DEP Chapter 12

Many individuals who have achieved an identity go through additional crises and subsequent identity achievement in a process referred to as psychosocial moratorium. "MAMA" cycles. identity confusion. disorganized attachment.

"MAMA" cycles.

When does parent-adolescent conflict generally decline? During the high-school years In early adolescence In middle adolescence Between 17 and 20 years of age

Between 17 and 20 years of age

According to Marcia, individuals' identity status is based on the existence or extent of their ____________ and ____________.

Blank 1: crisis Blank 2: commitment

The type of antisocial behavior in youth that is more likely to continue into emerging adulthood is known as _________ _________ antisocial behavior.

Blank 1: early Blank 2: onset

An enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with attitudes and feelings related to that membership, is called __________ ___________.

Blank 1: ethnic Blank 2: identity

While delinquency rates are climbing for __________ (males/females) __________ ales/females) are more likely to be involved in delinquent activities. (Watch your spelling!)

Blank 1: females Blank 2: males

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus-____________-__________ stage of development.

Blank 1: identity or role Blank 2: confusion

Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of a person's ___________________.

Blank 1: identity or self

During the period of ___________ ____________ , as postulated by Erikson, adolescents "try on" different identities, roles, and personalities.

Blank 1: psychosocial Blank 2: moratorium

According to Erikson, the gap between childhood security and adult responsibility is a period known as ____________ ____________. (Watch your spelling!)

Blank 1: psychosocial or physical Blank 2: moratorium or moritorium

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the findings about gender differences in self-esteem during childhood and adolescence? Some researchers caution that the gender differences in self-esteem have been exaggerated. During childhood, the self-esteem of girls and boys is basically equivalent. By the middle school years, girls' self-esteem is significantly higher than that of boys. By the middle school years, girls' self-esteem is significantly lower than that of boys.

By the middle school years, girls' self-esteem is significantly higher than that of boys.

According to James Marcia, what is identity status is based on? Commitment and moratorium Crisis and commitment Moratorium and exploration Crisis and moratorium

Crisis and commitment

Select all that apply Which genetic indicators play a role in adolescent depression? The BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes The Y chromosome Dopamine-related genes The short version of the serotonin-related gene 5HTTLPR

Dopamine-related genes The short version of the serotonin-related gene 5HTTLPR

Which of the following statements about early bloomers is FALSE? Early bloomers fall outside the typical progression of romantic development. Early bloomers include 16- to 18-year-olds who say they are in a romantic relationship. Early bloomers include 11- to 13-year-olds who are currently in a romantic relationship. Early bloomers include some 11- to 13-year-olds who say they have had some prior experience in romantic relationships.

Early bloomers include 16- to 18-year-olds who say they are in a romantic relationship.

True or false: Researchers have found that adolescent boys are more religious than adolescent girls. True False

False

Select all that apply What did Sullivan's theory state about friendships? Friendships are necessary to satisfy our basic social needs. Adolescents without close friendships will experience loneliness and lower self-worth. The need for intimacy with others declines in early adolescence. Friends are important in shaping the development of adolescents.

Friendships are necessary to satisfy our basic social needs. Adolescents without close friendships will experience loneliness and lower self-worth. Friends are important in shaping the development of adolescents.

Select all that apply Which of the following contribute to depression in adolescents? Genetics A depressed parent Close relationship with a best friend Parents with financial problems

Genetics A depressed parent Parents with financial problems

Select all that apply Although no universal formal rite of passage exists in U.S. culture, which of the following might come close to the concept? (choose all answers that apply) Graduation Bar or bat mitzvah Making a sports team Confirmation Social debut

Graduation Bar or bat mitzvah Confirmation Social debut

Which of the following statuses describes an individual who has made a commitment without experiencing a crisis? Identity foreclosure Identity diffusion Identity achievement Identity moratorium

Identity foreclosure

What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence? Identity versus identity confusion Initiative versus guilt Intimacy versus isolation Industry versus inferiority

Identity versus identity confusion

Select all that apply Which of the following health trends are increasing among adolescents worldwide? Illicit drug use Deaths from malnutrition Deaths from infectious diseases Unprotected sex

Illicit drug use Unprotected sex

When is identity achievement more likely to occur? In emerging adulthood In middle adulthood In adolescence In late childhood

In emerging adulthood

Select all that apply During adolescence, parents and teens engage in a delicate balancing act, weighing which THREE of the following needs? Morality Independence Autonomy/control Connection Status

Independence Autonomy/control Connection

__________ delinquency refers to actions taken by an adolescent that break the law. (Watch your spelling!)

Juvenile

Select all that apply Which of the following statements about late bloomers is FALSE? Late bloomers include 17- to 19-year-olds who say they have not had a romantic relationship that has lasted more than 4 months. Late bloomers include 14- to 16-year-olds who say they have not had a romantic relationship. Late bloomers include 17- to 19-year-olds who say they have had no experience in romantic relationships. Late bloomers fall outside the typical progression of romantic development.

