3/4 FINAL SS TEST

Muckrakers

journalists who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s

Gilded Age

late 1800s era of fabulous wealth, coated with a thin layer of gold paint, falseness beneath the surface. (1870-1890)

Propaganda

spreading of ideas to help a cause or hurt an opposing cause. Propaganda on why Germans were bad, and persuading them to think that. Propaganda on how the US is powerful

Urbanization - Shift In Population

the mass movement of people from rural areas to more densely populated areas is the process of urbanization, and the growth of cities is the response to this evolutionary change. Growth of cities resulted from industrialization, and the shift of the population from farms to cities.

Taft - Dollar Diplomacy (Latin America)

wanted to "substitute dollars for bullets" urged American bankers to invest in Latin America Building strong economic ties to Latin America - dollar diplomacy Americans responded quickly and built railroads and harbors in Latin America. These improvements increased trade Revolution In Nicaragua- the US sent marines to protect American investment

Settlement Patterns- Ethnic Neighborhoods

Many created places with similar immigrants, chinatown, little italy etc. They could speak their own language, celebrate holidays, eat foods from home. Religion took place, houses of worship, communities.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A tragedy that occurred in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. Many women were forced to jump out of windows, and many were burned alive. This caused more safety precautions, such as fire escapes, carrying fire extinguishers, and the ILGWU went on more strikes afterwards.

Barbed Wire- End of Cattle Kingdom

End of the Cattle Kingdom: Texas fever took out herds of cattle Stampedes lost and killed many cattle Open range disappeared- farmers fenced off property Sheep ate grass so cattle had little food left. Harsh winters and hot droughts Operating costs on rise: No open range meant ranchers had no more free meals.- had to buy food for cattle Barbed wire

Roosevelt Corollary - "Big Stick"

"Big Stick": mostly in Latin America. he thought we should use military forces when needed. Words should be supported by strong action. "Speak softly and carry a big stick" Roosevelt Corollary: statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the US had the right to intervene in Latin America to preserve law and order. Preserved law and order bay "international police power"

Wilson - Moral Diplomacy

"the force of America is the force of moral principle" Moral diplomacy- to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace ordered military intervention in Latin America more than any prior Pres. invaded countries and intervened in their affairs (Latin Americans angry)

16th and 17th Ammendments

16th Amendment: gave congress the power to pass an income tax. 17th Amendment: allowed direct election of senators- empowering voters

Prohibition--- 18th and 21st Amendment

18th amendment- banned alcohol in the U.S. Result from alcohol abuse. People made liquor, got it from Canada or the Caribbean, Smugglers were nicknamed Bootleggers. Speakeasies were illegal bars, the g-men would shut down bars and stop bootleggers. Gangsters (divided up the city), bootleggers and bar owners did a lot of crime. Crime resulted from the ban of alcohol. Too many arrests and was losing respect for the laws. 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment.

19th Amendment - Wyoming

19th Amendment: a 1919 amendment that gives women the right to vote. Wyoming was the first state that women were allowed to vote in.

Changing Role of Women - Work

19th amendment- gave women the right to vote. Some women voted democrat some republican. Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming and Miriam A. ferguson of texas- first women governors. Puerto Rican women thought that they should vote so Ana Roque de duprey fought for Puerto Rican vote she succeeded in 1929. After the war many women were forced to give up their jobs. Some were teachers, lawyers, doctors or cooks or seamstress. In the house more women were buying clothes now. Even if women had jobs the husband often still expected them to clean and take care of the family.

Fads and Fashions

A fad is an activity or fashion that is taken up with great passion for a short time. Flagpole sitting, crossword puzzles, dancing marathons, mah- jongg. Charleston was born in charleston, South Carolina. Became super popular. Flappers: hair was bobbed, short dresses, red lipstick, smoked cigarettes, drank, drove. Flappers sensed a new sense of freedom.

Labor Unions: AFL, Knights of Labor, ILGWU---Samuel Gompers and Terrance Powderly

AFL- American Federation of Labor. Samuel Gompers- 1886 Members: Skilled workers only. Joined indirectly, joined trade unions which then joined the AFL- made up of 25 trade unions. Goals: high wages, shorter hours, improved working conditions, collective bargaining- "Bread and Butter" Tactics: liked strikes, achieved goals, grew and was powerful, did not have african americans, immigrants and unskilled workers, walkouts. Knights of Labor: Terence Powderly- 1879 Membership: Only skilled workers but then they expanded to immigrants, unskilled workers, for strength. Goals: to have eight hour work days, safety codes, abolition of trusts and monopolies and equal pay. Laws were needed to protect american workforce. Short days. Tactics: Settled labor disputes through, rallies, meetings, boycotts, and arbitration, Did not like strikes. Missouri pacific Railroad strike= successful. Haymarket riot= bad for the union. ILGWU: David Dubinsky helped it become a force. Members: NYC immigrants who wanted to grow the industry- strikes lead- women. Goals: Better pay, shorter hours, strikes, health examinations- pension funds. Tactics: Major strikes, many women, were stuck in terrible factories, Collective bargaining/strikes. Shirtwaist/ cloak makers/ triangle fire.

Rise of Organized Crime- Al Capone and Mob Rule

Al Capone committed many crimes and was a gang leader. Organized crime happened more when there was prohibition.

Americans At Play- Department Stores, public parks, sports, Vaudeville, and Ragtime

Americans at Play (Sports)- less chance to socialize on the job created a greater need for an escape from the workplace and leisure time activities. Baseball: most popular sport in America-- first played in NY, cities had professional teams, African American played at first and then were barred. Football: Gew out of European soccer, 1908 33 collage players died from injuries, some colleges banned it until there were strict rules. Basketball: Invented in 1891 by James Naismith, PE teacher, sport that could be played year round (indoor and outdoor). Bushel Basketball. A new world of theater and Music- As railroads grew, circuses, acting companies and "wild west" shows toured the country. These groups helped to spread american culture beyond the cities to the small towns- The American nation Wealthy attended symphony of the opera. Other city dwellers went to Vaudeville houses. A place where variety shows that included comedians, song-and-dance routines and acrobats. New kind of music with a lively, rhythmic sound. Scott Joplin, an African American composer, helped make this popular. It was called Ragtime music. John Phillip Sousa wrote more than 100 marches, including, "The Stars and Stripes Forever"

Harlem Renaissance- Langston Hughes

Many back writers, musicians and others came to Harlem, first time people recognized black achievements. They also protested against racism Langston Hughes- "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" he compared black society from what it is now and was before. He wrote about not being racists, and what blacks go through.

