3444 Module 5
Pinworms (enterobiasis)
- ingestion of eggs - Tape test - Pyrantel Pamoate or Albendazole
Short-acting IV insulin
0.1-0.2 units / kg / hr glucose testing Q1 add IV glucose when serum drops 80-100 mg/dL advance PO slowly (alert, normal sugars)
JIA medications
NSAIDS, corticosteroids, anti rheumatics Promote mobility (swimming!)
systemic lupus erythematosus
chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs - frequent exasperation
When determining the correct therapeutic dose of most medications for children, what is the most important assessment to make?
weight
PID relevance
- 300 chronic inherited - repeated and persistent infections, opportunistic infections, and frequent skin lesions - Rash or other skin condition one of the first signs - risk for developmental delay - stem cell transplantation and IVIG
Mumps (paramyxovirus)
- Fever and swelling of parotid gland - airborne, droplet, contact precautions - 12-25 days
Varicella Prevention
- Immunization - Antiviral therapy - Once lions have scabbed, no longer contagious
HAART
- Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) - Protease inhibitors - Non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Nursing interventions, IS
- Prevent infection - Prevent and manage allergic response - promote skin integrity - promote comfort and pain relief
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- secondary immunodeficiency (Acquired) - HIV 1 worldwide - HIV 2 west africa - vertical or horizontal transmission - sx: chronic diarrhea, FTT, delayed development, frequent infections - short latency than AIDS
Bee stings
- wear light-colored, fitted clothes, long sleeves and nondecrotive - unscented hygiene - inspect repellant - avoid areas of high activity, flowers, shrubs
Ibuprofen for fever
4-10mg/ kg/ dose 6months age+ 4 doses/day MAX
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
X-linked recessive Congenital thrombocytopenia Eczema, immunodeficiency by selective fxs of B and T lymphocytes Treatment: - SC transplant - IVIG -splenectomy - infection prevention, skin care
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
a severe, genetic impairment of the immune system (absent T and C cell function) - first 6 mos of life - serious bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
SLE symptoms
butterfly rash on bridge of nose and cheeks fever, joint inflammation, fatigue, weight loss, splenic enlargement, vasculitis, leukopenia, anemia, nephrotic syndrome, raynaud's
Allergies
dx: personal/medical history, physical exam, diagnostic testing sx: itchy eyes, runny nose, stomach cramps, hives, swelling, cough, wheezing, SOB, redness, pain, throat closing
JIA manifestations
joint symptoms that increase with inactivity, system manifestations (pericarditis, anemia, pleuritic)
Hypogammaglobulinemia
lack of one or more of the five immunoglobulins; caused by B-cell deficiency
The nurse is caring for a child who has a depressed immune system due to chemotherapy treatments. The child is due for scheduled immunizations according to CDC recommendations. The nurse must ensure that the child does not receive which type of immunization?
live vaccine
Recombinant vaccines
use genetically engineered organisms to produce antigens - hepB
Precocious puberty prevalence
- More common in girls, African-americans - Obesity - Sex hormone exposure (dairy) - various preexisting conditions, radiation therapy
Head lice (pediculosis capitis)
- Nits 7-10 days - Lice 2-3 weeks - Close contact transmission - Shampoos, combs, hot water for linens, vacuum, seal away for 10-14 days
Source
- distribution (skin, droplet) - supportive anticipatory guidance
Scabies
- prolonged close contact - intense pruritus - excoriation and burrows - wear gloves!! - permethrin cream (scabicide) - linens and clothes high heat
Transmission
- s/sx affecting other body systems - how it spread, one point to another
Dermatitis (diaper, seborrheic)
- scalp, eyelids, external ear, nasolabial folds, inguinal region - vaseline or oil
Type 2 expected outcomes:
- the SAME! - acanthosis nigrican resolves - BMI normalizes
Live attenuated vaccines
modified living organisms that are weakened - Varicella - MMR do not give to imm/comp pts
A school-age child is seen in the family clinic. The parents ask the nurse if their child should start taking growth hormones to help the child grow because the parents are short. What is the best response by the nurse?
"Research shows that there must be a diagnosis of deficiency before growth hormones can be started at this age."
