372 final

southern racial system: 1895-1915

violence and lynchings - dramatic increase - emergence of KKK - instrument of racial terror as an opposition of reconstruction - prevent southern blacks their right to vote - law system often members of KKK - no justice - lynchings most notorious - committed in public, ppl came to watch "separate but equal" doctrine - in theory institutions could be separate if they were equal - 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson legalized it - IF they were equal - were not equal - existed as a matter of legal doctrine until Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 Disenfranchisement - franchise = right to vote - intimidation and violence to prevent voting - passed laws that created legal requirements for voting that blacks could not achieve -- poll tax - didnt apply if ur grandfather voted (white ppl) -- had to answer questions about history - asked until black ppl got one wrong, white ppl did not have to take --- VRA 1960s - undo these

BTW's program

- Atlanta compromise 1. give up immediate civil rights and social equality - put these on the backburner in order to prioritize economic situation of recently freed slaves 2. give up these for the opportunity to develop economically - as a means to eventually achieve equality in all spheres of life 3. BTW knew the depth of racism - just bc slavery ended does not mean attitudes changed - program sought to evade racism rather than overcome it - unlike MLK who believed moral appeals could transform anyone into integrationist, BTW does not think moral appeals will work - white supremacy is widely accepted and most believed that whites should hold the political power --> economics was the route to fight in, that it might eventually bring full rights - most promising path at the time

JJ - associated movement

- CRM - participated in the early sit-ins and was an organizer - worked for SCLC --> director of Chicago SCLC - was with MLK when assassinated - thought CRM was a huge success at undermining the segregation of the South - inclusion of CRM and morality in his politics - he believed that the racial battlegrounds, the struggle of the CRM was fought and successfully won, although racism still exists

JJ - views on CR/Black nationalism

- CRM movement and integration

JJ - views on non-violence/protest

- CRM movement and organizer of sit-ins - stay out of gangs

X - views on CR/Black nationalism

- CRM not effective, too slow, no integration - black nationalism - self-autonomy - when he was a member of NOI he never defined his ideas as black nationalism

Yes We Can

- Jan 8, 2008 speech - New Hampshire primary - loses surprisingly to Clinton - all the polls predicted him, u can tell by applause ppl are upset too lol - concedes to Clinton - "there is something happening in America" - "the new American majority" - "yes we can" - impact: the phrase yes we can went on to be a phrase meaning hopefulness and positivity

X - audience and public reaction

- above all, his primary audience was black ppl - not nearly as wide an audience as MLK, not a household hero like MLK either - people thought he was dangerous - popular among younger ppl - spoke in agitational style, highly critical of whites and the CRM movement - visceral, angry, defiant, language of the streets, combative, accusatory language - uncompromising in his criticisms of white racism, institutions, and leaders, and uncompromising in representing black ppl - believed black ppl had been duped into following the CRM - it deployed unmanly and demeaning methods of defiance - rhetoric of attack on whites as well as CRM blacks

Black Star Line

- all black steam ship company - trade among black ppl around the globe - 5$ to buy share - attracted tons of attentions but little success - lack of business organization - arrested on fraud charges - ppl argue he did not try to fraud ppl but he just had no business knowledge/experience

DB - views on education

- at least 10% higher education, vocational training for the rest -- talented tenth to lead - did not deny importance of vocational but did not want to equate education with vocational training or education just to get a job - "it is always from the top downward that [intellectual/leadership] culture filters"

MLK - personal background

- baptist preacher from Boston - arrives in Montgomery during boycott - chosen to head the organization bc he was not affiliated with any other black groups in the area - starts the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) and the student version SNCC (student nonviolent coordinating committee) - jailed during Birmingham demonstrations-> Letter From - challenged by Black power movement - opposition to war in Vietnam - poor people's campaign - not just black ppl victimized by american society but poor white ppl too - assassinated Apr 1968

G - audience and public reaction

- big in Harlem and other places?, black people loved him? - mass appeal - had critiques from BTW and DB - DB called him out as engaging in bafoonery - white ppl - FBI? - saw him as a threat - UK and US governments worked against him in fear of black nationalism, of revolution, of mass migration - after KKK stunt black ppl saw it as betrayal, prominent black ppl wrote to Att. Gen. calling for his deportation - came off as intimidating, cocky

G - views on education

- black education systems

X - associated movement

- black nationalism - abrasive, harsh language, agitator - not material impact like King's on laws and such - left massive rhetorical impact - words that would have an impact in the long run on the attitudes and institutions within the black community - particular resonance with younger black community - patron saint of black power movement

