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86) Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?

excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion

92) The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________.

hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

82) Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

increased extracellular fluid water levels

74) Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________.

inefficient kidneys

94) The regulation of potassium balance ________.

involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

87) The regulation of sodium ________.

is linked to blood pressure

78) The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.

is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

88) Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

metabolic acidosis

89) A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

metabolic alkalosis

81) Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?

nucleic acid

70) The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

plasma

72) Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

potassium

75) The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

65) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.

reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

73) Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

77) A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

respiratory acidosis

71) Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults.

sodium

61) The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

sodium ions

85) The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.

the control of respiratory ventilation

63) Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.

tissue edema

91) Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

62) The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.

a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

66) Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

90) One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.

a rise in plasma osmolality

64) Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

aldosterone

69) Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

aldosterone

93) Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?

amount of body fat

67) Total body water is not a function of which of the following?

amount of water ingested

68) Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?

anabolism of lipids

84) Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?

antidiuretic hormone

79) What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

atrial natriuretic peptide

76) The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

bicarbonate

80) Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

diet

83) Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.