Late bloomers include 14- to 16-year-olds who say they have not had a romantic relationship.

Which of the following statements regarding romantic relationships of gay male and lesbian youths is FALSE? Many gay and lesbian youth report their first breakup as more stressful than coming out to their parents. Many sexual minority youth date other-sex peers. Some gay and lesbian youth continue to have same-sex orientation while others have a primarily heterosexual orientation. Most gay and lesbian youth have had some same-sex sexual experience, often with peers who are "experimenting."

Many gay and lesbian youth report their first breakup as more stressful than coming out to their parents.

Select all that apply Which of the following cultural trends are affecting families? Migration to urban areas Fewer extended-family households Greater family mobility Decreases in maternal employment

Migration to urban areas Fewer extended-family households Greater family mobility

Select all that apply Which of the following factors are offered as explanations for higher rates of depression in adolescent girls than boys? Negative body image Tendency to not express emotions Tendency to ruminate on problems Failure at sports Societal discrimination

Negative body image Tendency to ruminate on problems Societal discrimination

How is commitment defined by Marcia? A period of exploring alternatives A foreclosure of possibilities Personal investment in identity A moratorium from responsibility

Personal investment in identity

Which of the following is NOT one of the common components of successful teen intervention programs? Early identification and intervention Singular, sequential treatment of one problem at a time Community-wide, multiagency collaborative approaches Intensive individualized attention

Singular, sequential treatment of one problem at a time

Select all that apply What are the features of crowds? They are larger than cliques. Many are defined by activities. They are more personal than cliques. They tend to be based on reputation.

They are larger than cliques. Many are defined by activities. They tend to be based on reputation.

Select all that apply What are the features of crowds? They are larger than cliques. They tend to be based on reputation. Many are defined by activities. They are more personal than cliques.

They are larger than cliques. They tend to be based on reputation. Many are defined by activities.

Select all that apply What are the features of cliques? Members are usually from the same neighborhood. They average five to six individuals. Members are usually the same age. Members are usually the same sex.

They average five to six individuals. Members are usually the same age. Members are usually the same sex.

How can everyday conflicts benefit an adolescent's development? They can deter an adolescent from making decisions independently. They can reduce parents' sense of connectedness to their adolescent and thereby promote detachment from them. They can closely align the adolescent with one parent against the other parent. They can facilitate an adolescent's transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous person.

They can facilitate an adolescent's transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous person.

Which group conforms more to peer standards than children? Preschoolers Emerging adults Older adolescents Young adolescents

Young adolescents

Select all that apply As they enter adolescence, youth typically prefer ______ than in childhood. relationships that are less intimate and more relaxed more friends a smaller number of friends relationships that are more intimate and intense

a smaller number of friends relationships that are more intimate and intense

A student identifies herself as Chinese American. She identifies with both Chinese culture and American culture. She has a(n) ______ identity. diffused bicultural narrative developed

bicultural

Individuals who identify both with their own ethnic minority group and with the majority ethnic group have developed a __________ identity.

bicultural

During the 21st century, religious interest among adolescents has remained steady. increased. leveled off. declined.

declined

Findings from a longitudinal study in the U.S. found that low SES in adolescence was linked to having a higher level of ______ at age 54 for females. mindfulness social mobility depressive symptoms weight gain

depressive symptoms

In general, relationships between adolescents are _____ relationships between children. different from sometimes the same, sometimes different than similar to the same as

different from

Identity _____________refers to the state in which individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis and have not made a commitment.

diffusion or confusion

Parent-adolescent conflict increases in early adolescence. late adolescence. middle adolescence. emerging adulthood.

early adolescence.

