29.B Personality Disorders

A nurse is admitting a client with a new diagnosis of a personality disorder. Which of the following would make the nurse question this diagnosis? (SATA) 1. The client has been diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. 2. The client has an inflated self-appraisal and feels a sense of entitlement. 3. The client has a history of a substance use disorder. 4. The client is odd and eccentric but not delusional. 5. The client has an intellectual developmental disorder.

1, 3, 5 The DSM-5 states that impairments in personality functioning and the individuals personality trait expression are not better understood as normative for the individuals developmental stage or sociocultural environment. The impairments in personality functioning and the individuals personality trait expression are not solely due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., severe head trauma). The nurse would question the diagnosis of a personality disorder in a client with sickle cell anemia, substance use disorder, or an intellectual developmental disorder.

Which client is a nurse most likely to admit to an inpatient facility for self-destructive behaviors? 1. A client diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder 2. A client diagnosed with borderline personality disorder 3. A client diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder 4. A client diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder

2. A client diagnosed with borderline personality disorder The nurse should expect that a client diagnosed with borderline personality disorder would be most likely to be admitted to an inpatient facility for self-destructive behaviors. Clients diagnosed with this disorder often exhibit repetitive, self-mutilating behaviors. Most gestures are designed to elicit a rescue response.

A client expresses low self-worth, has much difficulty making decisions, avoids positions of responsibility & has a behavioral pattern of suffering in silence. Which statement best explains the etiology of this clients personality disorder? 1. Childhood nurturance was provided from many sources, and independent behaviors were encouraged. 2. Childhood nurturance was provided exclusively from one source, and independent behaviors were discouraged. 3. Childhood nurturance was provided exclusively from one source, and independent behaviors were encouraged. 4. Childhood nurturance was provided from many sources, and independent behaviors were discouraged.

2. Childhood nurturance was provided exclusively from one source, and independent behaviors were discouraged. The behaviors presented in the question represent symptoms of dependent personality disorder. Nurturance provided from one source & discouragement of independent behaviors can contribute to the development of this personality disorder. Dependent behaviors may be rewarded by a parent who is overprotective & discourages autonomy.

During an assessment interview, a client diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder spits, curses, and refuses to answer questions. Which is the appropriate nursing response to this behavior? 1. You are very disrespectful. You need to learn to control yourself. 2. I understand that you are angry, but this behavior will not be tolerated. 3. What behaviors could you modify to improve this situation? 4. What anti-personality disorder medications have helped you in the past?

2. I understand that you are angry, but this behavior will not be tolerated. The appropriate nursing response is to reflect the clients feeling while setting firm limits on behavior. Clients diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder have a low tolerance for frustration, see themselves as victims, and use projection as a primary ego defense mechanism.

A client diagnosed with borderline personality disorder brings up a conflict with the staff in a community meeting and develops a following of clients who unreasonably demand modification of unit rules. How can the nursing staff best handle this situation? 1. Allow the clients to apply the democratic process when developing unit rules. 2. Maintain consistency of care by open communication to avoid staff manipulation. 3. Allow the client spokesman to verbalize concerns during a unit staff meeting. 4. Maintain unit order by the application of autocratic leadership.

2. Maintain consistency of care by open communication to avoid staff manipulation. The nursing staff can best handle this situation by maintaining consistency of care by open communication to avoid staff manipulation. Clients with borderline personality disorder can exhibit negative patterns of interaction, such as clinging and distancing, splitting, manipulation, and self-destructive behaviors.

A highly emotional client presents at an outpatient clinic appointment and states, "My dead husband returned to me during a seance." Which personality disorder should a nurse associate with this behavior? 1. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder 2. Schizotypal personality disorder 3. Narcissistic personality disorder 4. Borderline personality disorder

2. Schizotypal personality disorder The nurse should associate schizotypal personality disorder with this behavior. The behaviors of people diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder are odd and eccentric but do not decompensate to the level of schizophrenia.