X - personal background

- born Malcolm Little, raised on farm in Utah or Omaha - 8 kids - mom was fair skinned - purposefully married his father for his dark skin - dad was a baptist minister and follower of Garvey - when young the KKK burnt his house down, killed his dad, mom committed to institution - smart kid, would have had bright future as a lawyer had his teacher not told him that a lawyer was no profession for a black man, and he suggested carpentry instead. --> kinda the point that turns Malcolm to the streets - petty crimes and arrest throughout teen years - sentenced to 8-10 years in jail right before his 21st birthday - finds nation of islam in prison - did not follow true principles of islam, creation myth wherein all black ppl were pure and perfect and white ppl were the devil - members prayed, prohibited drugs, alcohol, dancing, promiscuous behavior/dress; predominantly young, lower class black males - many had come out of prison - had remarkable record of helping young men of this background turn their lives around - changed name, Little was his slave name - reads dictionary in prison to expand his vocabulary and thus his knowledge - becomes debater in prison - moves to NY and works for Elijah Mohammed -- first just preaching on street corners until eventually gained large following and audiences - CBS docu: the Hate that Hate Produced - gives Malcolm/NoI great publicity - discovers Mohammed's infidelity --> leaves NoI - before leaving NoI brothers suspicious of the popularity X is gaining --> attempts on his life - secular activist - creates Muslim Mosque Inc - goes to Mecca --> discovers true Islam, prays next to white folks --> comes back not cool w white ppl but willing to accept their help, they just MIGHT be able to support black ppl - Muslin Mosque Inc? - white ppl can donate to the cause but cannot join - NoI members burn down his house - shot by NoI members at his final speech

DB - audience, public reaction

- seen as arrogant, aristocratic - knew he wasn't a leader of the masses the same way BTW was

G - personal background

- born in Jamaica = international view on race issues, not just African AMericans but the world - focus on Africa as motherland to black ppl everywhere - friends with white kids as a child but first experienced racism as teen --> first discovery of what it meant to be black - went to central America and saw racism was everywhere --> devoted life to proving he was just as good as anyone else in the world - loved and looked up to BTW (altho held a more racial view), hated/disputed with DB - inspired by BTW's Up From Slavery --> led him to be a race leader - studied the dictionary as a kid - learn 3-4 words a day to expand ideas - eventually moved to Harlem 1916 - establishes the UNIA - Publisher "Negro World" - leading black newspaper in US; refused to take ads from race degrading product: hair straighteners, skin whiteners - tours the nation, sees the degradation of the South, establishes UNIA chapters - speeches held audiences spellbound - preached migration to Africa yet, ironically, had never been himself - creates BSL - international shipping company for only black economies - represented ability of black ppl to have their own economy; powerful symbol - symbolic propagandist --- didn't rely on words alone, relied on pageantry and emotional appeal --- best known for UNIA militia - not armed militia but a way of giving ppl rank and organization --- organized regular parades in Harlem --- critics called him a clown --- providing sense of solidarity, identity, dignity, pride, and power for millions of black ppl - extremely authoritarian and anti-democratic -- attacked people who opposed him - overly confident in abilities to do things he had no experience in - took advice from no one - horrible businessman - internal bookkeeping problems mismanagement eventually led to the fall of the BSL, UNIA, and Garveyism -- hired ppl loyal to him instead of skilled ppl - critiques from black leaders, DB, legitimated government's moves against - arrested for mail fraud --> government wanted deportation - met with the leader of the KKK -- thought they represented the invisible government of the US, had him speak at rallies --> turning point that made ppl think he was an enemy of black ppl - the fact that he had anything to do w KKK was betrayal --> 8 prominent black critics wrote to attorney general asking for his deportation - trial: fired his attorney the first day to represent himself - move seen as intimidating, alienating - pardoned but ordered to leave immediately --> couldn't say u were a UNIA member without losing ur job

DB - personal background

- born in MA in 1868, died the day before I Have a Dream speech - grew up in the north - was not subservient with whites but was always competing with them in school - top student and only black kid in his class - virtually no experience in South until his 20s - BTW could be patient and urge patience with the S having lived there, DB could not - "Major difference [between BTW and I] is that I never felt the lash" - first black man to get a PhD from Harvard, studied at University of Berlin considered the best in the world - published many books and publications - director of NAACP - largely shaped AA thought in the US - aristocratic, elitist - understood he would not lead the masses as BTW would; led through his ideas, writing, and logic - some found him abrasive, arrogant, and everyone found him self-assured

MLK - views on non-violence/protest

- cant fight immorality with immorality; can't fight violence with violence - nonviolence, peaceful protest and demonstrations

MLK - associated movement

- civil rights movement - peaceful protest and demonstration

DB - problem to be addressed, solution, critiques

- civil rights? - move North, opportunity for civil rights, need for education! at least 10% of the race should attend school for higher education to create a class of leaders, for the remaining 90 vocational school would be sufficient - saw the need for jobs but more importantly the need for leaders and intellectuals - critiqued BTW on migration - had no love, sympathy for and no trust in white southerners, no hope for black life in the south - at first thought BTW's AEA was a statesmanly effort to find common ground, then increasingly frustrated with his lack of public denunciation of the southern racial situation