Treaty of Versailles - B.R.A.T. - WWII Connection

BRAT: Blame: Germany had to take full responsibility for starting the war (Guilt Clause- had to admit guilt) Reparations: Germany had to pay war debts (more than $360 million) Armed Forces: The German military forces were limited, army navy, ... Forbidden to have an air force or U-boats. Territory: Germany lost land. New nations are formed. Colony were given to Britain and France. Treaty of Versailles: BRAT Germans had to pay the Allies huge reparations (pensions for Allied soldiers and their widows and children) Limited the size of the German military It returned Alsace-Lorraine to France Stripped Germany of its oversea colonies' No air force of U-boats allowed Henry Cabot Lodge was the key adversary in Congress of the Treaty of Versailles President Wilson rallied support for the ratification by setting out across the country and traveled nearly 8,000 miles and made 37 speeches in 29 cities. His trip was cancelled early because he felt sick and then later had a stroke. The Treaty of Versailles was rejected, because Wilson convinced everyone to put the League of Nations in the treaty. Henry Cabot Lodge and his supporters didn't want the League of Nations to be in it so they fought. The League of Nations failed to live up to its goal of protecting members against aggression without the U.S. Didn't sign a peace treaty with Germany until 1921. The Senate (Henry Cabot Lodge) refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles and refused to join the League of Nations.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Banned the formation of trusts and monopolies, it was not enforced so it failed. Prohibited businesses from trying to limit or destroy competition.

Mexican Americans - barrios and mutualistas (mutual aid groups)

Barrios- mexican neighborhoods. Mutualistas - mutual aid groups for mexicans to help each other. Revolution and Famine Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago and the Gadsden Purchase

Life In Changing Cities- Building Boom -- Skyscrapers And More

Building Boom: lack of space for building-- elevators and skyscrapers. Traffic congestion-- trains and cars and trollyways. Preservation of open space--- set aside a park for a zoo, playground- central park Shopping spread out--- department stores.

Dawes Act

Calls for reform led for congress to pass the Dawes act of 1887. The act encouraged Native Americans to become farmers. It was unsuccessful. They got a small portion of land, and they sometimes sold it for money. The government took away the power that Indian leaders had.

Vaqueros-Cowboys Diverse Group-Drives and Trails

Cattle Drives: Texan cowboys gathered herds of cattle and "drove", or led, them north. They rode thousands of miles to railroads in Kansas and Missouri, where meat was packed and sent to the east coast. Cattle Trails: Chisholm trail:kansas to texas, it was hot and very tiring on the trails. They had to stay safe from drowning, rattlesnakes. Also, the cattle could stampede if they hear a loud noise. Vaqueros: were skilled riders who herded cattle on ranches in mexico, california, and the south west. Not just American cowboys, African American and some Spanish too

Scopes Trial - "monkey trial"

Charles darwin's theory of Evolution. This theory went against the bible so the govt in Tennessee, Mississippi, and arkansas banned it to be taught. Yet, John scopes taught it in his biology class, he was arrested. William jennings Bryan fought against Scopes. Clarence darrow fought with scopes These laws are rarely enforced and Scopes was only charged.

Child Labor- Mother Jones/Lewis Hine

Child Labor concerns/issues: Deprived youth- kids couldn't be kids. Injuries- lots of kids died and got seriously hurt. Adult jobs were replaced- parents were replaced/ other adults. Family roles change- kids worked and parents but they both earned less now. Lied about kids ages- needed kids to work. No time for school- kids couldn't get jobs in future, not smart. Most people get payed less- many people working. Mother Jones: Led a children's march, protested for no more child labor and shorter hours, in 1903. In Kensington, Pa. Lewis Hine: was a photographer that took pictures of child labor and made it public.

Anti-Immigration Policies: Chinese Exclusion Act, Gentlemen's Agreement, and Quota Systems

Chinese Exclusion Act: It barred chinese laborers from entering the country. Also, if chinese left, they could not return. It was eventually repealed. It was the first exclusion act of a certain group. Gentlemen's Agreement: An informal agreement between the united states and the empire of japan where the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further imigration to the U.S. Quota Systems: minimized the amount of immigrants allowed in the country

Civil Service Commission (patronage, spoils system, and merit)

Civil Service Commission: to conduct exams for federal jobs. The Pendleton Act made this happen. Patronage: exchanging government jobs and contracts for political support. Spoils System: he practice of giving government jobs to government backers Merit: based on ability, not politics

Labor Union Goals: Collective Bargaining-- Strikes

Collective Bargaining: negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees. Strikes: would not work until they got what they wanted (shorter hours, better pay, better working conditions, etc)

Consolidate- Rebates and Pools

Consolidate: or combine. Railroads looked for new ways to operate more efficiently. Small lines were often to costly to run so they consolidated. Larger companies bought up smaller ones. Rebates: Discounts, to biggest customers- often given in secret. This practice forced many small companies out of business. It also hurt small shippers, such as farmers who had to pay the full price. This cutthroat competition was hurting even the larger lines. One method to end the competition was pooling. Pooling: Several railroad companies agree to divide up the business in an area. They then fix the prices at a high level.

Corporations- Stocks and Dividends

Corporation: a business owned by shareholders. Stocks: Investments that give people part ownership in the company. Companies sell stock to raise capital for the company. When you own a stock you're a shareholder Dividends: a share in the company's profits. Can be distributed.