Identity achievement is more likely to occur in ______ than in ______. late adulthood; emerging adulthood late adulthood; adolescence emerging adulthood; adolescence middle adulthood; adolescence

emerging adulthood; adolescence

Suicidal behavior _______ in adolescence and then ______ in emerging adulthood. decreases; decreases further decreases; escalates increases; levels off escalates; escalates further

escalates; escalates further

Immigration contributes to the increase of _______minorities in the United States.

ethnic

A recent study found that higher levels of four factors assessed at the beginning of the sixth grade was linked to higher grade point averages at the end of the seventh grade for children living in poverty. Which of the following is NOT one of the four factors? emotional control family involvement ethnic background academic commitment school climate

ethnic background

The ______ of parent-adolescent relationships help adolescents realize that minor disagreement and negotiation can serve a positive developmental function. constant instability major dilemmas shifting loyalties everyday conflicts

everyday conflicts

Some critics argue that developmental changes and gender differences in self-esteem during adolescence have been made up. ignored. exaggerated. under-reported.

exaggerated

Most researchers refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives as moratorium. exploration. commitment. diffusion.

exploration

Delinquency rates are climbing for males. older children. parents. females.

females

According to Erik Erikson, an adolescent's crisis is based on the need to form an identity. explore his or her sexuality. be independent. develop an intimate relationship.

form an identity.

Erikson was the first theorist to understand how central questions about ______ are to understanding adolescent development. attachment security sexuality identity

identity

Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of culture. identity. heredity. self-esteem.

identity

Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of a person's _______________.

identity

The "MAMA" cycle describes how identity changes over time. low self-esteem in adolescence contributes to depression in adulthood. ethnicity affects self-esteem. identity remains the same over time

identity changes over time.

According to Erikson, adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer psychosocial moratorium. identity loss. identity confusion. identity withdrawal.

identity confusion.

Someone with a bicultural identity identifies with their ethnic group, but not with the majority culture. with the majority culture, but not with their ethnic group. with neither their ethnic group, nor the majority culture. in some ways with their ethnic group and in some ways with the majority culture.

in some ways with their ethnic group and in some ways with the majority culture.

According to Harry Stack Sullivan, the need for _____________or a closeness between people, intensifies during early adolescence, which prompts them to seek out friends.

intimacy

According to contemporary identity theory, identity development is a relatively short process. is accomplished in bits and pieces. happens neatly. is usually cataclysmic.

is accomplished in bits and pieces.

The label ______ is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal. antisocial criminal juvenile delinquent underage criminal societal misfit

juvenile delinquent

Women are ______ likely to use lethal means to commit suicide compared to men. equally more not at all less

less

Compared to the past, delinquency is now ______ a phenomenon of lower socioeconomic status (SES). exclusively no longer less exclusively better regarded as

less exclusively

Adolescent females who attempt suicide are ______ adolescent males to succeed in killing themselves. more likely than less likely than equally likely as

less likely than

Select all that apply Adolescents who are securely attached tend to be less likely to use drugs. more likely to be depressed. more likely to have negative peer relationships. less likely to become juvenile delinquents. less likely to be able to regulate their emotions.

less likely to use drugs. less likely to become juvenile delinquents.

Identity ____________ happens when an individual is experiencing a crisis but has not yet made a complete commitment.

moratorium

Adolescents are ______ younger children to disclose intimate and personal information to their friends. slightly less likely than less likely than more likely than just as likely as

more likely than

According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development. must be made again and again must be avoided cannot be delayed are made once and for all

must be made again and again

According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______________ during the process of identity development. cannot be delayed must be made again and again must be avoided are made once and for all

must be made again and again

A rite of _______ is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another; many focus on the transition to adult status.

passage

A __________ is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another.

rite of passage

The high school graduation ceremony could be seen as a culture-wide ______ in U.S. society. social achievement citizen requirement trial by fire rite of passage

rite of passage

It is believed that girls' tendency to ______ negative thoughts makes them more vulnerable to depression. ruminate on minimize ignore enjoy

ruminate on

Select all that apply Carlos and Rosa have recently immigrated with their family to the United States from Guatemala. Please identify all barriers they may encounter. quick acculturation separation from social networks changes in their socioeconomic status language issues a stress free life

separation from social networks changes in their socioeconomic status language issues

Conformity to peers peaks around the eighth and ninth grades. the first year of college. the sixth and seventh grades. the tenth and eleventh grades.

the eighth and ninth grades.

By about age 15, adolescent females have a rate of depression that is _______ that of adolescent males. equal to half three times twice

twice

When given a choice, U.S. adolescents typically use their leisure time to engage in structured activities. unchallenging activities. volunteer activities. skill building.

unchallenging activities.