DB - views on migration

- come north f the south no love hope trust in southerners, they'll never allow for black ppl to have full civil rights? - during the great migration

O - problem to be addressed, solution to problem, critiques

- divided America, obviously still racism - presented a unified America; cannot think of a red and blue America, liberal and conservative America, but a united states of America - perception of race important in his campaign - not his actual race per say, does not present himself as black but an example of the American dream - patriotism, American; impact of his race on public perception and central to that was the way he dealt with race himself in his oratory - criticism from black community sometimes for the fact that he never explicitly talked being black - but he couldn't, as a politician, his ratings would down

BTW - views on migration

- do not migrate! cast your buckets down in the South !! it is your home, make a life for yourself here

MLK - racial progress, social economic political views

- emphasis on civil rights - along with them will come economic and political?

O - personal background

- father was a Kenyan immigrant, mother a white midwestern girl from Kansas - father a veteran? - sounds like the picture perfect American dream family - born and raised in Hawaii - funny name bc his father imagined an America where is African name wouldn't prevent him from reaching his potential - Harvard Law School - senator in IL --> little recognition as political figure tho, definitely not national - relatively unknown at DNC in 2004 where he gives keynote address --> viral, national figure - ppl believed he might be president one day, but like 2016 or 2020 not as soon as 2008 - first time in human history that a predominantly white nation elected a black person as their paramount leader - commentators suggested this meant post-racial America (it didn't) - his rhetorical skills the most important factor conducive to his rise in power - the audacity of his oratory - beat steep political odds: no money, no national exposure, funny name, would have to beat an experience Dem candidate (hill) and then beat a war hero (McCain), all the while beating the odds of being a black man - first president to really run with an online presence - attracted remarkable attention from college students

BTW - views on race and white ppl

- love for the south but knew the racism that existed, white ppl were racist and their attitudes would not change with the abolition of slavery therefore economics the way to go

BTW - problem to be addressed, solution, critiques

- problem: economic situation of southern blacks, recently freed slaves, more material conditions less concerned w civil rights - goal of full economic enfranchisement of black ppl -- would be good for southern economy - "cast your buckets down in the South," love for the south, its the place where black ppl can prosper - emphasis on economic opportunity - civil rights will come later for now concerned with the economic prosperity of black folks solution: give up civil rights for opportunity for economic rights

"Of Mr. Booker T Washington & Others" The Souls of Black Folks 1903

- first major challenge to BTW - caught attention of almost every black person in the country - became leader of anti-BTW sentiment after this speech, created a sort of split of the race into two camps: BTW supporters and DB - critiques of DB: 1. BTW is praised by whites bc his views can be used to support segregation and disenfranchisement 2. blacks need to find their own leaders, rather than have leaders imposed on them by whites 3. three problem's with BTW program: - gives up black political power - gives up insistence on civil rights - gives up on black higher education for a focus on vocational 4. As a result, BTW program has helped produce: - disenfranchisement - civil inferiority - withdrawal of money from black higher education -funding left higher education and went towards the vocational that BTW advocated for 5. BTW faces a triple paradox that reveals the futility of his program - can't make blacks politically powerful with economic power alone - voting is needed - submission to inferiority saps pride and manhood of the race - even vocational schools can't survive without black higher education

O - audience and public reaction

- first political figure to really go "viral" in the sense of the word in the digital age - won majority of popular vote in both elections, but never won majority of white vote (43%) - anytime he explicitly mentioned race his ratings went down - ppl speculated that his election reflected a post-racial - absolutely not true

JJ - personal background

- from the South, Greenville SC - involved with local baptist church - athlete went to college on scholarship in Illinois - was supposed to be quarterback but then wasnt allowed to be - transferred to black school - graduated honors, class president - intelligent guy - civil rights activist - involved in early sit-ins, organizer - went to Chicago's theological seminary - worked full time for MLK at SCLC --> rose in ranks - appointed national director of SCLC in Chicago - was with MLK when he was assassinated - lectured daily at schools emphasizing black pride and self-help, avoiding drug use and teenage pregnancy, get your life straightened out in school - he was an example of the possible success - presidential candidate 1984 - nobody gave him a real chance but astonished ppl with his success in the primaries - won 21% of democratic vote; gave an electrifying speech - ran again in 1988 - second leading Dem candidate, speech he gave at convention - became the best known/most asked for black figure; AA spokesman 1989-2008 - as a political orator: CRM was central bc he thought it was success; provided a cleansing moral dimension to American politics

DB - views on race and white ppl

- fuk white southerners racist mofos - had much more racial perspective than BTW, empirical POV - didn't take much to know how black ppl had been mistreated in the S - critical view of white race - believed whites would perhaps never let blacks in full equality of civil rights - not necessarily whites as inherently racist, but on basis of history, training, culture white has historically, systemically denied black ppl their rights - urged black ppl do NOT cast buckets in S

G - associated movement

- garveyism -- a fundamental, spiritual, psychological grasp on his audience - great leader -- product of particular moment in time in American history -- impact mostly symbolic: instilled pride in black communities but not large impact on economic conditions - black nationalism

BTW - views on education

- go to vocational school for job training, build on practical knowledge and skills acquired from slavery then move into job force, not concerned with a need for higher education - need for jobs!! - believed most black ppl would make their livings with their hands - head of tuskegee institution, black university

JJ - problem to be addressed, solution to problem, critiques

- inclusion and unity in America - rhetoric of inclusion: America is like a rainbow - so many colors that make up America - in his speech: quilt metaphor -- starts with how he gets it - he didn't used to always travel the country, being on TV, staying in nice hotels -grandma quilting rags together to make a whole blanket --> quilt together each of the valid needs of groups in America: lesbian/gay rights, women's rights, student scholarships/education, mother's prenatal care and preschool/Head Start, hispanic/black rights --> each of these issues is valid but not enough alone = unity - focus on self-respect and self-reliance of black youth - spent a lot of time speaking at schools - stay away from drugs, alcohol, gangs - spoke particularly to young black males in the projects- uses himself as an example of what black males can become in America if they support and help themselves

G - racial progress, social economic political views - rhetorical themes

- instill pride in the black community, black is beautiful -- emphasis on black culture and features - emergence of black dolls, didn't think children should be playing with light skin dolls -- black ppl should not look to other races for heroes -black heroes -- "we must canonize our own saints, create our own martyrs, elevate to fame our own men and women" - glorification of black history -- black history did not begin with slavery - Africa's great past was their's to claim -- changes the view of Africa from cannibals to equals - black religious reorientation -- don't worship a white god - it perpetuates servitude to white - back to Africa -- black ppl needed Africa to achieve their destiny -- once Africa was established, black ppl everywhere would achieve prestige, strength, sense of ID and cohesion -- referred to as black Moses - leading ppl out of captivity (industrial and political slaves) and into the promised land ( for BTW promised land was S, for DB N, for G Africa) -- symbolism of his rhetoric: understood the difficulty of returning to Africa but it had enormous rhetorical power and appeal - racial purity and solidarity -- social economic and political separation from white societies -- pure black race - anti-integration -- critical of light-skin black leaders -- any UNIA member who married a white person was automatically expelled -- opposed black ppl getting involved with US political system or any system not directly committed to benefit of black race -- opposed NAACP - it included white ppl

JJ - views on race and white ppl

- integration, inclusion, equality

JJ - racial progress, social economic political views

- integration, inclusive America - focus on young black males in the projects: stay away from the bad stuff and support yourself

O - views on race and white ppl

- like JJ thinks CRM was a success, integration, UNITY! - does not explicitly reference race or being black, but represents his story as that of the American dream and emblematic of the experiences of millions of Americans "my story is your story too" - the details are different but in relation to the American Dream the story is universal

The Racial Landscape (1915-1930)

- mass migration from N to S - 500,000 in the years of WWI 1916-198 alone - dramatic increase in black population of N cities - N presented as a sort of promised land, biblical language deliberate, way to escape poverty and lack of opportunity in S - hope turned to despair --> still considered second-class citizens - N was better but still racist just more subtle - impact of WWI - the war to make world safe for democracy - black ppl supported the war - bought fonds, fought, DB urged support - if its a war to make the world safe for democracy then perhaps it will make America safe for democracy - no better off, maybe worse, by end of war - dramatic increases in racial tension and violence much fueled by KKK in S - returning soldiers lynched in their uniforms - 1917: the worst year in American history - Chicago: a young boy crosses the imaginary race divide in lake michigan --> murdered, 13 days of race riots (warfare) - leadership vacuum: DB was around but not vocal, BTW had died

G - views on migration

- move back to the motherland

MLK - audience and public reaction

- much more mainstream/better loved than Malcolm X - huge impact on laws - CRA 1964 and VRA 1965 - his rhetoric is directed as much to whites as it is blacks - spoke in sermonic style of black baptist oratory, eloquent and polished and optimistic

X - views on non-violence/protest

- never explicitly preaches for violence - says to arm oneself, form rifle groups?, in defense of white violence --> violence is okay when its defense; protect yourself - peaceful protest was not a quick enough solution - said the things that no one else would, spoke in a language that was less polished - shows his relation to ghettos in America

BTW - racial progress, social, political, economic views

- not concerned with short run social progress, mostly economic - full economic enfranchisement of black ppl is good for the southern economy - social advancements will eventually come after economic equality

CRM

- not monolithic - nonviolent - purpose to destroy segregated way of life in S - destroy that whole system that developed after reconstruction: voting laws, abominable economic, education, political conditions, corrupt law enforcement, KKK, separate but equal doctrine - demand black ppl in the S, by extension in N but focus on S, have same rights, opportunities, law enforcement - end second-class citizenship of black folks - late 1955 to late 1960s early 70s - began w Montgomery bus boycott - the catalyzing event that helped boycott take off was Brown v. Board - replaced by early 70s with more militant movement black power - milestones: 1. B v. B --> catalyzed the takeoff, first step to break down the whole Southern system, institutions but not in fact equal and violated constitution 2. Montgomery bus boycott and emergence of MLK - Rosa Parks - MLK emerges, young preacher from Boston picked to lead organization heading the boycott 3. SCLC and SNCC 1960 4. sit-in movement 1960 5. Freedom Rides - students violating the segregation systems 6. Birmingham demonstrations 1963 7. March on Washington 1963 8. Civil Rights Bill 1964 9. Voter registration drives '64-65 10. Voting Rights Act 1965 - federal government could no longer deny black ppl right to vote, power of federal government to enforce equal voting rights achievement - broke down legal system of southern segregation - increased economic opportunities for black ppl by breaking down the segregation and discrimination - secured voting rights -> opened political doors enduring obstacles to racial progress - persistence of white racism - continuance of economic inequality - emergence of middle class but margins not affected much - undo gains in voting rights - SC decision in 2013 to subtract the VRA- took the federal government our of enforcing

X - racial progress, social economic political views

- open black ppl's minds to the white man's lies - stresses not being american but black --> post mecca afro-american? - no integration, separatism & black autonomy - separatism =/ preaching racial superiority, just group sovereignty - similar to G except metaphorical not physical migration to Africa - preaches self-love for black ppl, pride in being black, black as pure, god is black --> redefine what it means to be black

I have a Dream

- oratorical masterpiece -- style of black preacher, sermon, interactive -- capsule statement of the major principles of CRM - March on Washington 1963 audience: marchers - interracial, couple hundred thousand ppl in support of nonviolence and CR - radio and TV purpose: - inspire marchers and supporters to continue efforts for CR - identify core principles of CRM address to nation: gap between american ideals and reality - emancipation proclamation, constitution and declaration of Independence "promissory note" -- all three put forth principles that the nation has refused to honor -- come to the nation's capitol to cash a check, a promissory note that black ppl will have same liberties as white that are granted in these documents - time again point out gap between sacred American principles and reality of black ppl - white ppl cannot deny need for continued protest to close the gap - 1963 not the end but the beginning address to black community: - maintain nonviolence - fate of the races is intertwined --> coalition between races, there is no separate path to racial justice, races would rise or fall together - absolutely opposed to separatism - need for continued protest - faith in positive outcome - optimism the dream - freestyle, not prepared - rooted in American dream, visual not abstract, optimism let freedom ring - when freedom rings throughout America, all of god's children will be free at last

G - problem to be addressed, solution, critiques

- problem: conditions of black ppl around the globe; lack of pride and unity in the black community, black diaspora, erasure of black history, poverty and lack of economic mobility - black ppl are taken advantage of by white ppl all over the world bc they are disunited "unfortunate condition of disunity" - black people are the backbones of nations - but their disunity/isolation from each other makes them powerless - solution: one black community/unity, one nation in Africa, UNIA (see objectives) - established UNIA to support black business, parades to instill pride, UNIA uniforms proud to wear, to show that black ppl can be successful - Liberty Hall (headquarters of UNIA?) publishes "Negro World" - newspaper for black ppl, distributed around the world in different languages, inexpensive so the poorest black ppl could have it - critiques DB's integration view & silent protest - no time for silence!

MLK - problem to be addressed, solution, critiques

- problem: southern segregation and discriminatory laws. - civil rights and integration; separate but equal was NOT in fact separate and equal - solution: pass legislation to abolish discriminatory laws - nonviolent protest and demonstration - method called nonviolent direct action - drew media attention - Malcolm X: too little, too slow, too quiet

DB - racial progress, social economic political views

- social rights, economic and political all in focus - need for higher education at least 10% of population, need leaders and intellectuals in the race! - economic progress was not enough - unwilling to accommodate injustice, demand full civil rights -- outspoken, called for political agitation to expose evils of southern racial system

JJ - audience and public reaction

- surprising success in politics

BTW - audience and public reaction

- the people's man; a natural leader for the masses - international figure - to AEA: south rejected - was a highly social person -- ability to connect with ordinary men and women of both races and all socioeconomic classes - crucial to his success

BTW - personal background

- think about BTW as a race leader (after Douglass), as a southerner (interested in well-being in the south), as an educator (pres of Tuskegee), and as an orator (goes on speaking tour and garners a lot of public attention that way - born a slave in the south - rose from slavery to become the most prominent, powerful, important black man in the US during his time - his roots profoundly shaped his view regarding racial relations and problems in the US and the best way to go about them - became a race leader through vocational education to become one of the most influential figures and a figure of international status, fame, acclaim - rose to this position as a result of 1. Douglas's death, 2. AEA - dined at WH, toured Europe, met most of the major heads of state and European royalty, received republican patronage in S, head of Tuskegee institute - became accepted as spokesperson for black community - comes from white opinion not necessarily black decision-making - teacher - tuskegee became most prominent black university - his Atlanta exposition address made him a national figure - his program not instituted but publicly he remained hopeful, never anti-white discourse - didn't want to turn on his benefactors given his success and position of power, ability to make change, threaten funding to Tuskegee - fund legal efforts to protect right to vote & improve transportation - did what he could to implement his program behind the scenes --> lack of public advocacy on this and condemning whites led to increasing frustration with his leadership

O - racial progress, social economic political views

- unity - generous America, tolerant America

MLK - views on race and white ppl

- white and black ppl could live together peacefully - did not believe white ppl were inherently racist - more optimistic view than X: believed all souls could be saved, that even the worst segregationist could become a integrationist, that all had the capacity for good, believed in moral transformation

X - views on race and white ppl

- white people are inherently racist; they have no chance of salvation, there are no white ppl of goodwill - did not distinguish good and bad within the white race - white ppl cannot help black people - black is pure not white, black is beautiful, god is black - does not believe in the chance for moral redemption for whites - based on personal experience, history of oppression, Elijah Mohammed's teachings - after trip to Mecca, what changes more than anything are his views of Islam, no evidence to believe that his views on white ppl changed much

G - views on race and white ppl

- white ppl cannot represent the best interests of black ppl - integration is impossible

Letter from Birmingham Jail - context - audience - genre - purpose - arguments - impact

Context: - police chief Bull Connor was extremely touch on CRM, ppl though Birmingham would be impossible to desegregate - Birmingham demonstrations: nonviolent direct action NDA was a moral response to an unjust system - goal to desegregate places with sit-ins, nonviolent marches and parades. NDA effective bc to respond peacefully often prompted violent reactions - peaceful protest was dangerous - images broadcast on network TV and newspapers worldwide, hosing schoolchildren and attacking ppl with dogs - MLK jailed, put in solitary confinement w no pillow, blanket or mattress for 3 days until ppl caught wind of conditions - response to letter from 8 white Alabama clergymen - express concerns of the demonstrations - essentially a scathing review of SCLC and MLK audience: national readership, not for the benefit of the clergymen who wrote it. realized that the issues raised by them were issues that ppl in the country as a whole were concerned or had questions about. writing to Men and Women of Goodwill genre: public letter purpose: respond to/rebuke charges in letter from white clergymen, address concerns of the nation arguments: rhetorical strategy of two-step argument 1. denying charge 2. bringing arguments to a higher level, general religious/moral principle - turns tables on opponents and raise larger issues of morality - shows he is consistent with moral principle and they were not - charges: Outsider 1. MLK: im not an outsider bc there is a branch of SCLC in Birmingham and I am the director of SCLC 2. you cannot be an outsider where injustice is concerned - compares himself to apostle Paul who would go wherever he was needed to spread the word of Christ. injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere You should negotiate, not demonstrate 1. we tried to negotiate, no one would listen; the negotiations go nowhere - if they invited us to talk it leads to nothing and is not taken seriously 2. demonstration leads to negotiation. the purpose of demonstration is to open up opportunity of genuine negotiation - meeting and being willing to make compromises on both sides. if u want negotiations this is the only way - how long must we wait?(emotional appeal) lawbreaker 1. yes, but we have only broken southern segregation law 2. there is a distinction between the written and moral law; everything that Germany did was legal under German law during the Holocaust; segregation law violates moral biblical law. it is a moral duty to break these laws extremist 1. Im in the middle. look at all the other black leaders, Malcolm X v. ppl not doing much at all - u need to pay attention to the ppl in the middle, otherwise those that reject nonviolence (NOI) will start a race war 2. Maybe I am an extremist but I am an extremist for peace and love, just like Jesus was, and Lincoln, Jefferson, extremist for justice and morality. will u be an extremist for hate or love? frequently namedrops and paraphrases other ppl - aligns himself with heroic figures: St. Augustine, Socrates, Jesus, Lincoln, Tom Jefferson, St. Paul.. all socially accepted figures of morality style similar to Grimke. written in clear everyday english, lots of personal addresses "you" "we" to bond w audience. Makes letter easy to read but allows complex ideas to be presented in relatable terms, humanizes the entire address impact: - first published by Quakers, then nationally, then internationally - reprinted a bunch, but specifically ppl focus on it as literature