Vigilantes-Cow Towns/Railheads

Cow Towns: While they were there, cowboys would stay in cow towns where they would let off steam by drinking and gambling. Many people became cowboys because there was a shortage of jobs in the south and they were desperate for money. Vigilantes: self- appointed law enforcers

Jacob Riis- How The Other Half Lives

Created this book. Exposed the dangerous and crowded lives people were living inside the tenement homes.

Cattle Kingdom- Demand for Beef

Demand for beef increased in eastern cities, longhorns roamed freely. Lost open range because farmers were fencing off their land and the open range was shrinking and shrinking. Jobs: Wrangler (keeps them together) , remuda( extra horses) , point (sets pace for drive), chuckwagon cook( cooks meals), Drag (pushes the slower horses) , Flank (no cattle wander), Swing (rides ⅓ of the way back of the herd), Trail boss (responsible for whole trip). Daily Life of Cowboys: Daily life: go through rough weather, hard to go through rivers, snakes. Clothing: lariat, chaps, spurs, hats, bandanas, vest, slickers, boots, saddle. Mustangs: low maintenance- more preferred cattle.

W.E.B. DuBois

Director of NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), first black to get Ph. D from Harvard. Did research to help black discrimination. Blacks should go to school too. He left the U.S and went to Ghana. Fought actively.

"Return to Normalcy"

During the campaign, this was Harding's slogan. He meant that a regular steady order of things and a normal procedure would be back.

Equal Rights Amendment (Alice Paul) - League of Women Voters (Catt)

ERA: Paul suggested the equal rights amendment: "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." People feared that it went too far and took away protection of women in factories. It was passed but never ratified. Carrie chapman catt- league of women voters, helped educate voters and get women on juries. Alice Paul: suffragists, recognized that women were still being barred in schools and states still gave legal control to husbands over their wives earnings.

Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Carrie Chapman Catt

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Called for suffrage with anthony. Opposed 15th amendment (forbids any state to deny African Americans the right to vote because of race) , set up the NWSA with Anthony. Eventually died being a role model for women. Susan B. Anthony: Feminist who started the NWSA. She voted as a women and went to court, Famous speeches at court, opposed the 15th amendment, very very famous. Alice Paul: Fierce women who fought for women in London, came too US and got jailed for picketing the white house. She got released. Never gave up; really supported women suffrage. Carrie Chapman helped the cause of suffrage by, creating detailed plans to fight state by state and most suffragists followed her plan.

Opposition to War: Sedition and Espionage Acts- Supreme Court Case

Espionage Act: mandated imprisonment and fines for people who aided the enemy or caused insubordination or disloyalty in the military. Newspapers, magazines, and other printed matter deemed as advocating treason were not allowed to be mailed. The law set heavy fines and long prison terms for antiwar activities. Sedition Act: under this act, it became a crime to make disparaging or profane comments against the government, flag, or uniforms of the U.S. This 1918 law made it illegal to criticize the government. Several thousand people were arrested under these laws, the constitutionality of which upheld by the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States (1919). Schenck vs. Supreme Court: Key issue: Freedom of speech during wartime Schenck was a socialist who was against American participation in World War I. Schenck printed leaflets that called the draft a crime and urged people to work for the repeal of the Selective Service Act. Schenck was arrested and convicted for violating the Espionage Act by trying to block military recruitment. He appealed his conviction to the US and Supreme Court. Schenck had argued that the Espionage Act violated the First Amendment, the right to free speech. The Supreme Court upheld the conviction. They declared that Freedom of Speech is NOT protected when it created a "clear and present danger" to national interests. His actions endangered the U.S. war efforts, therefore, did not merit protection.

Marcus Garvey (Back to Africa Movement)

Established the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Opposed cooperation with whites in organizations like NAACP. Founded African-American businesses such as the Black Star line. Started a Back to Africa movement. Urged African Americans to separate from whites and rely upon themselves. Back to Africa Movement in the 1920's.

Ida Tarbell- History of Standard Oil

Exposed how the Standard Oil Company and Rockefeller was too powerful and big. She was one of the most inspirational women. Helped the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act. She wrote in a way people could understand and she looked through public records and reports about the company and Rockefeller. She described Rockefeller as an old living mummy, he didn't engage with her at all.

Philippenes - Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipinos fought for freedom against a new imperial power: the US. He originally fought besides the Americans, and is now fighting against them. Captured in 1901, war in Philippines ended; all out Asian war. Lots of Filipinos died, along with some Americans; killed a ton by disease, shelling, and famine. The US set up a government in the Philippines similar to the one in Puerto Rico. Filipinos were not made American citizen because they were planning on giving them independence in the future. US allowed Filipinos to govern themselves in 1946.

Flappers

Flappers: hair was bobbed, short dresses, red lipstick, smoked cigarettes, drank, drove. Flappers sensed a new sense of freedom.

Trench Warfare (stalemate) - Daily Hardships

Four hardships: trench foot, lice, diseases, rats Trench foot is a disease that caused soldier's feet to swell to 2 times their normal size and get totally numb. Rain and bad weather would flood the trenches which would make the ground muddy, which caused trench foot. The feet are in enormous amounts of pain, and sometimes legs and feet would need to be amputated. The collective name that was used to describe a concussion, emotional shock, nervous exhaustion, and other similar ailments is shell shock. Trenches were used to hide from enemies and have a living space. It was also used as protection from gunfire. Trenches were dirty and filled with rats, lice, and diseases. Stalemate: when both sides are doing nothing

Geronimo fought for the Apache warriors when they were forced onto reservations. He raided Arizona and New Mexico, but avoided permanent warfare. He was against whites for revenge of his dead family. When he surrendered, it formally ended warfare between Indians and whites.