According to a 2009 study, the largest increase in media use between childhood and early adolescence is due to video games and computers. video games and TV. music and computers. music and TV.

video games and TV.

Compared to their peers in the United States, youth in Russia are marrying ____________ to legitimize sexual activity.

younger

Trisha's small group of friends does most everything together. This is her class. gang. crowd. clique.

clique

Small groups called _________ range in size from two to about twelve individuals, averaging about five to six individuals.

cliques

According to Marcia, personal investment in a specific identity is called ___________ . (Watch your spelling!)

commitment

Most parents are confronted with their child's needs for autonomy and ______ during adolescence. enmeshment isolation control competition

control

According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called diffusion, or foreclosure. moratorium, or achievement. crisis, or exploration. commitment, or exploration.

crisis, or exploration.

Compared to cliques, ___ are larger and less personal.

crowds

Studies show that more than ______ of American female high school students attempt suicide each year. 5% 1% 10% 20%

10%

Around what age do heterosexual romantic attractions typically first emerge, triggered by puberty? 14 to 16 years of age 11 to 13 years of age 8 to 10 years of age 17 to 19 years of age

11 to 13 years of age

Early-onset antisocial behavior occurs before age 11. 13. 15. 17.

11.

Approximately ______ of adolescents ever experience major depressive disorder. 15-20% 5-10% 25-30% 35-40%

15-20%

According to a 2009 study, the time spent per day using media jumps by ______ in early adolescence. 1 hour 30 minutes 10 hours 3 hours

3 hours

What determines identity diffusion? Absence of a crisis with the presence of commitment Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment Presence of both a crisis and a commitment Absence of both crisis and commitment

Absence of both crisis and commitment

Which group of adolescents has the most leisure time? European African Asian American

American

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristics of lower-SES culture that may contribute to delinquency? Poverty, unemployment, and lack of funding in the community The presence of antisocial gangs The presence of high-security prisons in the community The observation of criminal activities in the neighborhood Low-SES boys considering "toughness" and "masculinity" to be high-status traits

Poverty, unemployment, and lack of funding in the community The presence of antisocial gangs The observation of criminal activities in the neighborhood Low-SES boys considering "toughness" and "masculinity" to be high-status traits

What determines identity foreclosure? Absence of both a crisis and a commitment Presence of a commitment but not a crisis Presence of both a crisis and a commitment Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment

Presence of a commitment but not a crisis

What determines identity foreclosure? Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment Absence of both a crisis and a commitment Presence of both a crisis and a commitment Presence of a commitment but not a crisis

Presence of a commitment but not a crisis

What defines identity moratorium? Absence of both a crisis and a commitment Presence of both a crisis and a commitment Absence of a crisis with a commitment present Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment

Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment

What defines identity achievement? Presence of a crisis but absence of a commitment Presence of both a crisis and a commitment Absence of both a crisis and a commitment Absence of a crisis but presence of a commitment

Presence of both a crisis and a commitment

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding findings from a recent study on attachment in adolescence and the quality of romantic relationships four years later? There was no correlation between attachment and relationship competence. Securely attached adolescents had a greater capacity for relationship competence seven years later. Insecurely attached adolescents were similar to securely attached adolescents in their capacity for relationship competence seven years later. Insecurely attached adolescents had a greater capacity for relationship competence seven years later.

Securely attached adolescents had a greater capacity for relationship competence seven years later.

According to Erikson, what are the two most common paths adolescents take when they fail to resolve their identity crisis successfully and end up in identity confusion? They are pushed into premature adulthood. They have a new sense of self that is both refreshing and acceptable. They immerse themselves in their peer group and lose their identity in the crowd. They withdraw, isolating themselves from their peers and family.

They immerse themselves in their peer group and lose their identity in the crowd. They withdraw, isolating themselves from their peers and family.

Which of the following best describes the importance of peers during adolescence? Their importance is no different from peers in childhood. They are less important in adolescence than in childhood. Their importance is minimal in adolescence. They play a powerful role in the lives of adolescents.

They play a powerful role in the lives of adolescents.

True or false: In Arab countries, adolescents are taught strict codes of conduct and loyalty. True False

True

True or false: Many sexual minority youth date other-sex peers, which can help them to clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others. True False

True

True or false: Some early intervention programs aimed at preventing substance abuse, delinquency, pregnancy, and dropping out of school start as soon as preschool. True False

True

Identity ______ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment. foreclosure diffusion moratorium achievement

achievement