Which reaction to a compliment from another client should a nurse identify as a typical response from a client diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder? 1. Interpreting the compliment as a secret code used to increase personal power 2. Feeling the compliment was well deserved 3. Being grateful for the compliment but fearing later rejection and humiliation 4. Wondering what deep meaning and purpose is attached to the compliment

3. Being grateful for the compliment but fearing later rejection and humiliation The nurse should identify that a client diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder would be grateful for the compliment but would fear later rejection and humiliation. Individuals diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder are extremely sensitive to rejection and are often awkward and uncomfortable in social situations.

Looking at a slightly bleeding paper cut, the client screams, Somebody help me quick! Im bleeding. Call 911! A nurse should identify this behavior as characteristic of which personality disorder? 1. Schizoid personality disorder 2. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder 3. Histrionic personality disorder 4. Paranoid personality disorder

3. Histrionic personality disorder The nurse should identify this behavior as characteristic of histrionic personality disorder. Individuals with this disorder tend to be self-dramatizing, attention seeking, over gregarious, and seductive.

At 11:00 p.m. a client diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder demands to phone a lawyer to file for a divorce. Unit rules state that no phone calls are permitted after 10:00 p.m. Which nursing response is most appropriate? 1. Go ahead and use the phone. I know this pending divorce is stressful. 2. You know better than to break the rules. I'm surprised at you. 3. It is after the 10:00 p.m. phone curfew. You will be able to call tomorrow. 4. A divorce shouldn't be considered until you have had a good nights sleep.

3. It is after the 10:00 p.m. phone curfew. You will be able to call tomorrow. The most appropriate response by the staff is to restate the unit rules in a calm, assertive manner. The nurse can encourage the client to verbalize frustration while maintaining an accepting attitude. The nurse may also help the client to identify the true source of frustration.

When planning care for clients diagnosed with personality disorders, what should be the goal of treatment? 1. To stabilize the clients pathology by using the correct combination of psychotropic medications 2. To change the characteristics of the dysfunctional personality 3. To reduce personality trait inflexibility that interferes with functioning and relationships 4. To decrease the prevalence of neurotransmitters at receptor sites

3. To reduce personality trait inflexibility that interferes with functioning and relationships The goal of treatment for clients diagnosed with personality disorders should be to reduce inflexibility of personality traits that interfere with functioning and relationships. Personality disorders are often difficult and, in some cases, seem impossible to treat. There are no psychotropic medications approved specifically for the treatment of personality disorders.

A client diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder becomes violent on a unit. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate? 1. Provide objective evidence that reasons for violence are unwarranted. 2. Initially restrain the client to maintain safety. 3. Use clear, calm statements and a confident physical stance. 4. Empathize with the clients paranoid perceptions.

3. Use clear, calm statements and a confident physical stance. The most appropriate nursing intervention is to use clear, calm statements and to assume a confident physical stance. A calm attitude provides the client with a feeling of safety and security. It may also be beneficial to have sufficient staff on hand to present a show of strength.

During an interview, which client statement should indicate to a nurse a potential diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder? 1. I don't have a problem. My family is inflexible, and relatives are out to get me. 2. I am so excited about working with you. Have you noticed my new nail polish, Ruby Red Roses? 3. I spend all my time tending my bees. I know a whole lot of information about bees. 4. I am getting a message from the beyond that we have been involved with each other in a previous life.

4. I am getting a message from the beyond that we have been involved with each other in a previous life. The nurse should assess that a client who states that she is getting a message from beyond indicates a potential diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder. Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder are aloof & isolated & behave in a bland & apathetic manner. The person experiences magical thinking, ideas of reference, illusions & depersonalization as part of daily life.

Which nursing diagnosis should a nurse identify as appropriate when working with a client diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder? 1. Altered thought processes R/T increased stress 2. Risk for suicide R/T loneliness 3. Risk for violence: directed toward others R/T paranoid thinking 4. Social isolation R/T inability to relate to others

4. Social isolation R/T inability to relate to others An appropriate nursing diagnosis when working with a client diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder is social isolation R/T inability to relate to others. Clients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder appear cold, aloof & indifferent to others. They prefer to work in isolation & are not sociable.

For a PD to be diagnosed in childhood, the features must have been present for at least _________

1 year

A client is being assessed for antisocial personality disorder. According to the DSM-5, which of the following symptoms must the client meet in order to be assigned this diagnosis? (SATA) 1. Ego-centrism and goal setting based on personal gratification. 2. Incapacity for mutually intimate relationships. 3. Frequent feelings of being down miserable and/or hopeless. 4. Disregard for and failure to honor financial and other obligations. 5, Intense feelings of nervousness, tenseness, or panic.

1, 2, 4 The essential features of a personality disorder are impairments in personality (self and interpersonal) functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits. Pathological personality traits of antagonism and disinhibition must occur in order to meet the criteria for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. Frequent feelings of being down, miserable, and/or hopeless and intense feelings of nervousness, tenseness, or panic are characteristics of the pathological personality trait domain of negative affectivity. This domain is listed by the DSM-5 for the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, not antisocial personality disorder.

A client with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder takes the nurse aside and mentions "I've observed you interacting with Mr. D. You are not approaching him properly. You should be more forceful with him." The best response for the nurse would be A. "I will be continuing to follow the care plan for Mr. D." B. "I see you are trying to control Mr. D's therapy as well as your own." C. "Your eye for perfection extends even to my nursing interventions." D. "Mr. D's care is really of no concern to you or to other clients."

A. "I will be continuing to follow the care plan for Mr. D." Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder has the key factor of perfectionism with a focus on orderliness and control. These individuals get so preoccupied with details and rules that they may not be able to accomplish the tasks. Guard against engaging in power struggles with a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A client has been diagnosed with dependent personality disorder. Which behavior descriptions can the nurse expect to assess? A. Anxious, fearful B. Odd, eccentric C. Dramatic, emotional, erratic D. Disoriented, disorganized

A. Anxious, fearful Dependent personality disorder has a primary feature of extreme dependency in a close relationship, with an urgent search to find a replacement when one relationship ends. These individuals have difficulty making independent decisions and are constantly seeking reassurance. They have deeply held convictions of personal incompetence, with the fear that they cannot survive on their own. They frequently seek treatment for anxiety or mood disorders related to a loss.

Research has indicated that antisocial personality may be characterized by: A. social isolation. B. lack of remorse. C. learning difficulties. D. difficulty with reality testing.

B. lack of remorse. The antisocial personality exhibits a lack of remorse when confronted with the results of their thoughtless, irresponsible behavior towards others.

A newly admitted client has a diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder. The nursing intervention of highest priority will be to A. set firm limits on behavior. B. respect need for social isolation. C. encourage expression of feelings. D. involve in milieu and group activities.

B. respect need for social isolation. Schizoid personality disorder has the primary feature of emotional detachment. The person does not seek out or enjoy close relationships. They are reclusive, avoidant, and uncooperative. They do not do well with resocialization

Which statement is descriptive of clients with personality disorders? A. They are resistant to behavioral change. B. They have an ability to tolerate frustration and pain. C. They usually seek help to change maladaptive behaviors. D. They have little difficulty forming satisfying and intimate relationships.

A. They are resistant to behavioral change. Personality disorders are deeply ingrained and pervasive. Clients with personality disorders find it very difficult, if not nearly impossible, to change. Change proceeds very slowly.

A client with histrionic personality disorder winks at an attractive nurse and states, "You and I should be able to turn those resident physicians into jelly if you'd wear your skirts about two inches shorter." The nurse's reply should be based on the understanding that the client's use of seductive behavior is A. a response to stress. B. based on a need to dominate. C. seated in primitive rage. D. callous disregard for others.

A. a response to stress. The histrionic person is impulsive and melodramatic and may act flirtatious or provocative to get the spotlight in an attempt to reduce stress

A 16-year-old has stolen money from his invalid grandmother, uses drugs and alcohol, and frequently beats up acquaintances who disagree with him. Arrested for an assault in which he beat a classmate and caused brain damage, he stated in court "The guy deserved everything he got." The behaviors described are most consistent with the clinical picture of A. antisocial personality disorder. B. borderline personality disorder. C. schizotypal personality disorder. D. narcissistic personality disorder.