A 13-year-old female adolescent is being evaluated for lupus. Which statement(s) by the adolescent indicates a need for further education regarding this disease? Select all that apply. "I am at a higher risk than of developing lupus than a man would be." "Since I am 13, it would be unusual for me to be diagnosed. Younger kids usually get it." "I should have not spent so much time in the sun. That may have been what caused me to get lupus." "My grandmother was diagnosed with lupus, so that means I am at a higher risk." "I just got over a sinus infection last week. This may have been what triggered the disease."
"Since I am 13, it would be unusual for me to be diagnosed. Younger kids usually get it." "I should have not spent so much time in the sun. That may have been what caused me to get lupus."
The nurse is speaking to the mother of an adolescent recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The mother asks the nurse how her son's basketball training will affect his blood sugar. Which is the best response by the nurse?
"When exercising, your son should add an extra snack containing 15 to 30 g of carbohydrates for each 45 to 60 minutes of exercise."
A child is diagnosed with varicella. The parent states the child is "just miserable" and wants to know how best to make the child feel more comfortable. Which instruction(s) would the nurse give this parent? Select all that apply. "You can administer acetaminophen to help with fever and pain." "Keep only light clothing on your child." "Keep your child's fingernails short so scratching will not disturb vesicles." "Administer prescribed topical steroid ointment to reduce inflammation." "Place the child in a soothing tepid bath."
"You can administer acetaminophen to help with fever and pain." "Keep only light clothing on your child." "Keep your child's fingernails short so scratching will not disturb vesicles." "Place the child in a soothing tepid bath."
A school-aged child diagnosed with atopic dermatitis is having difficulty in school, and school performance is declining. The parent asks the nurse for interventions that can help improve the situation. How should the nurse respond? Select all that apply. "You can help your child sleep better at night by giving the prescribed antihistamines." "The school nurse can apply skin moisturizers during the school day." "Talk with the child's teacher about work the child can do at home until flare-ups resolve." "Obtain an order from the health care provider for the child to rest in the nurse's office if too stressed." "Have the teacher move the child to a desk on the front row to help with concentration."
"You can help your child sleep better at night by giving the prescribed antihistamines." "The school nurse can apply skin moisturizers during the school day." "Talk with the child's teacher about work the child can do at home until flare-ups resolve." "Obtain an order from the health care provider for the child to rest in the nurse's office if too stressed."
A child is brought to the clinic by the parents because the child had a high fever. Assessment reveals vesicles on the tongue and shallow ulcers on the oral mucosa. The child is diagnosed with hand, foot and mouth disease. When teaching the parents about this infection, which information would the nurse likely include? Select all that apply. "You need to make sure to wash your hands frequently." "This condition usually resolves in about 1 week." "The infection can continue to spread to others for about 2 to 3 weeks." "This infection is spread mostly through contact with urine." "Try offering cold items, like popsicles for fluids."
"You need to make sure to wash your hands frequently." "This condition usually resolves in about 1 week." "Try offering cold items, like popsicles for fluids."
The parent of a child on chemotherapy contacts the health care provider because her child was exposed to chickenpox and wants to know what to do. What is the nurse's best response?
"Your child can be given foster immune globulin to prevent chickenpox."
Which adolescents may have delayed puberty? Select all that apply. 14-year-old female who has not developed breasts 13-year-old female who has no pubic hair 15-year-old male who has had no changes to the size of testicles 14-year-old male who has no pubic hair 13-year-old male who has no changes in the appearance of his scrotum
- 14-year-old female who has not developed breasts - 15-year-old male who has had no changes to the size of testicles
2 peak incident periods
- 4-6 y/o - 10-14 y/o more common in caucasians predisposed autoimmune illness is exposed to a precipitous environmental factor (like viral illness) dx follows
A nurse is providing care to a child admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of severe periorbital cellulitis. Which intervention(s) should the nurse expect to implement? Select all that apply. Administer intravenous antibiotics. Maintain the child on NPO status. Institute contact isolation precautions. Restrict visitors to the child's room. Obtain blood cultures.
- Administer IV antibiotics - Institute contact isolation precautions - Obtain blood cultures
The nurse suspects that a 4-year-old with type 1 diabetes is experiencing hypoglycemia based on what findings? Select all that apply. Blurred vision Dry, flushed skin Diaphoresis Slurred speech Fruity breath odor Tachycardia
- Diaphoresis -Slurred speech - Tachycardia
A nurse is making a home visit to a 12-year-old child with type 1 diabetes and is reviewing insulin administration. The nurse determines that the teaching was successful when the child performs which actions? Select all that apply. Draws up the short-acting insulin before the intermediate-acting insulin. Stores the insulin vial at room temperature. Gives the injection at a 45-degree angle. Shakes the bottle of intermediate-acting insulin to make sure is it uniform. Aspirates for a blood return before injecting the medication.
- Draws up the short-acting insulin before the intermediate-acting insulin. - Stores the insulin vial at room temperature. - Gives the injection at a 45-degree angle.
Intestinal parasites
- Giardiasis, pinworms - fecal smears - treat family members
Pre Puberty treatment
- GnRH agonist (leuprolide Lupron) daily SQ injection BID intranasal Slows growth until normal age for growth
Type 1 expected outcomes:
- HbA1C reduced to less than 7.5% - Blood glucose less than 130 mg/dL before meals, 150mg/dL at bedtime - No emergency room visits - maintain appropriate weight gain
Type 1 lab values
- Hemoglobin A1C >6.5% - Random glucose >200 mg/dL - Fasting 126 mg/dL (x2) - 2-hr plasma >200 mg/dL during oral glucose tolerance Before meals 90-130 At bedtime 90-150 HbA1C >7.5%
Measles s/sx
- Immunization!! - begins with fever, hacking cough, high fever, watery eyes - Red/brown rash forehead to entire body - Highly contagious - Complications: croup, pneumonia, diarrhea, acute encephalitis
Immune system components
- Immunodeficiency: under functioning - Autoimmune disorder: over functioning - Nonspecific (inflammation and phagocytosis) - Specific (humoral and cell-mediated) - humoral involves B cells (recognize specific antigens and secret antibodies) - Cellular involves T cells (attack antigens masked by B cells) - Primary (thymus, bone marrow) and Secondary (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils) lymphoid organs
Which nursing problems could be associated with a child with primary immunodeficiency? Select all that apply. Risk for infection Altered skin integrity Delayed growth and development Altered fluid and electrolytes Altered gastrointestinal function
- Risk for infection - Altered skin integrity - Delayed growth and development
Measles (Rubeola)
- Virus - fever, malaise, cough, Koplik spots (small red spots with blue/white center in mouth) - rash, maculopapular on face, spreads down body - dim lights, photophobia - Vitamin A, airborne precautions, eye care
Varicella nursing management
- Vital signs - Antipyretics, antipruritcs - Airborne, contact precautions - Distraction - Fluids, calamine lotion, oatmeal baths and soap
When to call provider immune system:
- any child younger than 3 los of age who has rectal temp about 38 C - any child who is lethargic or listless, regardless of temp - fever lasting more than 3-5 days - fever greater than 40.6C (105F) - any child who is immunocompromised by illness, cancer, HIB, further eval and treatment needed
Impetigo contagiosa
- bacterial staphylococci - contact precautions - red macule that becomes vesicular - spread peripherally - honey exudate - topical antibiotics - hand washing, wash clothes, short nails
Precocious puberty factors:
- breast development - vaginaal bleeding - pubic and axillary hair - secondary to other conditions (congenital, post inflammatory, radiotherapy, trauma)
Diet for Type 1
- carb counting - 10g carb covered by 1 unit of insulin - timing for meals and snacks - 3 large, high-fiber meals w/ smaller snacks
atopid dermatitis
- eczema - seasonal flare-up - hereditary - allergy or hypersensitivity - hydrate, relieve itching, reduce inflammation, prevent secondary infection
Measles Nursing Management
- encourage fluids - I/O - Airborne isolation - comport medications (No ASA) - Moist cloth to remove eye crusting, cool mist humidifier
Cellulitis (strep, staph, haemophilus influenza)
- enters via beak or cut in skin - erythema, pain, edema at site, fever - Lymphagitis "streaking" swelling - oral or IV antibiotics, rest
Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDS)
- first 6 mos of life - congenital - dx difficult, sx not always displayed - decreased amount of immunoglobulins (Igs) - high risk of frequent infections
Type 2 DM pediatric
- focus on primary and secondary prevention Primary: health promotion, health education, reducing modifiable risks (obesity, lack of breastfeeding) Secondary: early diagnosis, preventing complications, screenings
Dermatophytoses aka tinea corporis aka ringworm
- fungal infection - contact precaution - dry, flaky, scaly, inflamed border, pruritus - topical or or anti fungal - avoid contact, good hygiene, hot water to wash clothes, animal transmissible
Hypopituitarism - Growth Hormone Deficiency
- inhibits somatic growth - dx based on radioimmunoassay of plasma Gh levels - Treat with rhGH at bedtime
Types of vaccines
- live attenuated - inactivated/killed - toxoid - conjugate - recombinant
Pediatric immune system
- lymphoid organs large at birth - thymus shrinks at puberty - spleen smaller at birth, not full-size until adulthood - less fat in abdomens, higher risk for splenic rupture - decreased immunoglobulins, immune system less effective
The nurse is obtaining a health history and assessment for a child being admitted who is suspected of having measles. What signs and symptoms does the nurse expect to find during the assessment? Select all that apply. - maculopapular rash that began on the face and has spread to the rest of the body - clear, fluid-filled vesicles - fever - upper respiratory infection symptoms - erythematous flushing
- maculopapular rash that began on the face and has spread to the rest of the body - fever - upper respiratory infection symptoms
SC sites
- need for rotation, pinch-able skin - lipohytrophy --> bumps from infrequent rotation (z-track) Most Rapid --> Least Rapid Abdomen (reserved for higher age), arms, legs, thighs, buttocks **mindful of activities, spots near muscles
Coxsackie Virus: Hand-Foot-Mouth
- nose and throat -blister fluid - feces - fever, sore throat, malaise, painful oral sores, skin rash, palms and soles - Handwashing, avoid kissing/sharing - avoid ASA
Agent
- prodromal stage s/sx, organism - specific nursing interventions
Varicella (Chicken pox)
- slight fever, malaise, anorexia, papule vesicle - spreads from face to extremities - Antiviral (Zovirax) NO ASA - Antihistamine, keep clean short nails, cool environment
The nurse is caring for a child with a skin disorder. The child presented with papules that progressed to vesicles with a honey-colored exudate. What treatment would the nurse expect to be ordered to treat this disorder? Select all that apply. - topical mupirocin ointment - warm compresses after washing with soap and water several times a day - oral cephalexin - cool compresses to assist in removing crusts on vesicles - regular hygiene measures
- topical mupirocin ointment - cool compresses to assist in removing crusts on vesicles - regular hygiene measures
The nurse is preparing an educational program for members of the office staff. The topic is the warning signs of primary immunodeficiency. What information should be included? Select all apply. two or more new episodes of acute otitis media in 1 year two or more episodes of severe sinusitis in 1 year failure to thrive in an infant two or more serious infections such as sepsis history of infections requiring IV antibiotics to clear
- two or more episodes of severe sinusitis in 1 year - failure to thrive in an infant - two or more serious infections such as sepsis - history of infections requiring IV antibiotics to clear
Conjunctivitis
- viral, bacterial, chemical, allergy - "pink eye" - purulent drainage, crusting of lids, swelling - topical antibiotics - wipe inner to outer, warmth
When to call provider: type 1
- vomits more than once - glucose remain above 240mg/gL - urinary ketones remain high - glucose before 70, greater than 200 ** encourage fluids
Symptoms of Type 1 DM
3 Ps Polyuria (increased urine output) Polydipsia (increased thirst) Polyphagia (increased hunger) Increased bed-wetting (or nocturnal urinesis), weight-loss, fatigue, abdominal pain, N/V Ketones, fruity breathe, candida yeast infection, glucose in urine
Fever treatment
Acetaminophen Ibuprofen combo Infants <3 mos: - febrile seizures - underdeveloped IS - dx rule out sepsis - urine, blood, spinal tap - vaccinations
Age-appropriate self-care for Type 1
Infants: - parents are responsible - challenge to assess hypo vs hyper Toddlers: - parents are responsible - challenge for picky eaters, tantrums Preschoolers: - notice differences, begin to participate - challenge hypo/hyper consequence severity School-age: - participate in administration - challange in willingness Adolescents: - full participation - challenge in identity/ role, alcohol (hypo), menstruation (hyper)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Lake of insulin resulting in hyperglycemia and production of ketones - Fat and glucose breakdown Ketones in blood = low pH K Ph goes into urine to compensate Emergency!! - Kussmaul's respirations (very deep breaths w hyperventilation - excess CO2), arrhythmias, dehydration, coma, death Treat with fluids, medication, PRN ventilation
Temps
Oral: >37.8C 100F Rectal: >38C 100.4F Axillary: >37.2C 99F Tympanic: >38C 100.4F Temporal: >38C 100.4F
A 6-month-old boy has been admitted to the hospital with severe bloody diarrhea. The nurse notes petechiae and eczema with signs of secondary infection. As the nurse documents the boy's history, the parents report easy bruising and prolonged bleeding after circumcision. Based on these findings, the nurse suspects a diagnosis of:
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
After teaching a group of students about endocrine disorders, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify insulin deficiency, increased levels of counterregulatory hormones, and dehydration as the primary cause of which condition?
diabetic ketoacidosis
A child is brought to the emergency department with bronchospasm, wheezing, and urticaria. The primary health care provider prescribes the medications listed below. Which medication will the nurse administer first?
epinephrine IM
Glycosuria
glucose in the urine (d/t increased circulating glucose)
period of communicability
how long contagious, transmissible
Communicable disease
infectious disease transmissible by direct or indirect contact
The nurse is caring for a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The nurse notes the child is drowsy, has flushed cheeks and red lips, a fruity smell to the breath, and there has been an increase in the rate and depth of the child's respirations. Which prescription from the primary health care provider will the nurse question?
monitor glucose level every 3 hours
A child has been diagnosed with impetigo and the nurse is performing discharge teaching to the parents. Which statements by the parents indicate that additional teaching is necessary? Select all that apply. "Even though the lesions have crusted, the infection is contagious and our child should stay home from school." "Antifungal medications should be administered as ordered by our physician." "We should soak impetiginous lesions with cool compresses to remove crusts before applying topical medication." "We will be sure to schedule the oral cephalosporin so it is evenly distributed throughout a 24-hour time period." "Good hygiene is important so we will be sure our child washes their hands frequently."
"Even though the lesions have crusted, the infection is contagious and our child should stay home from school." "Antifungal medications should be administered as ordered by our physician." "We should soak impetiginous lesions with cool compresses to remove crusts before applying topical medication."
A 10-year-old child has been diagnosed with precocious puberty. When talking with the child, what statements are appropriate? Select all that apply. "How are you doing in school?" "Do you like boys yet?" "Developing is normal but your development is happening early." "Would talking with someone about your feelings help?" "Tell me about your feelings about what is happening to your body."
"How are you doing in school?" "Developing is normal but your development is happening early." "Would talking with someone about your feelings help?" "Tell me about your feelings about what is happening to your body."
A 6-year-old child has been diagnosed with tinea capitis. Which statement(s) by the parents demonstrate the need for further teaching? Select all that apply. "We should wash sheets and towels in hot water to decrease the spread to other family members." "Our child can return to school 24 hours after taking the antifungal medication." "We can use selenium sulfide shampoo to decrease contagiousness." "We should not expect our child to suffer hair loss." "We should have our child take the prescribed antifungal medication until symptoms have resolved."
"Our child can return to school 24 hours after taking the antifungal medication." "We should not expect our child to suffer hair loss." "We should have our child take the prescribed antifungal medication until symptoms have resolved."
Immunizations for immunocompromised
- Can cause infection - DO NOT give live virus vaccines - do not give to household members
HIV treatments
- EARLY signs - avoid breastfeeding, prevent maternal fluids during delivery, bathing and cleaning MM after delivery - HAART - nutrition
A parent calls the nurse triage line at the clinic. The parent is concerned and believes the preschool-aged child may have contracted rubeola. Which question(s) should the nurse ask the parent to aid in making this diagnosis? Select all that apply. 1. "How long has your child had the cough and runny nose?" 2. "Has your child been around any other children with measles?" 3. "When you look in your child's mouth can you see any spots or anything unusual?" 4. "Can you describe what your child's rash looks like?" 5. "Has your child completed the measles vaccine series?"
1. "How long has your child had the cough and runny nose?" 2. "Has your child been around any other children with measles?" 3. "When you look in your child's mouth can you see any spots or anything unusual?" 4. "Can you describe what your child's rash looks like?"
Acetaminophen for fever
10-15mg /kg /dose Q4hr MAX 5 doses/day MAX
Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis
AID inflammation of joints (synovial) 3 types: pauciarticular, polyarticular, systemic
Allergy medications
Antihistamine Bronchodilator Mast cell stabilizer Epi (BD)
A 7-year-old client presents to the emergency room (ER) after experiencing an allergic reaction to a bee sting. The client is breathing and able to verbally communicate. The nurse notes the client's pulse 90 beats/minute, respirations are 23 breaths/minute, blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, lungs are clear. Which nursing action is priority?
Ask if any medications were given before arriving to the ER
Type 2 treatment
Diet Exercise Monitor BMI Uncontrolled glucose: - Metformin: w/ meals, glucose/HbA1C monitoring
Altered immune system assessment
HealthHx + FamilyHx Skin/MM: - integrity, hives, rash, lesions, eczema Eyes: - pruritus, drainage, edema, funduscopic, visual fields NMT: - congestion, sneezing, tonsils, thrush
Hypo vs Hyperglycemia
Hypo: - for mild: 10-15 g simple high carb food, then starch protein - behavioral changes, confusion, diaphoresis, tremors, palpations, tachycardia Hyper: - mental changes, fatigue, dry flushing skin, N/V, fruity breath
IVIG
IV antibodies Monitor for adverse rxn May be given with antipyretics and antihistamines
Delayed puberty
In girls, no breast development by age 12 In boys, no testicular enlargement or scrotal changes by age 14 Common cause: hereditary pattern constitutional delay Treatment: Testosterone in males, estradiol-conjugated estrogen in females
SLE medications:
Mild to moderate: corticosteroids, antimalarial agents, NSAIDs Severe: high-dose corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive drugs
The nurse is interviewing the caregivers of a child admitted with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The caregiver states, "She is hungry all the time and eats everything, but she is losing weight." The caregiver's statement indicates the child most likely has:
Polyphagia
The nurse is interviewing the caregivers of a child admitted with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The caregiver states, "The teacher tells us that our child has to use the restroom many more times a day than other students do." The caregiver's statement indicates the child mostlikely has:
Polyuria
Immune disease nursing care management
Prevent spread: - precautions - hand washing - primary preventions (vaccines) - antibiotics Prevent complications: - boosters - Igs - antiviral, antibiotic - Vitamin A - calm skin manifestations - antipyretics
A child is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The parents are devastated. They state, "No one in our family has ever had any problems like this." What interventions can the nurse provide to promote a sense of control and reduce fear of the unknown for the child and family?
Provide a comprehensive education program regarding the care of the child with diabetes
Insulins
Rapid: Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine (peak 1-3hr) Short-acting: Regular (peak 2-4hr) Intermediate: NPH (peak 4-12hr) Long: Detemir (peak 4-12hr) When drawing up: -clear before cloudy (fast-acting before long-acting)
Type 1 complications
Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, dyslipidemia, hypertension, stress, eating disorders - screening done (lipid panel, blood pressure, foot exams, therapy, dietitians)
Precocious Puberty onset
Sexual development before age 9 in boys or before age 8 in girls Disorder of gonads, adrenal glands, or hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis No known causative factor
Type 2 presentation
Slow progression 3 P's polydipsia, polyphasic, polyuria Elevated HgA1C and glucose Screenings
Timeline of infection
Stage of susceptibility --> exposure Stage of subclinical disease --> pathologic changes --> Onset of symptoms --> usual time of diagnosis Stage of clinical disease Stage of recovery, disability or death
Anaphylaxis
Triggers: nuts, shellfish, eggs, insects, penicillin, dyes, latex 5-10 mins of contact Treat with IV epic, corticosteroids, antihistamine
Inactivated vaccines
dead organisms, able to produce immune response but not disease - polio
Type 1 diabetes
pancreatic beta-cell damage, no beta cells = no insulin
Allergies to introduce
peanuts and eggs
Conjugate vaccines
process that improves immune response by chemically linking the bacteria wall polysaccharide with proteins - pneumococcal
Toxoid vaccines
protein product of bacteria that is heat treated to weaken effects can produce an immune response
fever Immune response
pyrogens fact on hypothalamus, trigger prostaglandin production, increase body temperature cold shivering, vasoconstriction, decrease in peripheral
Prodromal symptoms
s/sx that appear before characteristic s/sx of disease (fever, malaise, anorexia)
constitutional symptoms
s/sx that can affect multiple body symptoms (fever, irritability)
Sulfonylureas
stimulate insulin production to decreased blood sugar levels
Acanthosis nigricans
thicker hyperpigmentation seen on back of neck, axilla, groin (Type II DM)
incubation period
time between exposure and onset of symptoms (few days to 2-3 weeks)