4314 ch 3
29. ____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are expected to be related to one another.
a. