real power was held by (A) the crown prince (B) the shogun (C) the samurai class (D) powerful merchants (E) Shinto priests
B
20. Which of the following best describes the Mughal Empire? (A) A political-economic social system that recognized equality of all citizens (B) A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority (C) A government based on an examination system (D) A social and political system that sought to value equally its Islamic, Christian, Hindu, and Buddhist populations (E) The rule of a Hindu majority over a Buddhist minority .
B
24. Which of the following best characterizes world trade in the period 1450 to 1750 (A) Commodities from Africa dominated trade with China and India. (B) The demand for Asian commodities was financed by New World silver. (C) International conflict declined because of growing cooperation among international traders. (D) European dominance of China began. (E) The African slave trade declined.
B
29. Slavery and serfdom were abolished in the 1860s in (A) Great Britain and Brazil (B) the United States and Russia (C) France and Algeria (D) Austria-Hungary and India (E) China and the Ottoman Empire
B
34. The rise to economic prominence of many East Asian nations in the 1980s and 1990s entailed (A) the creation of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere by Japan (B) the emphasis on producing high-value consumer goods for export (C) the dominance of China's Four Moderni- zations policy (D) huge imports of oil, cars, and electronics into the region from the United States (E) the decline of the European Economic Community
B
38. Which of the following best helps explain why the technology of production was less advanced in the classical Mediterranean than in classical China? (A) Lack of interest in science (B) Greater reliance on slavery (C) Less interest in territorial expansion (D) Failure to develop a monetary system (E) Greater dependence on women for manual labor
B
39. The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city (A) was located on an island. (B) was highly fortified against outside attacks (C) tolerated many religions (D) looked down on trade and commerce (E) valued and rewarded people of all classes
B
46. Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both (A) developed from Mayan civilization (B) acquired empires by means of military conquest (C) independently developed iron technology (D) depended entirely on oral record keeping (E) had no system of regional trade
B
48. The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? (A) The empire of Alexander the Great (B) The Mongol Empire (C) The Russian Empire (D) The Byzantine Empire (E) The Ottoman Empire
B
49. The responsibilities of aristocratic women in both feudal Japan and medieval Europe usually included (A) directing religious festivals (B) managing household supplies and finances (C) representing their families in courts of law (D) training their sons to be warriors (E) overseeing village schools and hospitals
B
50. Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s? (A) He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade. (B) He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa. (C) He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast. (D) He explored unknown regions and seas, though his ships were tiny and supplies inadequate. (E) He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.
B
51. In the fourteenth century, merchants from China, Arabia, Persia, and Egypt were drawn to Calicut, India, primarily to purchase (A) iron (B) pepper (C) sugar (E) tobacco
B
53. Which of the following characterized econom systems in Latin America and in Southeast As during the sixteenth century? (A) Both focused on porcelain manufacturing (B) Both incorporated forced labor. (C) Both redistributed land to peasants. (D) Both produced grain for the European market. (E) Both focused on small farm-to-market agriculture.
B
54. The table best supports which of the following conclusions about Japanese trade in the seventeenth century? (A) Chinese goods were becoming less desirable than Dutch goods. (B) Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals. (C) Imports from China and Europe discouraged local production in Japan (D) Chinese and Dutch imports accounted for only a small fraction of all imports to Japan. (E) Japan's ruling samurai elite became wealthy and powerful due to their control over local markets and merchants.
B
55. Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China? (A) A sharp decline in average global temperatures (B) Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops (C) The rise of parliamentary governments (D) Innovation in birth control measures (E) Improvement in surgical procedures
B
6. Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 (A) A unified Islamic Empire eliminated all internal tariffs and encouraged trade. (B) The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. (C)The Ottoman Empire drained the resources of the area in the Empire's war with India. (D) Byzantine Empire and the Russian Empire controlled trade in the area. (E) The area ceased trading with Europe but continued trading with sub-Saharan Africa.
B
66. Which of the following was an experience shared by the African leaders Nelson Mandela, Robert Mugabe, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kwame Nkrumah during the colonial period? (A) They studied at Soviet universities. (B) They were held as political prisoners. (C) They served in a colonial army. (D) They were Muslims. (E) They originally came from French colonies.
B
69. Which of the following is true of both India and China in the period from 1945 to 1990 (A) Both were colonies of a foreign power. (B) In the 1950s, leaders of both countries focused on industrial development. (C) Building an agricultural base was the to priority of both countries (D) Both countries adopted free-trade policy in the 1960s. (E) Both societies quickly rejected traditior religious values
B
11. In the period 1000 to 1450, which of the following developments partially resulted from knowledge of Greek science and technology? (A) Japanese temple design in Kyoto (B) Christian theology in the Roman Empire (C) Islamic medical books in Baghdad (D) Mongol military tactics in Central Asia (E) Inca bridge design in the Andes
C
13. Which of the following groups of people entered the Middle East in the eleventh century CE. and came to dominate most of Anatolia? (A) Greeks (B) Armenians (C) Turks (D) Arabs (E) Slavs
C
23. Which of the following world history processes was most responsible for the eighteenth-century cityscape of St. Petersburg, Russia, shown above? (A) Disease diffusion (B) World climate changes (C) Westernization (D) Democratization (E) Isolation
C
5. The statue of a king of Kush shown above was most probably influenced by the art of (A) Greece (B) China (C) Egypt (D) India (E) Gaul
C
59. The United States Bill of Rights and the Fre Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citize reflect a shared concern for (A) physical elimination of the ruling class (B) confiscation of church property (C) protection of private property (D) preservation of the monarchy (E) establishment of a parliamentary system
C
61. The print above suggests that as nineteenth-century Japan industrialized, Japanese women did which of the following? (A) Stayed at home, out of the workforce. (B) Demonstrated against participation in the factory system. (C) Became involved in the factory system and industrial production. (D) Enjoyed leadership positions over their male counterparts in factories and industries. (E) Chose to continue the domestic, or cottage, system of production.
C
63. Which of the following best characterizes Western imperialist expansion in the late nineteenth century? (A) Western fears of the spread of Japanese influence (B) Western investment to create self-sufficient economies in the new colonies (C) An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time (D) The establishment of political institutions to resolve ethnic and religious conflicts within colonies (E) The decline of British and United States influence in international affairs
C
67. Which of the following is the basis for nearly all the boundaries of today's sub-Saharan African states? (A) Postcolonial conquests of one African state by another (B) Fragmentation of countries after they achieved independence from Europe (C) Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization (D) Precolonial linguistic groupings (E)international agreements mediated by the United Nations
C
70. A demographic trend in industrialized count worldwide in the late 20th century was (A) a decline in divorce rates (B) An increase in birthrates (C) A decline in family size (D) An increase in infant mortality rates (E) an increase in death rates
C
1. Which of the following ideas was given to Muslims on the authority of the Qur'an? (A) All earthly existence is merely an illusion. (B) Muhammad is God. (C) The soul may be reborn in another earthly form after the death of the individual (D) Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity (E) The cow is a sacred animal, and the eating of beef is therefore a sacrilegious and impure act.
D
18. The founder of Buddhism developed a religion centered on (A) belief in heaven (B) regulation of social interactions (C) support of the caste system (D) elimination of desire and suffering (E) monotheism
D
2. Which of the following was one important reason for the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (A) A long period of drought that destroyed crops and livestock (B) The syphilis epidemic that swept across the western Roman Empire (C) The use of slaves in the Roman army (D) Widespread and intensified barbarian invasions (E) The refusal to tolerate Christianity
D
21. Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750 (A) The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns. (B) The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations. (C) Christianity was prohibited in both empires. (D)Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia. (E) Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of contact with Europeans
D
22. During the period 1600-1800, the leaders of China, Korea, and Japan all had policies that (A) promoted trade and expansion (B) encouraged emigration and colonization (C) opened their countries to European merchants (D) regulated interactions with foreigners (E) led to wars involving all of East Asia
D
30. Rebellious ethnic minorities in the Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian Empires during the late nineteenth century were moti- vated primarily by (A) communism (B) anarchism (C) syndicalism (D) nationalism (E) nihilism
D
35. China's for modernization and eco- nomic development in the most closely resembled the developmental strategy of (A) India (B) Japan (C) Britain (D) the Soviet Union (E) the United States
D
37. The map above shows the territorial arrangements in South Asia that resulted from (A) Akbar's expansion of the Mughal Empire (B) rival Arab trading empires (C) Dutch and Portuguese colonies (D) partition at the time of decolonization (E) treaties with Russia and China
D
4. Which of the following is a major difference between the social structure of Han China and that of classical India? (A) Han leaders urged that all persons should strive for upward mobility. (B) In China a high social status was assigned to merchants. (C) Slaves did most of the agricultural work on the large Chinese estates. (D) The Chinese placed bureaucrats rather than priests at the top of the social hierarchy. (E) The Chinese emphasized spiritual advancement for people who faithfully performed their social duties.
D
41. Which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of Daoism? (A) Respect for one's ancestors as critical to proper behavior (B) Unquestioning obedience to the ruler (C) Belief in the Mandate of Heaven (D)Emphasis on harmony between humanity and nature (E) Precedence of duty to one's family over all other obligations
D
44, The Greek philosopher Aristotle is most closely associated with which of the following ideas? (A) A systematic criticism of serfdom and slavery (B) The doubt that certain knowledge about the world can be attained by humans (C) Advocacy of monotheism (D) Reliance on the senses to explain the nature of reality (E) The pursuit of pleasure as the highest good
D
47. The Chinese concept "Mandate of Heaven" sometimes used to justify (A) widow immolation (B) reincarnation (C) monogamy (D) rebellion (E) foot binding
D
56. Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx's theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin? (A) Only Marx stressed the importance of the "class struggle" in history (B) Only Marx stressed the primary role of the industrial proletariat. (C) Only Marx thought that a socialist revolution must be achieved through parliamen reform (D) Only Lenin argued that the workers' revolu- tion would have to be led by professional revolutionaries. (E) Only Lenin argued that revolution would occur in the most industrialized countries.
D
57. Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by (A) military conquests of large territories administered as military states (B) intense colonization and settlement of large areas (C) active international interaction through trade and diplomacy (D) coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements (E) frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples
D
64. Which of the following was the leading cause of the huge global population increase in the twentieth century? (A) Rapid increases in per capital birth rates (B) The end of international epidemics (C) Global warming (D) The impact of public health measures (E) The elimination of world hunger
D
65. The graph above indicates which of the following? (A) The peoples of sub-Saharan Africa have been more affected by twentieth-century warfare than the peoples of East Asia. (B) United States aid programs have favored East Asian countries at the expense of sub-Saharan countries. (C) Per capital in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa have been rising steadily since independence. (D) The gap between per capital incomes in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa appears to be widening (E) Western technology has been largely rejected by countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
D
8. The African proverb, "Until the lions have their historians, tales of hunting will always glorify the hunter," conveys which of the following? (A) Common people need to learn how to write so they can tell their story. (B) Hunting is a sport that brings glory only to the hunter, (C) The concept of history is much different in Africa than in Europe or the United States. (D) History usually reflects the viewpoint of the (E) Lions are not human and do not have a history
D
12. Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer, and why? (A) Kievan Russia, because the Mongols were unable to endure the harsh Russian winters (B) The 'Abbasid Caliphate, because the defenders flooded the Mesopotamian plains and made them impassable for the Mongol cavalry (C) Central Asia, because of the effective diplomacy of Timur and his successors (D) The Southern Song Empire, because of its superior resources from earlier industrial and commercial revolutions (E) Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces
E
17. Between 1450 and 1750, which of the following were produced on large plantations by slave labor for the world market? (A) Wheat and barley (B) Corn and beans (C) Bananas and oranges (D) Wool and beef (E) Sugar and tobacco
E
31. The policies of the Meiji reformers brought about which of the following in Japan? (A) An improvement in the economic condition of the peasants (B) The collapse of the industrial sector of the economy (C) An increase in isolationism among government leaders (D) A reduction in military expenditures (E) The promotion of rapid industrialization
E
32. The Australian catalog page of 1929 shown above shows women primarily as (A) mothers (B) executives (C) patriots (D) participants in competitive sports (E) consumers in a world economy
E
36. Which of the following African countries continued to have a sizeable segment of the population with European ancestry in the 1990s? (A) Ethiopia (B) Egypt (C) Nigeria (D) Ghana (E) South Africa
E
40. The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can can be best explained by their (A) conversion to Islam (B) superior naval technology (C) use of cavalry (D) centralized political systems (E) knowledge of agriculture
E
58. The "second Industrial Revolution" in the la of the nineteenth century was associated wi mass production of which of the following of products? (A) Textiles, iron, and coal (B) Textiles, automobiles, and plastics (C) Airplanes, ships, and radios (D) Electricity, automobiles, and airplanes (E) Electricity, steel, and chemicals
E
60. In the late nineteenth century, European imperialism in both Africa and China was characterized by (A) widespread trade in opium (B) the encouragement of slavery (C) extensive conquest of territory (D) small military enclaves along coastlines (E) competition among imperialist powers
E
62. Which of the following describes the effect of skin color, ethnicity, and former slave status in Latin America in the late nineteenth century? (A) There was little effect for most people. (B) People of African descent were not affected, but Latin American Indians continued to suffer discrimination. (C) Marriage alliances among all classes and (D) castes eliminated the effect of all three. to Large numbers of people of color migrated the newly "Reconstructed" southern United States. (E) There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors.
E
68. Which of the following countries experienced the greatest number of war-related deaths during the Second World War? (A) India (B) Germany (C) Japan (D) The United States (E) The Soviet Union
E