4.3 Physiology of the Skeletal System: Bone Development & Cells

In old-age arthritis, or ____, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates.

In old age arthritis, or OSETOARTHRITIS, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bone disintegrates.

In the adult, bone is continually being ____ ____ and ____ ____ again.

In the adult, bone is continually being BROKEN DOWN and BUILT UP again.

Just as braces are used for support in buildings, the solid portions of spongy bone follow ____ of ____.

Just as braces are used for support in buildings, the solid portions of spongy bone follow LINES of STRESS.

Later, ____ centers form at the ends of the bones. A cartilaginous disk remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in ____. This area is commonly referred to as the ____ ____.

Later, SECONDARY centers form at the ends of the bones. A cartilaginous disk remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in LENGTH. This area is commonly referred to as the GROWTH PLATE.

Most of the human skeleton are ____ during prenatal development.

Most of the human skeleton are CARTILAGINOUS during prenatal development.

Newborns have all ____ ____ ____, and over time it is converted to ____ ____ ____ in long bones.

Newborns have all RED BONE MARROW, and over time it is converted to YELLOW BONE MARROW in long bones.

____ begin to secrete bone tissue. Once enough bone tissue is secreted, osteoblasts develop into ____.

OSTEOBLASTS begin to secrete bone tissue. Once enough bone tissue is secreted, osteoblasts develop into OSTEOCYTES.

On the ends of each long bone are called proximal and distal ____.

On the ends of each long bone are called proximal and distal EPIPHYSIS.

Once the cartilage cells begin to die, ____ ____ start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the ____ ____.

Once the cartilage cells begin to die, BLOOD VESSELS start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the MEDULLARY CAVITY.

Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates ____ than is replaced, the bones become weak.

Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates FASTER than is replaced, the bones become weak.

Physical use and hormone balance can also affect the ____ of bones. Adults and children alike require regular calcium in the diet to promote the work of ____.

Physical use and hormone balance can also affect the THICKNESS of bones. Adults and children alike require regular calcium in the diet to promote the work of OSTEOBLASTS.

____ ____ ____ is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce ____ ____ ____.

RED BONE MARROW is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce RED BLOOD CELLS.

____ joints are subject to arthritis. In ____ arthritis, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens. ____ changes take place that make the joint almost immovable and painful to use.

SYNOVIAL joints are subject to arthritis. In RHEUMATOID arthritis, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens. DEGENERATIVE changes take place that make the joint almost immovable and painful to use.

Since the cartilaginous structures are shaped like the ____ bones, they provide models of these bones.

Since the cartilaginous structures are shaped like the FUTURE bones, they provide models of these bones.

Spongy bone contains numerous bony ____ and ____ separated by irregular spaces. Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for ____.

Spongy bone contains numerous bony BARS and PLATES separated by irregular spaces. Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for STRENGTH.

The cartilaginous models are converted to bones (called ____) when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called ____.

The cartilaginous models are converted to bones (called OSSIFICATION) when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called OSTEOBLASTS.

The destruction caused by the work of osteoclasts is repaired by ____. As they form new bone, osteoblasts take calcium from the ____.

The destruction cause by the work of osteoclasts is repaired by OSTEOBLASTS. As they form new bone, osteoblasts take calcium from the BLOOD.

The lacunae are separated by a ____ that contains protein fibers of collagen and mineral deposits, primarily of ____ and ____ salts.

The lacunae are separated by a MATRIX that contains protein fivers of collagen and mineral deposits, primarily of CALCIUM and PHOSPHORUS SALTS.

The medullary or marrow cavity extends throughout the ____, or center length of the bone.

The medullary or marrow cavity extends throughout the DIAPHYSIS, or center length of the bone.

The rate of growth is controlled by hormones, such as ____ hormones and ____ hormones.

The rate of growth is controlled by hormones, such as GROWTH hormones and SEX hormones.

The two bones of the joint become ____ and ____ so that it becomes painful to move the joint.

The two bones of the joint become ROUGH and IRREGULAR so that it becomes painful to move the joint.

This type of arthritis is apt to affect the joints that have received the ____ use over the years.

This type of arthritis is apt to affect the joints that have received the GREATEST use over the years.

