370 T1

Christianity

3 main branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism. Focus on Jesus, Son of God and Messiah, New Testament of the Bible Apostle's Creed, Nicene Creed, Sacriments most common holidays christmas and eater feasting thanksgiving christmas fasting-lent ash weds good friday mormons- no caffeine alcohol tobacco and supply 1 yr worth of food/clothing for each family member 7th day adventists-no alcohol or pork shellfish or tobacco restrictions on caffeine

How cultural competency and cultural humility influences quality of care

Cultural competence is needed to provide care to patients with diverse values, beliefs and behaviors. ... Culturally competent health care organizations have improved patient outcomes, increased respect and mutual understanding from patients, and increased participation from the local community. meaningful, client centered approaches to counseling and education of clients/patients. "Targeted, tailored, appropriate, relevant" influences quality of care

Cultural competency

Cultural competency is the actual practice of interacting with individuals from different backgrounds in a way that promotes cultural humility and respects their beliefs is the ability to interact effectively with people of various racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, religious and social groups. = a core set of learned skills to be respectful and effective (e.g. when communicating healthcare information with diverse patient populations.)

ETHNIC model

Explanation-how do u explain ur illness? why do u believe u have these symptoms? have u heard or read about this prob? Treatment-what treatments have u tried? are there foods or bev that help u stay healthy/treat the prob? Healers-have u received care from a healer? how did ur treatment work out? Negotiate-do not contradict beliefs Intervention-how do u feel about the plan? Collaboration- family members, healers

Concepts of food and food habits

Food- any substance that provides the nutrients necessary to maintain life and growth when ingested Food habits(food culture or foodways)- the ways in which humans use food, including everything from how it is selected, obtained, and distributed to who prepares it, serves it, and eats it

healing practices

Healing responds to the personal, familial, and social issues surrounding sickness. choice of care depends on pts view of illness in cases when sickness is non life threatning in these situations home remedies are first treatment applied then prof advice may be sought if this doesnt work pt suffering from folk illness may receive a folk healer for chinese culture- multiple approaches, biomedical, then various healers americans seek unconventional treatment too (yoga, therapy, chiropractor) herbal teas ginseng- pop root and herbal remedy. inc strength treats dig issues acupuncture- attempts to restore balance of energy in body shaman- complete apprenticeships sickness due to spiritual crisis and healing works on retrieving the soul

Omnivore's Paradox

Humans must be flexible enough to eat a variety of essential items, yet cautious enough to not randomly ingest harmful foods; attraction to new foods, but preference for familiar foods

What religion has specific breastfeeding recommendations within it's text?

In Hindu communities, breastfeeding is nearly universal and continues for most children beyond infancy. Although almost every Hindu child gets some breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for the recommended duration and early initiation of breastfeeding are not that common.

Meal patterns/cycles

In america a meal is- main course with side dishes. (meat veggie starch) Cameroon- meal is a snack unless cassava pasta is serve other cultures meal isnt a meal unless rice is served US- appetizers before soup or salad then entree then dessert France- salad after entree US- breakfast foods eggs and bacon Middle east- cheese and olives Southeast asia- soup for breakfast Other aspects- who preps the meal and how its prepped GB-vinegar sprinkled on chips (fried potatoes) Who eats the meal americans invite friends for dinner but only acquaintances for drinks and app portion size- one meal a day with largest portions american tradition- clean plate middle east- polite to leave some food number of meals and when they are eaten- large main meal at noon in euro. US- in evening meal cycles- feasting and fasting. feasting celeb special events. (thanksgiving)

Nutritional benefits to fasting? (e.g. metabolic effect of fasting?)

It depends on your body type, but fasting can help with blood sugar levels. Fasting for short periods can also boost your metabolism because it promotes burning of fat.

LEARN model

Listen- active listening, open mind, learning Explain- explain back to clarify Acknowledge- similarities/differences Recommend-culturally sensitive options Negotiate- Which of the options would be a good place to start?