Geronimo and The Apache Wars

Annexing Hawaii - Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii has rich soil, warm climate, and plentiful rainfall allows farmers to grow crops all year round. In 1820, American missionaries were arriving in Hawaii and were eager to convert Hawaiians to Christianity. The missionaries became valued advisers to the rulers and helped them write their constitution. Americans set up large sugar plantations and planters were imported from China, Korea, the Phillipenes, and Japan. As the sugar industry grew, so did the wealth and political power of American planters; in 1887 they forced the Hawaiian king to accept a new constitution which reduced their royal power. King Kalakaua died, and the new Queen (Liliuokalani) cherished Hawaiian independence. She rejected the new Constitution, so American planters rebelled. US Marines were sent to Hawaii; and because she was faced with guns, the queen let up her throne. With the queen gone, the planter set up a republic and asked the US to annex Hawaii. At first the answer was no, but was eventually annexed two years later in 1898. Hawaii became the fiftieth state in 1959.

Labor Events: Haymarket Affair, Homestead Steel Strike, and Pullman Strike

Haymarket Affair: 1886 Chicago's McCormick Harvester plant. Haymarket Square. Workers, Policemen, The knights of labor. They wanted 8 hour work days. In a public meeting, police tried to break up, a bomb was thrown, police were killed. Killed people, many were put in jail, never found the bomb thrower. Homestead Steel Strike: 1892 Near pittsburg, Carnegie's steel plant. Clay Frick, Pinkertons( Private Guards), workers, Carnegie. Striked for the new terrible conditions and hours. Workers went on strike, frick fought back with private guards, the strike failed. Fewer than 25% came back to work, still long hours and low wages, set back union movements. Pullman Strike: 1894 Pullman's company town near Chicago. Pullman, Eugene V. Debs, workers, Supreme Court Striked for fired workers, cut wages of railroad workers. Workers went on strike and got help from American Railway Union, failed, pullman got other mail cars to help his boycotted trains. Supreme court approved injunctions against strikes. Debs went to jail for 6 months

Booker T. Washington

He was a black leader, born a slave, worked in a coal mine, and founded the Tuskegee Institute, helped get blacks jobs and education, Chief black advisor of TR and Taft, Founded National Negro Business league in 1900. He didn't care as much about segregation, wanted education

Henry Ford- Moving Assembly Line- Mass Production/ Division of Labor

Henry Ford: Rich man made efficient cars, model T, used conveyor belts, cheap, affordable cars using assembly line. Assembly Line: Used for mass production, each person does the same step over and over again. Made cars cheaper to produce. Moved 6ft per minute. Mass Production: Sold in large quantities at small prices. Division of Labor: many people worked, and the work was divided equally. Each person had a different role.

Homestead Act- Sodbusters/Exodusters --Challenges

Homestead Act: Lincoln signed, promised 160 acres of land to anyone who paid a filing fee for 18 dollars and who farmed it for 5 years and made some improvements on the land. Land was Rich but people were poor in the west. Sodbusters: Plains Farmer who used steel plows to cut through tough sod ( James Oliver and John Deere invented). Exodusters: African Americans Homesteaders who settled on the plains (Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska) Homesteaders: Homesteading is a lifestyle of self-sufficiency, doing everything yourself.

Election of 1928 - Herbert Hoover

Hoover beat Alfred Smith- republican win Smith favored repeal Smith was from irish immigrants, first catholic to run for president. Hoover got most votes from rural areas in the Midwest. Hoover won by a LANDSLIDE. Hoover got the economy to go from prosperous to crashing down.

Importance of Buffalo and Horse (Sacred Dog)

Horses/Sacred Dogs were used for moving and hunting. Indians would go wherever the buffalo would go. They would kill the buffalo by trapping it, and later on when they had horses they would use bows and arrows to kill. Buffalo gave them for, clothing, and shelter. Buffalo jerky was made, along with tepee covers and robes, all made out of buffalo.

Jane Addams- Hull House/ Settlement House Movement

Hull House: settlement house in the U.S that was founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. - made playground in Chicago. Held immigrants there, improve their lives; better than tenements. Settlement houses: Helps immigrants settle, neighborhood guild NY- 1, Hull house, Henry Street- Lillian Wald. By 1910 there were 400 houses.

Imperialism- The Debate

Imperialism: The policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries or regions. For: millions of acres that are unexplored and forest land with iron, priceless deposits of manganese, etc. TONS OF RICHES Helping starving people in Cuba the people of Philippines would rather prefer a civil government instead of Spain's bloody rule so many opportunities (canals to be dug, railroads to be built) DOMINATING IN WORLD POWER Against: could possibly lead to war a self governing state cannot accept sovereignty over unwilling people weaken the principle in the US could turn it into a monarchy, instead of. democracy

Installment Buying - Buying on Margin - Underlying Problems

Installment buying: buying on credit, for example, someone would buy a fridge and pay a couple dollars to take it home, then they would eventually pay back the whole price + interest. This allowed people to buy things they could not afford, this created consumer debt. There was more consumer debt than federal debt by the end of the decade. Bought stocks on margin, a buying would buy as little as 10% of the stock, they kept it and when the price rose they sold it at a profit, this worked as long as the price kept going up. There were warnings that the bull market would not last but investors ignored. Great Depression occurred.

Difficult Journey/Immigration Process - Steerage to Citizenship

Journey was hard 2,000 in steerage- cheapest was steerage- the airless rooms, below the deck, terrible and unhealthy. Disease spread fast, if you died you were thrown in the water.

Rebirth of Ku Klux Klan

KKK wanted to preserve the U.S for white native born protestants. Wanted to limit immigration and were againsts, blacks, Jews, catholics. KKK leaders were stealing money from members and their power decreased a little. Still racists in the U.S, in the north blacks got low paying factory jobs, some were still very racists. Many anti- black riots, and black neighborhoods that segregated the two races.

Wilson's 14 Points - League of Nations - Senate rejects both

Key issues in Fourteen Points: Meant to prevent international problems from causing another war (part of the peace plan) Some of the Points: An end to secret agreements National self-determination Freedom of the seas Free trade A limit on arms (weapons) League of nations The fourteenth and most important point was the League of Nations (a general association of nations). The purpose of this was to protect the independence of all countries (large or small). Senate rejects both.

