415 HDF Chapter 1

Deduction

Using logical reasoning and current knowledge as a means of knowing about the world

basic

A psychologist investigating the research question "How much information can we store in short-term memory?" is most likely conducting __________ research

Applied

A psychologist investigating the research question "which type of therapy most effectively reduces depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting ________ research. A. Basic B. Applied C. External D. Internal

Applied; basic

External validity is typically more important for ____________ research than for ____________ research. A. Scientific; non-scientific B. Non-scientific; Scientific C. Basic; Applied D. Applied; Basic

Empiricism

Gaining knowledge through systematic observation of the world

intuition

I want to know if my phone is on. I decide that it is because my phone is always on. A. Intuition B. Deduction C. Authority D. Observation

authority

I want to know what my pancreas dos. I know hat my pancreas produces hormones important for digestion because that is what my high school biology teacher told me. A. Intuition B. Deduction C. Authority D. Observation

deduction

I want to know which direction I am facing. The sun is setting to my right, and I know the sun sets in the west so I know that west is the direction where the sun is setting. A. Intuition B. Deduction C. Authority D. Observation

Authority

Relying on a knowledgeable person or a group as a means of knowing about the world

Intuition

Relying on common sense as a means of knowing about the world

Observation

Relying on what one observes as a means of knowing about the world

Applied Research

Research conducted with the goals of solving everyday problems Are they trying to change something?

Confirmation Bias

Seeking only evidence that supports our beliefs and ignoring evidence that contradicts those beliefs

Confirmation Bias

Seeking only evidence that supports our beliefs and ignoring evidence that contradicts those beliefs is A. Belief Bias B. Confirmation Bias C. Evidence Bias D. Contradictory Bias

Testability

The assumption that explanation of behavior can be tested and falsified through observation

Determinism

The assumption that phenomena have identifiable

Parsimony

The assumption that the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correct

External Validity

The degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study

Phenomena have observable causes

The determinism canon of the scientific method states that A. The simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correct B. Observation is the best way of gaining new knowledge C. Phenomena have observable causes D. Explanation of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrect

observations

The empiricism canon of the scientific method states that new knowledge is gained from A. Authority Figures B. Observations C. Intuition D. Logic

Observation

The method of gaining knowledge that is most likely to yield accurate information is A. Intuition B. Authority C. Observation D. Deduction

observation

The scientific method involves gaining new knowledge through A. Deduction B. Intuition C. Authority D. Observation

Observation

"I want to know how much sleep on average Americans get per night. I determine this by conducting a survey of Americans to learn that most Americans get an average of 6 to 8 hours of sleep per night" is an example of A. Intuition B. Authority C. Observation D. Deduction

Authority

"I want to know what my pancreas does. I know that my pancreas produces hormones important for digestion because that is what my high school biology teacher told me." is an example of A. Intuition B. Authority C. Observation D. Deduction

deduction

"I want to know which direction I am facing. The sun is setting to my right, and I know the sun sets in the west so I know that west is the direction where the sun is setting." is an example of A. Intuition B. Authority C. Observation D. Deduction

Confirmation Bias

A reporter who is writing an article on an important issue may only interview experts that support her or his views on the issue. This is an example of A. Belief Bias B. Confirmation Bias C. Evidence Bias D. Contradictory Bias

External Validity

A study that investigates behavior as it naturally occurs in individuals would have a high degree of... A. Basic Research B. Applied Research C. External Validity D. Internal Validity

basic

Applications of ________ research may not be obvious when it is initially conducted A. basic B. Applied C. External D. Internal

Intuition

Deciding it must be raining because you felt it would rain today is an example of which method of knowing? A. Intuition B. Authority C. Observation D. Deduction

Deduction

Deciding it must be raining because you hear thunder is an example of which method of knowing? A. Intuition B. Authority C. Observation D. Deduction

Observation

Deciding it must be raining because you look out the window and see rain falling is an example of which method of knowing? A. Intuition B. Authority C. Observation D. Deduction

Basic Research

Increasing Knowledge The goal of understanding fundamental process of phenomena

Applied

Knowledge gained in __________ studies can also help basic researchers refine their theories about how behavior works. A. Complex B. Basic C. Confirmation D. Applied

A. Empiricism

Observing people in their normal environment, asking people to complete a survey have the subjects respond to items that help us measure their mood is using what type of measurement? A. Empiricism B.Determinism C. Parsimony D. Testability

Parsimony

What helps scientist test their ideas more easily, because it is easier to develop a study that might falsify a simple explanation than to do develop a study that might falsify a more complex explanation? A. Determinism B. Parsimony C. Testability D. Empiricism

Empiricism

When we ask people to complete a survey we are using _________ to learn about behavior