"We Claim our Rights"

Harper's Ferry, 1906 - not particularly impactful of DB's speeches but articulates his program - 5 parts 1. full rights to vote 2. end of separated accommodations of public resources/goods/transportation 3. right of free men to walk talk and be with those who choose to be with us - social equality 4. laws enforced equally " we are not more lawless than white ppl, we are more arrested, convicted, mobbed" 5. children educated NOT in separate schools - integrated schools

X - problem to be addressed, solution, critiques

Problem: white racism - didn't bother speaking w ppl with legislative power - didn't think the law was the issue, but white racism. - not capitalism, socialism, economic structures, not even America, but anywhere black and whites lived together - racism - black ppl have been believing the lies of white society, imprisoned by their brainwashed minds solution: NOT CRM - moral appeal: MLK and CRM build on the idea that all ppl have the capacity for good and could become integrationist, that moral appeals to white society had capacity to bring change. According to X, this would not work bc whites were morally bankrupt - integration: CRM goal was integration; X thought integration impossible bc of white racism - they would never allow full integration, would never move into black neighborhoods and white systems were set up to maintain segregation. freedom is not closer to the oppressor but as far away as possible. integration would not be sufficient atonement for hundred of years of slavery - nonviolence: MLK wanted a moral end by pure means using NDA to expose the immoral treatment of black folks. X thought nonviolence brought only minimal gains bc it depends on moral appeal - if whites are inherently racist then it wont work anyways, no moral ground to appeal to. Especially when opposing violence w nonviolence - he wanted ppl to arm and defend themselves. Respond to violence with retaliatory violence. Nonviolence was degrading and unmanly, only perpetuated traditions of slavery through defenseless brutalizations of black ppl by whites (altho, we know the nonviolent protests were extremely brave) - violence not to attack but defend - coalition with whites: CRM required working with white ppl to change law. X rejected this, why work with them if they're racist, what would blacks gain? can't trust whites, everything they do is to trick blacks. ex: Democrats (JFK, LBJ) will give u crumbs from the masters tables even tho those leaders vocally supported the CRM - it was politically popular the solution: Black nationalism - main components: political, social, and economic self-determination and self-governance - other: racial separation, racial pride, retaliatory violence, civil rights to human rights CR to human rights = civil rights are a matter of rights within the nation, the US - if ur calling for CR who are u appealing to? the oppressors- the white government and institutions that are inherently racist - futile to ask ur oppressors for rights - CR is a domestic issue, other nations will not intervene -> human rights broadens to global stage - appropriate nation to appeal to is not the US but the UN - similar to Garvey - pride in black race, self-autonomy and self-governance - natural hair, abstinence from drugs, alcohol, dancing, etc - support black businesses -spiritual/mental/cultural migration back to Africa - don't literally migrate there like Garvey proposed - to find their brotherhood - critiques CRM as being too slow for progress - talks first about CRM as NOT the solution before talking about any solution

Atlanta Exposition Address - context - audience - genre - purpose - arguments - impact

Sept. 18, 1895 - representative of his ideas and rhetoric occasion: Atlanta regional convention - happening on former plantation audience: southern white people, southern black people, organizers of the conference purpose: trying to encourage his economic plan, fully economic enfranchisement of black ppl is good for southern economy arguments - social advancement will eventually come after economic equality -- talks about the shared economic, civil, moral interests of the south interweaving --> long term goal -- does call for absolute justice and willing obedience to the law - shared economic interests doesn't mean social equality -- white and black ppl are like the palm of the hand with shared economic interests, but like the fingers of the hand with social separation -- the opportunity to make a dollar in the factory is worth more than to spend a dollar in the opera house --> black ppl ready to work, not seeking social equality -- knows that advocating full social equality will help his program go nowhere -- any enterprise seeking the welfare of the South cannot disregard the population of black ppl there - cast down your bucket -- white ppl: there is a labor force of black ppl in the south; don't resort to expensive foreign labor. there are 16 million black ppl in the S that can either help or work against you. -- black ppl: stay in the S bc there is economic opportunity here structure introduction - 1/3rd of south is black --> no enterprise seeking the material, civil or moral welfare of the south can disregard the black population in reaching for highest success address to southern blacks: - cast down your bucket where you are in the south - the chance for economic success was greater in the south than in the north - the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands - vocational training, labor - it is from the bottom that we must being, not the top address to southern whites - cast down ur bucket where u are as well - black ppl have been loyal in the past, they shall stand by southerners with a loyalty that no foreigner can approach - don't turn to expensive labor when u have a loyal labor force - interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil, religious life with yours in a way that shall make the interests of both races one --> long run goal, interweave lives and shared interests - in all things social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the palm -- not an argument for denying black ppl fundamental civil rights but know his program will go nowhere if he advocates social equality - social separation, economic and political equality - there is no defense or security for any of us except in the highest intelligence of all - loyalty to south, case for black progress - sixteen million hands (southern blacks) will aid u in pulling the load upward, or against u in pulling it downward - we can either help you forward or push against u address to gentlemen of exposition - thanks to organizers and northern philanthropists for support - calls questions of social equality "extremist folly" - "no race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is longing any degree ostracized" & the opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house" - black are willing and ready to work conclusion - calls for absolute justice and a willing obedience to the law - this + economic prosperity ==> will bring into south a new heaven and a new earth 2 keys to understanding his speech: - read speech in context of 1985 - read speech in its entirety impact: - makes BTW a national figure - continuing controversy over the speech -- too conservative, too much emphasis on economics and not enough on politics, too moderate, not being sufficiently committed to full rights for black ppl; for being willing to accept subservient position for his race - none of these were close to his mind when he formulated his program - rejected by white south: they were willing to take what he offered (social inequality), but not willing to grant what he asked for in return (economic advancement) - masterpiece of situational adaptation: appealed to his audience - was not overtly critical bc of white members, they would've been less open to helping him pass his program

UNIA

Universal Negro Improvement Association - urged black ppl everywhere to unite and advance under one motto "one god, one aim, one destiny" - international scope - headquartered in NYC objectives: - build universal black fraternity - strengthen the independent African states - improve universal black education - establish a central nation in Africa for the black race - create black economic institutions as alternative to white ones (BTW inspo) - believed no race could advance without economic power

OAAU

X's organization for Afro-American Unity - post NOI - restore communication w Africa - reorientation towards black history - education as a mode of liberation - economic betterment

2004 DNC speech - context - audience - genre - purpose - arguments - impact

context: - obama relatively unknown politician, IL senator, first mixed race person to give this speech - knew that this speech would be the biggest moment in his political career Genre: - keynote speech - typically given by a well-known figure, sometimes party leaders will choose an up and coming speaker like Obama was Purpose: - provide overview, given early in the proceedings, set the tone of the convention and also to summarize the goals of the party Audience: DNC viewers, America Arguments/Themes: - makes case for John Kerry, the nominee - calls for national unity and civility --> time of deep political division with war in Iraq; theres no red/blue, conservative/liberal America, theres the USA; spoke in personable, reasoned tone calling for an end to bitterness -- why ppl responded so favorably - Personal narrative: race, patriotism and the American dream - the most important part of the speech - foregrounds his race bc he had to- unusual for mixed man to be keynote speaker and also his funny name - does not put racial label on himself - emphasizes he is equal parts black and white but never identifies as black white nor mixed, just speaks as a human being - talks about himself as a member of his family: father an African Immigrant, mother a white Kansan - much discussion of his white grandparents - grounds narrative in geographical elements -- heartland of America, immigrant (explains his funny name), Hawaii -- but also in traditional themes -- patriotism, military/wartime duty (his father in vietnam) - talks about his name, being given an African name not something that would hurt his ability to reach his potential in a tolerant America; being able to attend the best school (potential) in a generous America - makes reference to family, background, values and possibilities of America- the American Dream/patriotism - the narrative is not about race, it is emblematic of the experiences of millions of Americans. "my story is your story" "my story is part of the larger American story, and in no other country on earth is my story possible" - carefully condensed autobiography - could never mention race explicitly (similar to how Lincoln could never mention being anti-slavery explicitly); can't run as black candidate rather as democratic candidate Impact: - vaulted him into a national figure overnight "Obama mania'" - ppl began to say he would make a good presidential candidate one day - speculation about a post-racial America - viral - extremely well-delivered speech, he practiced a ton - he would continue to refer back to this personal narrative of his background (transparent about but never identifying his race), family, and the American dream

impact of G's rhetoric

failure to move back to Africa - had great symbolic appeal but little practical - ppl were born and raised in America - failure of BSL criticized by DB and other mainstream leaders - controversial - most of black leadership class turned its back on Garvey won support of millions in US and internationally - mass appeal to the ordinary - moved by and revered G as black moses long-term legacy - black pride and black power - his ideas were ahead of his time -- for the first time brought pride in being black - left a rhetorical legacy

black nationalism

self-determination - race should determine its own destiny without reliance on white institutions - black economic and political power and institutions self-government - major political decisions regarding the race should be made by black leaders, institutions led and directed by black leaders - develop black political power in black neighborhoods - not exactly consistent with G bc he was so internationally focused - give up on US and relocate where can develop black nation free from interference by white norms and society (Africa!) - not colonizationalists, not trying to reclaim part of Africa but redeem whole continent