Selective Service Act- Draft

Males between ages 21 and 30 must register for a military draft; the age range was soon expanded to 18 to 45 Of the almost 5 million men who served in the military during World War I, 2.8 million were drafted. A total of 1.4 Americans saw combat. A draft is a law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military The act didn't discriminate against African Americans, although they served in segregated units under white officers

M.A.I.N.

Militarism: a policy of building up strong military forces which fuel tensions as nations build up their armies and navies Alliances: system means that a minor incident could spark a major war. A tangled network of competing alliances bound European nations together. An attack on one country pulled in other nations who came to their aid. Imperialism: causes rivalries as nations compete for colonies in the same region. Germany wanted more colonies in order to have the economic power of Britain and France. Nationalism: creates mistrust among nations. Europeans at the time had a strong competitive feeling about the superior of their own countries. Pride in one's nation.

The Jazz Age (Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and Duke Ellington)

Mix of European and African Music, born in new orleans. Had some ragtime in it. Louis armstrong- Played the trumpet and helped create jazz, he could turn anything into an amazing rhythm. "Jelly Roll" Morton and Bessie smith(Singer) also played jazz. Spread to Chicago, Kansas city, and to Harlem Bix Beiderbecke adopted jazz Spread to Europe eventually. One of the most important cultural contributes to the U.S today. Some thought it was a bad influence on the young. Duke Ellington also a jazz leader of orchestra, pianist, etc.

National Grange/Farmer's Alliance

National Grange- wanted to boost farm profits United farmers = granger= Farmer Set up cooperatives group of farmers pool their money to buy seed and tools wholesale "Cash Only". Wholesale- buying and selling in bulk. Farmers' alliance- gave the farmers fellowship, education and the right to stand up for themselves. - miners and industrial workers.

Native Americans - Society of American Indians

Native Americans: Society of indians- educate people on Indian life. Swindled millions of acres Dawes act of 1877

Nativists

Nativists- people who dislike immigration. They thought that immigrant ways were too different, they also took job spots for low pays, racists people thought of them as "too different". They targeted Jews, Italians, and Mexicans and also the Chinese. Nativists formed the American protective Association, the group fought for laws restricting immigration.

New Technology - New Weapons - Machine Guns and Poison Gas

New technology and weapons created a larger number of death totals. A new technology used to drop bombs from the air are fixed-winged airplanes.Tanks are armored vehicles that were used to cross the dangerous area between trenches. They are protected weapon platforms that make the weapons mounted in them more effective by their cross-country mobility. They provide protection. Ariel warfare caused a stalemate along the western front for several years. Ariel warfare engaged in dogfights in the sky, locked down on enemy lines, and helped to direct artillery fire. The land between two enemy trenches is called No Man's Land. To reach the enemy trenches, you would have to cross over No Man's Land. It was filled with quicksand, barbed wire, and also gunshots were going off. Poison gas (mustard gas and chlorine combined) was used in WWI. Poison gas was less effective once troops were equipped with gas mask. Poison gas was most feared because it caused choking, blindness, blisters, etc. The machine gun was responsible for most deaths during the war. Big Bertha: A 48-ton howitzer used by the Germans that transported 200 men. "Doughboys" was the name given to American soldiers in WWI. Pigeons carried messages and dogs helped sniff out the enemy. Russia fought against Germany on the Eastern front. Pillboxes were miniature forts a got their nickname because they were shaped like boxes in which chemists supplied tablets during the war. Pillboxes had very thick walls and German machine-gunners were housed inside. Air battles between planes were known as dogfights.

Oklahoma Land Rush- Homestead Act

Oklahoma Land Rush (Sooners and Boomers): Last land to claim was in Oklahoma April 22, 1889. Sooners- people who snuck in before the land rush and stole the land, they did this partially illegally. Got some of the best land. Boomers: People who went to go get land at the right time (when the boom went off) Homestead Act: Lincoln signed, promised 160 acres of land to anyone who paid a filing fee for 18 dollars and who farmed it for 5 years and made some improvements on the land. Land was Rich but people were poor in the west.

Ellis Island and Angel Island -- Statue of Liberty

On the east coast: Most european immigrants ended at New York. They were greeted by the statue of liberty. It symbolized freedom. They had to get medical tests, walk up stairs, buttonhook for trachoma, get chalked for specific disease. Observed everything. They stayed at ellis island if they were sick, some got sent home, but the company had to pay for the person to get sent back so it was a careful selection. Changed complicated names to easy names. Some came to the country with familiar faces to see and others came with no familiar faces. On the west coast: After 1910 many asians came into angel island in san francisco. There was a lot of discrimination against chinese, Angel island was more like a prison, people stayed there for longer days. They made homes for themselves in the west.

Cultural Wars- Traditionalist v. Modernists- Creating a Mass Culture

People had more leisure time and could communicate with people across the country. Radio: KDKA- first radio station, huge hit. After dinner families would listen to either " Roxy and His Gang" or "Jack Frost's Melody Moments" There were comedies, jazz music, and sports broadcasts. Hollywood was the movie capital, Movies were very popular, all different types. 1st movie had no sound, 'title cards' Tom mix, clara Bow, Comedian charlie chaplin (the little tramp). The jazz singer was a movie with a soundtrack, then all movies were talkies.

Red Scarce - Palmer Raids

People were scared of foreign sabotage. Lenin encouraged all workers everywhere to rebel. This could start a communist revolution. Anarchists: people who oppose organized gov't. Their threats lead many to be scared of foreigners. Anarchists and communists were nicknamed reds, some were jailed or deported in fear of rebellion.

Platt Amendment- Cuba and Foraker Act/Jones Act - Puerto Rico

Platt Amendment: amendment to the 1902 Cuban constitution that allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba Foraker Act: law passed by Congress in 1900 under which the US gave Puerto Ricans a limited say in government Jones Act: Puerto Ricans can become U.S. citizens Cuba is an American protectorate, a nation whose independence is limited by the control of a more powerful country.