Judaism

Nation, religion, ethnicity Focus on 1 God and obeying "His will" Text: Hebrew bible, Torah - 1st 5 books of bible Ashkenazi & Sephardim Orthodox, Conservative or Reformed Meet at "synagogue" Rabbi- spiritual leader, pastor Kosher Sabbath(feast)- Friday evening through Saturday evening 3 main dietary laws: animals (pork, rabbits, carnivorous animals), slaughter (method, examination), forbidden parts (blood, fat), preparation of meat, law of meat and milk, products of forbidden animals (e.g. honey), examination for insects/worms Religious Holidays: The Sabbath, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kipper the Day of Atonement, Passover, Shavout- Season of the giving of the Torah. Fast days: no food or water passover meal-sedar plate Sedar celebrates Passover and remove leavening agents and yeast from house bc remembering how ancestors had to rush and didn't have time to let bread rise. Instead use grain called matzah. They eat bitter herbs to remember bitterness of slavery. Sweet fruit and nut mixture to remember mortar they had to use as oprresed workers. Salt water to remember tears of slaves and parsley to rep spring has dipped. Extra table for prophet Elijah signal for messiah to come.

Hinduism

Oldest religion Scriptures: Vedas, Epics, Bhagavata, and Purana Focus: achieve liberation and become one with Universal Spirit or Supreme Being (Brahman- Brahma, Vishnu, Siva) Reincarnations, rebirth, karma and achieving liberation Social/caste system Choose a deity to focus/worship Many are vegetarians- adhering to concept of avoiding inflicting any pain on an animal Cow is considered sacred and should not be killed or eaten. Pork and beef is usually avoided. "ugly" animals should be avoided, along with possibly garlic, onions, turnips, leeks, mushrooms, red hued foods, tomatoes, and red lentils. Fish or meat should be "sanctified" Some may abstain from alcohol Feasting and festivals- weddings, births, and deaths and many festivals (e.g. Holi- colors) Fasting varies by caste

Impact of religion on preventative health strategies

Religion can also help with preventative health especially when it comes to mental health. People who are more religious tend to feel a sense of safety and comfort and are less likely to commit suicide. They are also more likely to have a support group of family and friends to influence them to make the best decisions regarding their health.

The function of religion is to explain the inexplicable, thus providing humans with a sense of comfort in a chaotic world" (Kittler, Sucher, Nelms, Ch 4,p82) - What is the relationship between religion and health, religion and health care, religion and preventative health and management

Religion, especially spirituality influence health in a positive way. Spirituality, including meditation and private prayer, helps regulate emotions, and has been proven to help with blood pressure. It also helps reduce stress. In addition to reducing stress, religion fosters a sense of community among people. For example families or even groups of friends that share the same religion impacts health in a positive way. It also helps mentally because prayer and putting faith in God can reduce stress for a lot of people. Religion can also help with preventative health especially when it comes to mental health. People who are more religious tend to feel a sense of safety and comfort and are less likely to commit suicide. They are also more likely to have a support group of family and friends to influence them to make the best decisions regarding their health.

Edible by animals, but not by me

Rodents in U.S. or corn in France

Buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama- Buddha (the Enlightened One) founded religion in India (revolt against Hinduism) S.E. Asia & India- Theravada Buddhism (ethics), and Asia - Mahayana (statue worship) Cycles of life, death, birth, karma to achieve nirvana- state of calm insight, passionlessness and wisdom. 4 noble truths: Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, Magga Code of conduct "Five Precepts": abstain from taking life, abstain from taking what is not given, abstain from all illegal sexual pleasures, abstain from lying, and abstain from consumption of intoxicants. Forbidden to take life- many lacto-ovo vegetarians Some eat fish and others abstain only from beef Some believe that if they did not kill the animal they may eat it's flesh- some believe they can eat small animals.

medical pluralism

The term for "the consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems" using conventional and complementary medicine

Edible by me

These are all foods accepted as part of an individual's dietary domain.

what is health?

WHO describes health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, not merely an absence of disease or infirmity

Individual food habits

Within the system of cultural food habits individuals make additional choices -food availability -edible/inedible -preferred -taste -cost -convenience -variety food habits changed with foods becoming more processed and meals pre prepared instead of cooked at home- for conv

Availability inedible

a person can select a diet from foods that are av- weather soil and water conditions determine food supply -a society in cool climate of nEuro isnt going to establish rice as a core food -season variations and droughts can disrupt food suplly inedible- poisonous or are not eaten bc they are taboo. example animals that consume garbage or animals like cattle in india

Understanding of major food practices in these religions

adventists- A-all meats and fish. X- no pork shellfish alcohol or caffeine. O-eggs/dairy EOX- eastern orthodox. R on all meat, eggs/dairy, fish. O-shellfish allowed buddhists- A- beef, pork, meat avoided fish shellfish. O eggs and dairy. hinduism- A- pork and all meat avoided alcohol. X-beef cant be eaten. R-fish and shellfish restrictions. O-eggs and dairy allowed. jew-no pork. restrictions on meat must be kosher restriction on eggs and dairy cant be served with meat. restrictions on fish cant eat fish with no scales. no shellfish. restrictions on leavened foods. MUS (muslim)- no pork. restrictions on meat. restrictions on fish. no alcohol. coffee and tea allowed in moderation. RCA (roman catholic)- restrictions on meat. morm- no alcohol coffee or tea