Thus, through a process of remodeling, ____ bone tissue is replaced by ___ bone tissue. Because of continual remodeling, the thickness of bones can ____.

Thus, through a process of remodeling, OLD bone tissue is replaced by NEW bone tissue. Because of continual remodeling, the thickness of bones can CHANGE.

Within the joints, there is a layer of ____ ____ to help cushion joints and enable them to move freely.

Within the joints, there is a layer of ARTICULAR CARTILAGE to help cushion joints and enable them to move freely.

____ ____ ____ is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones.

YELLOW BONE MARROW is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones.

A ____ fracture happens when a bone is broken into more than two segments - typically are repaired ____.

A COMMINUTED fracture happens when a bone is broken into more than two segments - typically are repaired SURGICALLY.

A ____ fracture occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across. This type of fracture occurs commonly in ____ because the bone tissue is still developing and soft

A GREENSTICK fracture occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across. This type of fracture occurs commonly in CHILDREN because the bone tissue is still developing and soft.

An ____ fracture occurs when one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone.

An IMPACTED fracture occurs when one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone.

An ____ (or compound) fracture occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin.

An OPEN (or compound) fracture occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin.

Bone absorbing cells, called ____, break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit ____ in the blood.

Bone absorbing cells, called OSTEOCLASTS, break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit CALCIUM in the blood.

Bone is a living tissue and able to repair itself when ____. There are several types of common bone fractures that can be categorized based on how the bone ____.

Bone is a living tissue and able to repair itself when DAMAGED. There are several types of common bone fractures that can be categorized based on how the bone BREAKS.

Bone is a living tissue that continually ____ itself. A longitudinal section of a typical long bone shows that it is not solid but has a ____ ____ filled with ____ ____.

Bone is a living tissue that continually RENEWS itself. A longitudinal section of a typical long bone shows it is not solid but has a MEDULLARY CAVITY filled with BONE MARROW.

Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to ____.

Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to FRACTURE.

____ (or simple) fractures occur when the bone breaks but remains within the skin.

CLOSED (or simple) fractures occur when the bone breaks but remains within the skin.

____ ____ is usually found on the surface of the bone and surrounds an interior of ____ ____.

COMPACT BONE is usually found on the surface of the bone and surrounds the interior of SPONGY BONE.

Cartilage is another type of ____ ____, but the matrix is flexible. Articular cartilage is cartilage found specifically at joint ____.

Cartilage is another type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE, but the matrix is more flexible. Articular cartilage is cartilage found specifically at joint ARTICULATIONS.

Compact bone contains many ____ (formerly called Haversian systems) in which _____ (bone cells) in tiny chambers called lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around center canals.

Compact bones contains many OSTEONS (formerly called Haversian systems) in which OSTEOCYTES (bone cells) in tiny chambers called lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around central canals.

During puberty, the disks become completely ossified and the bone ___ growing. The individual attains full adult ____ when this occurs.

During puberty, the discs become completely ossified and the bone STOPS growing. The individual attains full adult HEIGHT when this occurs.

____ ossification is the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage - begins at the primary ossification center in the ____ of the ____.

ENDOCHONDRAL ossification is the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage - begins at the primary ossification center in the MIDDLE of the BONE.

Eventually, some of these cells get caught in the matrix they secrete and are converted to ____, the cells found within the lacunae of ____.

Eventually, some of these cells get caught in the matrix they secrete and are converted to OSTEOCYTES, the cells found within the lacunae of OSTEONS.

Flat bone formation begins with ____ ____ differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the ____.

Flat bone formation begins with MESENCHYMAL CELLS differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the EMBRYO.

____ ossification is the formation of flat bones from ____ tissue.

INTRAMEMBRANOUS ossification is the formation of flat bones from CONNECTIVE tissue.

Surrounding the cavity is a layer of ____ ____ that is thickest at the ends of the bone. The solid outer layer of the bone is called ____ ____.

Surrounding the cavity is a layer of SPONGY BONE that is thickest at the ends of the bone. The solid outer later of the bone is called COMPACT BONE.

The ____ ____ contain blood vessels and nerves. The blood vessels bring the ____ that allow the bone to renew itself.

The CENTRAL CANALS contain blood vessels and nerves. The blood vessels bring the NUTRIENTS that allow the bone to renew itself.