Plessy vs. Ferguson - Segregation - Brown vs. Board of Education

Plessy vs. Ferguson: an 1896 court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public facilities was legal as long as the facilities were equal Brown vs. Board of Education: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Populist Party- William Jennings Bryan- Free Silver

Populist Party: also known as the people's party, organized to represent interests of farmers. Called for reforms: regulation of railroads, free silver, eight hour work day, income tax, direct election of senators, limits on immigration. William Jennings Bryan: William Jennings Bryan: The great commoner, championed cause of common people, carried south, and west.

Empowering Voters: Primary, Initiative, Referendum, and Recall

Primary- allowed voters to choose their party's candidates for the general election Initiative- gave voters the right to put bills before a state legislature with certain # of petitions. Referendum- allowed voters to put a bill on the ballot and vote it into law. Recall- allowed voters to remove an elected official from office.

Life In Tenements - Problems And Solutions

Problems: Inside the city people lived in tenement houses, streets were covered in waste and dirt and it was very gross and dangerous. Disease like Cholera and smallpox was spreading. 12 people in one tenement house with only two beds and a chair. TOO CROWDED. Fires made it dangerous because it was so crowded so people couldn't get out. Crime, Waste disposal and health issues, life in tenements, Pollution, Political corruption- bosses and machines. Solutions: Settlement houses were created. Fire escapes were added to tenement homes. Jacob Riis took pictures and exposed the truth. Made better laws to make the tenement homes more safe.

Factors leading to the U.S. entrance into the war

Public Opinion: despised Germany, pictured Germans as hideous savages who killed innocent civilians, the opinion was split but more supported Allies Economic Interests: the U.S. has been sending more $$ to the Allies than the Central Powers. Trade isn't fair, it's unequal. The U.S. supplies the Allies w/ more than the Central Powers Sinking of Lusitania: Along with people from other places, 128 Americans died when the Germans sank the ship called "Lusitania" Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Germans had promised to stop attacking merchant and passenger ships w/o warning (Sussex Pledge), but the Germans reversed course and said that they would resume unrestricted submarine warfare because it would help them win the war before America. The U.S. severed diplomatic ties with them and the U-boats sank many U.S. merchant ships which resulted in casualties. Zimmerman Telegram: Germany wanted Mexico to provoke the Americans to stop them from joining the war by attacking them, which means possibly getting their lands back (American Southwest). Germany would be the ones to help them get their lands back. Russian Revolution: Czar Nicholas II gets kicked out, and there is next to a democracy. Wilson wanted to help them with their new democracy.

Pure Food and Drug Act - Meat Inspection Act

Pure Food and Drug Act: a 1906 law that requires food and drug makers to list ingredients on packages; law passed Meat Inspection Act: meat is made under extremely sanitary conditions.

Immigration Experience- Push (pogroms) and Pull Factors (jobs)

Push: Europeans could not support their families with farming. Political Or religious persecution- progroms- organized attacks on Jewish villages (in Russia). Persecution and Violence- pushed christians out of the Ottoman Empire. (Turkey) Political unrest- in mexico thousands just crossed the border. Pull: Industrial jobs, agents went to europe and asia to recrute low paying workers. Companies advertised in different countries. Usually one family member would come and once he made enough money the rest would join him. Freedom: many liked that you couldn't be arrested for no reason and free religion.

Reservations- Decline of Buffalo and Way of Life

Reservations were an arrangement where something is booked or reserved for a particular person, set by gov't. The Indians did not like reservations, they liked it better when they were alone and had open land, not fenced land. In 1867, a treaty was signed for reservations. Diseases and weather(droughts) wiped out herds of buffalo. While on railroads, it was a sport to shoot at buffalo while in the trains. Indians were still hunting buffalo as a way of life. Indians would not give up the hunting of buffalo.

Suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Wealthy people lived in the suburbs.

Women's Suffrage- NWSA

Suffragist: people who work for women's rights to vote. NWSA (Nationa Women's Suffrage Association): a group that worked for a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Called for suffrage with anthony. Opposed 15th amendment (forbids any state to deny African Americans the right to vote because of race) , set up the NWSA with Anthony. Eventually died being a role model for women. Susan B. Anthony: Feminist who started the NWSA. She voted as a women and went to court, Famous speeches at court, opposed the 15th amendment, very very famous.

Robber Barons (Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Corneilius Vanderbilt, and J.P. Morgan)

Robber Barons: A person who is looking for a way to help themselves through business- Ruthless. Andrew Carnegie: Scottish immigrant "Rags to Riches". Steel Company. Combined 3 of his companies to make Carnegie Steel. Bessemer process; make more efficient steel. Vertical integration: a single manufacture controls all steps in the process of making steel. He helped and improved education by funding to libraries. He was smart in getting all the steps and donated to useful charities. John D. Rockefeller: Oil refinery company, made oil have use for, heat, electricity, DID NOT LIKE COMPETITION, Horizontal Integration: Merge of companies in the same field, buying competitors. Created the Standard Oil Company- Took over everything, giant. Donated ½ a billion to educational purposes and medical research. Got all companies and made one big company, donated to education and religious purposes. Corneilius Vanderbilt: So of poor farmers, married Sophia Jonson and had 13 kids, George was his favorite. Steamship Industry .Consolidation, combine. Gave money to vanderbilt university when he died. George died and he wanted to give everything to george. He changed high prices for oil. he was determined to give the whole company to one son and had a ruthless approach when making deals. J.P. Morgan: Banking company/ Finance, considered a hero for getting the U.S out of debt by donated 60 million to the gov't. Saved Railroad companies. Saved gold standard. His collection of paintings worth 900 million was donated to metropolitan museum. Helped gov't and many companies, and helped with our economy used money for other reasons besides business.

Panama Canal

Roosevelt's idea. He knew that a canal through the isthmus would greatly benefit American commerce and military capability. A canal would reduce the cost of shipping goods, and in the event of a war a navy could quickly move ships back and forth. Helped the trade of many nations. Benefited manufacturers because they could easily ship goods. Columbia owned the itshmus and refused his idea and bribes from John Hay. Panimians revolted against Columbia, and declared themselves an independent republic. Panama agreed to the canal. Dr.William Gorgas worked to stop spreading the disease of yellow fever (and malaria). Colonel George Gotheals was an army engineer of the canal. Most people who built the canal were Blacks from the West Indies.