Edible by humans, but not by me

all foods accepted by a persons cultural group but not by the individual due to factors such as preference (ex oysters) or expense or health reasons (low sodium diet may eliminate many trad american foods) -religious restrictions as well such as kosher law or halal practices

health maintenance

concept of prev hc such as annual checkups in unknown in some cultures where fate dominates americans- put great value on schedules and are future oriented

Influence of culture on food choices

dietary restrictions among certain cultures ex in judaism and islam pork is forbidden foods that demonstrate affiliation with a culture are introd during childhood and are assoc with good memories

Edible by humans, but not by my kind

dog meat (ASIA) iguana (Caribbean) acceptable in some societies, but not in your own culture

disease

each disease has its own physiological characteristic- a cause, specific systems, exp test results, and a predictable response to treatment (biomedical) biomed- immediate cause such as bacteria, underlying causes such as smoking, and ultimate cause such as genetic predisposition culture- dis origniating in patient from natural world, social world, and those due to supernatural causes

impact on health

each indiv has a responsibility to make choices that prevent illness immunizations and checkups are biomedical ways to preserve health smoking ciggs biomedical way to endanger health

Consumer Food Choice Model

explains factors that influence individual decisions -cost, convenience, taste, self expression, well being, variety food choice..> physiology/metabolism...> health outcomes Food selection primarily motivated by taste (color, aroma, flavor, texture) Cost (second)- income level is most sig sociodemographic factor in predicting selection convenience- esp in urbanized societies where ppl work far from home so employees opt for a quick fast food meal physical and spiritual well being- age gender body image and state of health. ex- women are urged to consume more food when preg esp dairy. self exp- particularly as a marker of cultural identity. ex a person who just immigrated to us from japan is more likely to prefer trad jap cuisine variety- omniovers paradox states that humans are motivated psychologically to try new flavors (hunger inc prop that new food will be liked)

Core foods model

frequency of food consumption core foods- staples regularly included in a persons diet(us daily basis) such as carbs, rice, wheat corn yams plantains secondary foods- foods widely but less freq eaten. chicken, lettuce, apples. consumed 1 a week or more peripheral foods- foods eaten only sporadically (these foods are indiv food pref not cultural group habit)

Complementary foods model

frequency of food consumption suggests that in many cultures, the core food is always served with complementary, items to improve palatability - example in culture where grain is a core food and add source of vit A and C are req rice breads pastas and corn paired with leafy greens and herbs or tomatoes which are high in nutr chinese rice with veggies mex corn tortillas with salsa -when core diet is almost adeq nutr, the addition of sec foods provides balance

How this relates to the nutrition care process

helps with nutr assessment- obtaining timely and appropriate data, analyzying and interpreting data nutr diagnosis- identify and label problems. det risk factors nutr intervention- formulate goals and determine a plan care is deliv and actions are carried out nutr monitoring and eval- monitor progress, evaluate outcomes

illness

illness isnt real unless its caused by a disease illness is caused by disease, defined as abnormalities or malfunctioning of body organs and systems. illness- natural amulets worn in some families to prevent illness (irish canadian) or garlic cloves (italian) faith imp. wearing holy medals (irish) and daily prayer (canadian) ample food req to be healthy. little food illness in itself-middle east Weakness, pain and discomfort, emotional distress, or physical debilitation may prevent an individual from fulfilling responsibilities or obligations to the family or society Depending on the cultural group, imbalance in the digestive system results in numbness of the extremities

Cultural humility

involves an ongoing process of self-exploration and self-critique combined with a willingness to learn from others. It means entering a relationship with another person with the intention of honoring their beliefs, customs, and values. It means acknowledging differences and accepting that person for who they are. awareness

Islam

islam- submission to will of God or Allah Prophet Mohammed and Jesus is believed to be a prophet Quran believe Allah is same God as in other religions but that their texts are incomplete 5 pillars- faith, prayer, giving to poor, fasting, pilgrimage imam-leads Friday prayer and sermon at mosques Sunni largest group Shia minority primarily Iran Iraq Yemen and India Eating- matter of worship and food and drink provided by Allah Halal foods (permitted, lawful) Prohibited foods: swine, four footed animals catch prey and birds of prey, improperly slaughtered animals, blood and blood products, alcoholic beverages and stimulants. Fasting (Ramadan) and feasting (Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Azha, Shab-i-Barat, Nau-Roz, Maulud n'Nabi)

Understanding areas of cultural variance

male vs female religion folk/religious beliefs customs/beliefs about food family

cultural definition of health

most other cultures believe that fate including the will of God, the actions of supernatural agents, or karma is the primary influence in health and illness many cultures believe family should be involves not as indep health achieved through harmony with nature-Native Amer other cultures attribute health to living according to Gods will asian indians consider mind body and soul to be interconnected and believe that spirituality is important and rest and good diet

sickness (cultural def)

physical or behavioral complaints make a person aware of the problem indiv seeks conf of illness from family or friends relative provides major step in legitimizing the sickness and if others agree then that person is ill and this sick person is excused from daily obligations outside forces resp for health-culture person resp for health-biomed The evil eye is when an individual stares at a person with envy, resulting in harm to that person even if the gaze is unintentional. It is widely believed in parts of Africa, Asia, Europe, Greece and the Middle East, Conjury, invoking supernatural forces, is another frequent social cause of sickness. A person who is thought to have these powers can direct illness or injury toward an individual Sickness is sometimes considered a punishment for the violation of religious covenants,

Pluralistic healthcare systems

popularity of traditional health beliefs and practices and cultural beliefs

biomedical healing

some often operate in partnerships 37 percent used alternative therapies in conjunction with radiation treatment the health care setting can also help promote biomedical healing through services desired by clients in a comfortable, welcoming atmosphere. hc provider should adopt certain healing strategies and understand and negotiate pt perspective on ilness Successful biomedical healing is dependent on the intercultural knowledge and sensitivity of the health provider and setting. Medical pluralism offers the opportunity for biomedicine to heal sickness through coordinated client care, with understanding and appreciation for the therapeutic value of traditional health beliefs and practices.

worldview impacts on illness/treatment

southeast asians may appear indifferent to a term ill family member and may have little interest in prolonging life bc they believe in reincarnation arabs believe everything be done to keep a person alive bc death is in Gods hands ortho jews may believe that phys are mandated to preserve life and that any person who assists death through denial of sustaining care is a murderer non ortho jew may think no one should endure that much pain mex americans may be against anything that would quicken death

biomedical world view

technology considered omnipotent health can be measured numerically and that there are standard definitions of disease x rays scans and tests used to define if a pt is in normal limits diagnosis is given without considering cultural factors such as faith or ethnic background

biomedical definition

term used to describe the conventional system of hc in the US based on principles of science -disease is treated acc to latest technologies relies on science to have treatment when person becomes ill they will comply with therapy biomed pts must be active partners in their cure treatment focused solely on pt- role of personal responsibility biomedicine- future oriented what we can do today so the client will be better tomorrow

Influence of self-identity on food choices

the consumption of food is not just conv of food into nutr its about gaining foods physical properties (you are what you eat) examples-weight lifters eat meat to build muscle, categories of food assoc with personality type-health food protein shake yogurt. desc as liberal ppl who eat good food perc to be thinner, fit more active food choice and self identiy kids choose foods eaten by admired adults (teachers peers older siblings etc)

Examples of changes in food habits that would reflect acculturation

the lack of available native ingredients may force immediate acculturation convenience or cost factors iranian may find cost of saffron prohibitive some immig adapt foods of new culture to the prep of traditional dishes

Camphina-Bacote's model of cultural competency (be able to explain not draw)

this model views cultural competence as the ongoing process in which the health care provider continuously strives to achieve the ability to effectively work within the cultural context of the client (individual, family, community). This ongoing process involves the integration of cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounters, and cultural desire.

Culture

values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices accepted by members of a group or community culture is learned, not inherited, it is passed from generation to generation through language and socialization in a process called enculturation

Flavor principles

way foods are prepared and seasoned is second to the selection of ingredients food flavors vary based on location bc each region and vineyard are distinctive how foods are processed vary and prep washing chopping squeezing etc -herbs and spices imp for palatability -spices effective in preserving meats. -unique seasoning combos are flavor principles that typify the foods of ethnic grounds -ex dish flavored with soy sauce is asian -west africa tom onion and chilli peppers sauteed in palm oil -flav principles us include herbs spices veggies and a fat or oil -greek lemon on garlic oregano -each culture flavored with characteristic seasoning combos

Acculturation

when ppl from one ethnicity move to an area with diff cultural norms, adaptation to the new majority society begins