A. antisocial personality disorder. Clients with antisocial personality act out feelings without consideration for the rights of others. They feel no remorse for their antisocial acts.

A danger of working with a client who idealizes the nurse is A. becoming overinvolved and being protective and indulgent. B. becoming indecisive about planned interventions. C. developing a prejudicial, blaming orientation. D. stringent enforcement of boundaries and limits.

A. becoming overinvolved and being protective and indulgent. Finding an approach for helping clients with personality disorders who have overwhelming needs can be overwhelming for caregivers. For example, a borderline female client may briefly idealize her male nurse on the inpatient unit, telling staff and clients alike that she is "the luckiest client because she has the best nurse in the hospital." The rest of the team initially realizes that this behavior is an exaggeration, and they have a neutral response. But after days of constant dramatic praise, some members of the team may start to feel inadequate and jealous of the nurse. They begin to make critical remarks about minor events to prove that the nurse is not perfect. Open communication in staff meetings and ongoing clinical supervision are important aspects of self-care for the nurse working with these clients to maintain objectivity.

Characteristics the nurse will assess in the client with antisocial personality disorder are A. deceitfulness, impulsiveness, and lack of empathy. B. perfectionism, preoccupation with detail, and verbosity. C. avoidance of interpersonal contact and preoccupation with being criticized. D. need for others to assume responsibility for decision-making and seeks nurture.

A. deceitfulness, impulsiveness, and lack of empathy. Antisocial clients have no conscience. Their sense of right and wrong is impaired, and they tend to do whatever serves them best without consideration for the rights or feelings of others.

A nurse is assigned to work with a client with borderline personality disorder. The nurse will need to consider strategies for dealing with the client's A. mood shifts, impulsivity, and splitting. B. grief, anger, and social isolation. C. altered sensory perceptions and suspicion. D. perfectionism and preoccupation with detail.

A. mood shifts, impulsivity, and splitting. Borderline personality disorder has the central characteristic of instability in affect, identity, and relationships. Borderline individuals desperately seek relationships to avoid feeling abandoned. But they often drive others away with excessive demands, impulsive behavior, or uncontrolled anger. Their frequent use of the defense of splitting strains personal relationships and creates turmoil in health care settings.

With reference to schizotypal personality disorder, what is the difference between depersonalization and derealization?

Depersonalization: Individual feels apart from their body or an overall strangeness related to the physical self. Derealization: Feeling disconnected from their own body

TRUE/FALSE: Borderline personality disorder is diagnosed more commonly in men than women.

False, 75% of diagnosed cases are women

TRUE/FALSE: Individuals with personality disorders readily assume responsibility for the consequences of their actions.

False, they fail to assume responsibility for the consequences of their actions

What is splitting? With reference to borderline personality disorder

The tendency to perceive people or situations as one extreme or the other (all good or all bad)

TRUE/FALSE: Individuals with personality disorders illustrate a lack of understanding as to how their behavior affects others.

True

TRUE/FALSE: Individuals with personality disorders manage stress by attempting to change the environment rather than themselves.

True

Which of the following could be identified as common symptoms of personality disorders? [SATA] a. Interpersonal difficulties b. Lack of intimate relationships c. Good social skills d. Identity problems that result in a weak sense of self

a, b, d

This personality disorder is distinguished by the individual's propensity to manipulate or violate others' rights with a disregard for their feelings and/or the consequences. Occurs four times as often in men as in women. Many individuals with this PD are found in prison and substance abuse treatment centers. Must be 18 for diagnosis to be made. a. Antisocial personality disorder b. Avoidant personality disorder c. Borderline personality disorder d. Dependent personality disorder e. Histrionic personality disorder

a. Antisocial personality disorder

Moral and ethical value judgments, a component of an individual's personality a. Character b. Temperament

a. Character

These personality disorders may be characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors a. Cluster A b. Cluster B c. Cluster C

a. Cluster A

Controlling and taking advantage of others a. Manipulation b. Narcissism c. Impulsiveness

a. Manipulation

Key characteristics of this personality disorder are a sense of grandiosity, an inability to empathize with others, and attention-seeking behaviors. Cocaine abuse and anorexia nervosa are commonly seen alongside this disorder. More men than women are diagnosed. a. Narcissistic personality disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder c. Paranoid personality disorder d. Schizoid personality disorder e. Schizotypal personality disorder

a. Narcissistic personality disorder

Enduring characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior that make an individual unique. a. Personality b. Character c. Temperament

a. Personality

This personality disorder is characterized by extreme shyness and fear of rejection. Low self-esteem, poor social skills, extreme sensitivity to criticism, and unrealistic expectations related to goal achievement and interacting in groups are characteristics of these individuals. Detachment and negative affectivity are two trait domains associated with this PD. a. Antisocial personality disorder b. Avoidant personality disorder c. Borderline personality disorder d. Dependent personality disorder e. Histrionic personality disorder

b. Avoidant personality disorder

These personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, erratic, or emotional behaviors a. Cluster A b. Cluster B c. Cluster C

b. Cluster B

Believing oneself superior and worthy of special treatment a. Manipulation b. Narcissism c. Impulsiveness

b. Narcissism

This personality disorder is characterized by significant impairments in social functioning and relationships and and all-consuming desire to achieve perfection in all tasks. Men are twice as likely to experience this disorder as women. Loss of control is associated with great fear and anxiety. a. Narcissistic personality disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder c. Paranoid personality disorder d. Schizoid personality disorder e. Schizotypal personality disorder

b. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Differences between OCPD and OCD: OCPD: Individuals do not see anything dysfunctional about their ways of thinking or acting. They can demonstrate great productivity on the job, but their symptoms place strain on their relationships. OCD: Generally disrupts all aspects of life, these individuals seek medical attention because they recognize their symptoms as abnormal.

Innate characteristics that are part of someone's personality, such as nervousness or sensitivity a. Character b. Temperament

b. Temperament

Symptoms of this personality disorder include impulsivity, unstable emotions, depression, identity disturbances, frantic attempts to prevent abandonment, chronic feelings of emptiness, transient paranoia, and difficulty managing anger. Self harm is also common. Individuals also exhibit splitting with this disorder. a. Antisocial personality disorder b. Avoidant personality disorder c. Borderline personality disorder d. Dependent personality disorder e. Histrionic personality disorder

c. Borderline personality disorder

These personality disorders are characterized by avoidant, dependent, or obsessive-compulsive behaviors. a. Cluster A b. Cluster B c. Cluster C

c. Cluster C

Acting without regard to potential consequences a. Manipulation b. Narcissism c. Impulsiveness

c. Impulsiveness

Individuals with this personality disorder demonstrate an inability to trust others. Actions and intentions of others are perceived as having an underlying theme of malevolence. There is an increased prevalence of this disorder in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. a. Narcissistic personality disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder c. Paranoid personality disorder d. Schizoid personality disorder e. Schizotypal personality disorder

c. Paranoid personality disorder

This personality disorder includes a pervasive need to be cared for, difficulty with decision making, separation anxiety, and impaired self-confidence. It is more commonly diagnosed in women. May experience mild impairment in occupational and social relationships in which independence is required. a. Antisocial personality disorder b. Avoidant personality disorder c. Borderline personality disorder d. Dependent personality disorder e. Histrionic personality disorder

d. Dependent personality disorder

Individuals with personality disorders are often _______________, meaning that they behave according to the beliefs, desires, and values that concur with their disorder. They see themselves and their behavior as normal and view the problems that arise with others as external to themselves. a. Narcissistic b. Egocentric c. Manipulative d. Ego-syntonic

d. Ego-syntonic

Central features of this personality disorder include a seeming aloofness, a tendency to prefer solitary activities, absence of humor, and lack of interest in forming relationships, including those of a romantic nature. Individuals may be able to function on their own or may have to be institutionalized. a. Narcissistic personality disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder c. Paranoid personality disorder d. Schizoid personality disorder e. Schizotypal personality disorder