Rough Riders and Buffalo Soldiers

Rough Riders: a mixed crew, ranging from cowboys to college students, to adventurers. Made by Theodore Roosevelt. It was the First Volunteer Calvalry Regiment. They joined regular troops. Buffalo Soilders: African American members of the 9th and 10th Calvalries. Played a major role in the bloody victory.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

Sacco and Vanzetti were accused of robbery and murder in massachusetts. They were anarchists but said that they were innocent. Barely any evidence. They were silenced and killed. The judge wanted to execute them because they were immigrants and they were discriminated and feared by many americans. This case ended with the message that immigrants were dangerous.

Impact of Automobile: Mobility and Suburbs

Steel and rubber industries boomed. More efficient way to get places. Model T got extremely cheap. Henry ford's assembly line made cars cheaper, made faster. As a result you didn't have to be rich to have a car. General motors: cars in many different colors. Made ford lose customers Ford's model A came in new colors after the fact. People got jobs by helping make paints, tires, windows, drilling for gas. More paved streets and highways, Gas stations, motels, restaurants and car shops sprung up on the sides of roads. Cars helped people move to the suburbs, women were in the driver's seat more often. Suburbs- people could get to school and shops and stores easily.

NYC Population Density- City Settlement Patterns (Bull's Eye)

Suburbs were built around major cities. Seperate homes for families. Overcrowded in NYC. Jacob Riis took pictures of the inside terrible conditioned city (including tenements) and exposed it. The inside had factories and was very dirty and not safe. Factories, tenements The middle had middle class people living there. Activites, homes, school. The outside/ suburbs had wealthy healthy people living there. Wealthy class.

Sweatshops- Working Conditions

Sweatshop- a workplace where people labor long hours in poor conditions for low pay. Immigrants took whatever work they could get, (low wages, long hours, poor conditions. ) Tenement rooms, no rules about ages or hours, Has unhealthy working conditions

Regulating Business- Interstate Commerce Act - "Trustbuster " (T.R.)

TR wanted to break up bad trusts. Interstate Commerce Act: Forbade practice such as pools and rebates.

Temperance Movement- WTCU- Carrie Nation

Temperance Movement: Women believed that alcohol was ruining their families because the fathers were always drunk and abusive. Campaign against alcohol consumption. Carrie nation was a very violent protester to get rid of alcohol. She smashed bottles with hatchets and rocks. Made speeches across the country. Saloons were bars for men but NO women. Lots of drinking in cities or urban areas, traditional for the immigrants. Less drinking is rural areas. Women's Christian Temperance Union (WTCU): Frances Willard was president- Against alcohol.

Wounded Knee- Ghost Dance

The Ghost Dance was a religious ceremony for indians that wished for there old "white free" life back; with all the buffalo, and free land. Yet settlers felt threatened by this. Sitting bull was arrested and accidentally killed for spreading the Ghost Dance. After Sitting Bull's death, the Lakotas fled but ended up in Wounded Knee and when they were handing in weapons, a shot fired. The army shot back, nearly 100 Indians died and about 25 soldiers. This ended the Ghost Dance.

At Home: Great Migration and Role of Women

The Great Migration impacted the U.S. because African Americans worked in the Northern factories, which were better-paying jobs. Many Mexicans worked on the Southern fields, and some grew cotton and beets. Women took on jobs in defense plants and also started working in factories. They built rifles and other supplies as well. They still worked at home and made clothes and cooked. Helped out the army.

Little Bighorn and George Armstrong Custer

The Native Americans found gold in Black Hills. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse fought the miners cause they were on their land, that was the Sioux War of 1876. Custer was sent to protect the miners in little Bighorn Valley, at Little Bighorn, Custer and all his men died and no one was left to describe the battle. Gave Native Americans a win. George Armstrong Custer: Went to Westpoint and graduated last in his class. Him and all of his troops died at Little Bighorn.

Spanish-American War- U.S.S. Maine

The Spanish American War started with the sinking of the Battleship U.S.S. Maine in Havana, Cuba. It stills remains a mystery whether this was on purpose or not, but the Americans blamed it on the Spanish. Another cause of the SAW was yellow journalism Victory in the Phillippenes Commander George Dewey was sent to Manila Bay and him and his crew bombarded the Spanish ships; and the Spanish Fleet was destroyed. The American forces captured Manila with the help the Filipino Rebls, led by Emilio Aguinaldo War In Cuba Became known as The Battle of San Juan Hill Destroyed the Spanish Fleet in Santiago Bay; the Spanish Army surrendered. American troops then landed on Puerto Rico and claimed the island. Lots of Americans died from diseases such as yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria; little died from war. "Splendid little war"- Joh Hay. Relatively quick and easy.

Open Door Policy - John Hay

The US wanted to gain a share of the China Trade, but Secretary of State John Hay feared that imperial powers would cut China off to American merchants. To prevent this, Hay sent a letter in 1899 to all the nations that had spheres of influence in China. He urged them to keep an "open door" in China, permitting any nation to trade in the spheres of others. The imperialist powers accepted the Open Door Policy. Later he sent another letter, saying to respect China's independence. The Open Door Policy showed that America was ready to take a larger role in world affairs.

Upton Sinclair-- The Jungle

The secrets behind meats in factories such as, sausage, and ham. Wrote about the horrors of the meatpacking industry. Very unsanitary. Went into detail. Helped make the meat inspection act, and the pure food and drug act of 1906.

Acculturation-Assimilation-Melting Pot/Salad Bowl Theories

They heard rumours "gold streets". Had to adjust to reality. Newcomers needed jobs, they eventually found low paying jobs. Most stayed in the cities that they landed in (NYC, San Francisco), created NYC slums and crowded poor inner city. Acculturation- the process of holding onto older traditions while still adapting to new culture. Immigrants used schools, political ways, but at the same time kept their culture. Some blended their culture with american. Children taught parents english, they learned in school. Kids gave up old ways, dressed american, spoke american. Blending in and acting American/ everyone the same = melting pot. having cultural differences and being unique and yourself = salad bowl.

Patent- Thomas Edison (Age of Invention)-- Electricity

Thomas Edison: Power distribution system- generated power at a central station and distributed it to homes and businesses. 12 weeks of formal education. Lost hearing. First invention- electronic vote tallying. 1876- established his invention factory in menlo park, nj. Started research and development departments in companies. Held 1093 U.S patents- record. Invented: Telegraph, light bulb, Fluoroscope. Patent: licenses for new inventions were being granted everyday. Inventors wanted credit for their work.

Thomas Nast- Political Machine- Boss Tweed

Thomas Nast: created The Political Zoo- Democracy Donkey, Republican Elephant, Tammany Tiger. He drew cartoons against Tweed and Tammany Hall, he made the the political zoo, he exposed Tweed and got him arrested and made Tweed flee to Spain. Political Machine: Political organization that does mostly crime and is getting money and is run by a boss, their goal is to control the city and make illegal profits. Boss Tweed: Tweed made money from contracts, illegal acts. The contracts gave him a kickback that gave him money. Tweed stole $200,000,000 in 6 years. Nast exposed him, and he fled to Spain.

Indian (boarding) Schools- Assimilation

To stop all of the war, the government got the Indians to live more like the white farmers. This also got them to send their children to assimilation schools. The schools young kids to act like whites, eat like whites, talk like whites, dress like whites, "Kill the Indian... Save the man". Made children think that they could not be themselves.

Transcontinental Railroad --- Impacts

Transcontinental Railroad: Railroad that went across the whole country Gov't paid for it in the form of subsidies, they felt the connection to the west would benefit. They went right through native homes. Central and Union combined. Completed in 1869. Impacts: Expansion: more states, cities grow in size, Homestead act- conflicts with natives, were less isolated. Economic Development: links east and west, cattle industry spreads, provide more jobs, raw materials went from east and west, cheaper and safer and faster than ships. (6 months to 6 days). Technology/ inventions: Time zones, air brake (safer), sleeping cars, dining cars, Standard Gauge tracks (fits every sized train). Negatives: pollution, cut down forests, killing buffalo, natives and land, workers killed while working on railroad, thin line of civilization cut through the plains.

Trusts (case for and against)/monopolies

Trust: is a group of corporations run by a single board of directors. Monopoly: controls all or nearly all the business of an industry The case for trusts: Carnegie thought that reduced competition was good. Growth of companies, lower prices, higher wages, all good outcomes of trusts. The case against trusts: it reduced competition, made work hard for smaller companies, millionaires were also not using wealth wisley. The standard oil trust: Rockefellers trust in 1882 created a monopoly, he owned 95% of oil refinery in the country and was controlling everything!

Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce

When gold was discovered on Nez Perce land, the government ordered the Nez Peace tribe to leave and move to a reservation in Idaho. Chief Joseph urged his people to leave peacefully, but some refused. 3 of his men massacred a group of whites. Chief Joseph was forced to retreat and led 800 Native Americans to Canada, while the U.S. Army followed them. After months of fighting and loosing half of his men, Chief Joseph surrendered. Chief Joseph viewed the government as invaders.

Mining- Boomtown, Ghost Town- Broken Treaties

When gold was found in the west, and thousands of miners left their homes to mine it, they had to form some sort of town to stay in because the west was unsettled. These towns were called "boomtowns", or towns that sprung up overnight, and whose population quickly increased. Merchants and traders also followed miners to boomtowns so they could make a profit by selling them supplies and trading them gold. Many boomtowns turned into ghost towns when the supply of surface gold ran out. Ghost towns are towns that lose their population and become deserted. However, some boomtowns survived and stand as cities today. Despite government promises to protect their land, Indian people found their way of life threatened as white settlers invaded their territory. Fort Laramie Treaty: The government gave each tribe their own land area for tools, food, goods in exchange. But when gold striked Pikes Peak the government got them to give back some of the land but most Indians refused to move. The Indians attacked them, which caused the Chivington massacre.

Purchase of Alaska- William Seward

William Seward purchased Alaska for 7.2 million dollars from Russia. The purchase increased the U.S. by almost one fifth. It was called "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Ice Box". The purchase seemed foolish, but minds changed when gold was found in Alaska. Alaska was then considered very valuable, because it is well suited for farming, and is rich in timber, copper, petroleum, and natural gas. 49th state.

Yellow Journalism - Pulitzer and Hearst

Yellow Journalism: reporting that relied on sensational stories and headlines. Often these reports were biased, untrue and exaggerated. News stories described events in Cuba in graphic and horrifying detail. Joseph Pulitzer's newspaper was called "The World" and William Randolph Hearst's was called "Journal"; they competed to print the most grisly stories about Spanish atrocities, or wartime acts of cruelty and brutality. The publishers knew that war wth Spain would boost sales of their newspapers.

Post-War Race Relations - Tulsa Riots, Silent March, and East St.Louis riots

blacks wanted to be treated better and equally of course. performed riots and silent marches.

Pro-Business - Laissez-Faire Economics and Tariffs

idea that the government should play as small as a role as possible in economic affairs. Harding was pro-business and chose men who followed pro-business for government positions. They wanted isolationism. Liked the peace with Europe at the moment Sent people to League of nations but never joined. More trade with Latin America than overseas. Wanted to protect what was ours in L. A. Mexico wanted to take over our oil companies. Instead of sending troops we sent Dwight Morrow to negotiate with the Gov't. Lenin created the Soviet union, U.S did not like communism but we still aided the Russians during famines. Women's international league for peace, Jane addams- Disarmament in U.S and europe.

Materialistic--- "toys"

excessively concerned with material possessions; money-oriented.