d. Schizoid personality disorder

Individuals with this personality disorder are self centered and dramatic due to a strong inner sense of inadequacy and helplessness. They may demonstrate highly sexualized behaviors and therefore have an increased risk for contracting STIs. a. Antisocial personality disorder b. Avoidant personality disorder c. Borderline personality disorder d. Dependent personality disorder e. Histrionic personality disorder

e. Histrionic personality disorder

This personality disorder is distinguishable by extreme social anxiety and eccentric behavior. Depersonalization and derealization can occur. Three trait domains of this disorder are psychoticism, detachment, and negative affectivity (suspiciousness). a. Narcissistic personality disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder c. Paranoid personality disorder d. Schizoid personality disorder e. Schizotypal personality disorder

e. Schizotypal personality disorder

A client with dependent personality disorder who had been living with her newly married son was admitted a week ago for treatment of depression, which began after her son suggested that she move out. Which remark by the client would the nurse evaluate as showing improvement in the client's condition? A. "My son's suggestion hurt me greatly." B. "My son is less at fault than my daughter-in-law." C. "I'm going to need help to afford to rent an apartment." D. "How will I ever live alone with no one to look after my affairs?"

C. "I'm going to need help to afford to rent an apartment." Dependent personality disorder has a primary feature of extreme dependency in a close relationship, with an urgent search to find a replacement when one relationship ends. Clients have a deeply held conviction of personal incompetence, with the fear that they cannot survive on their won. Self reflection on the possibility of moving into an apartment shows improvement.

A nurse caring for a client who has been diagnosed with a personality disorder should expect that the client will exhibit which of the following characteristics? A. Frequent episodes of psychosis B. Constant involvement with the needs of significant others C. Inflexible and maladaptive responses to stress D. Abnormal ego functioning

C. Inflexible and maladaptive responses to stress Personality patterns persist unmodified over long periods of time. Characteristics of inflexible and maladaptive response to stress is one of these characteristics for individuals with personality disorder.

The priority nursing intervention for a client with borderline personality disorder is to A. protect other clients from manipulation. B. respect the client's need for social isolation. C. assess for suicidal and self-mutilating behaviors. D. provide clear, consistent limits and boundaries.

C. assess for suicidal and self-mutilating behaviors. One of the primary nursing guidelines/interventions for clients with a personality disorder is to assess for suicidal and self-mutilating behaviors, especially during times of stress.

Characteristic behaviors the nurse will assess in the narcissistic client are A. dramatic expression of emotion, being easily led. B. perfectionism and preoccupation with detail. C. grandiose, exploitive, and rage-filled behavior. D. angry, highly suspicious, aloof, withdrawn behavior.

C. grandiose, exploitive, and rage-filled behavior. Narcissistic clients give the impression of being invulnerable and superior to others to protect their fragile self-esteem.

Clients with personality disorders have various self-defeating behaviors and interpersonal problems despite having near-normal ego functioning and intact reality testing. A nursing diagnosis that addresses this sort of interpersonal dysfunction is A. spiritual distress. B. defensive coping. C. impaired social interaction. D. disturbed sensory perception.

C. impaired social interaction. For a client who has difficulty in relationships and is very manipulative, the nursing diagnosis of impaired social interaction would be used.

Family members of a client ask the nurse to explain the difference between schizoid & avoidant personality disorders. Which is the appropriate nursing response? 1. Clients diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder desire intimacy but fear it, and clients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone. 2. Clients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder exhibit delusions and hallucinations, while clients diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder do not. 3. Clients diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder are eccentric, and clients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder are dull and vacant. 4. Clients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder have a history of psychosis, while clients diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder remain based in reality.

1. Clients diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder desire intimacy but fear it, and clients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone. The nurse should educate the family that clients diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder desire intimacy but fear it, while clients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone. Schizoid personality disorder is characterized by a profound deficit in the ability to form personal relationships. Clients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder may exhibit odd and eccentric behaviors but not to the extent of psychosis.

The only personality disorder that cannot be diagnosed until the individual is at least 18 years of age is...

Antisocial personality disorder

List the components of the five-factor model used in psychology as determinants of personality traits.

Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness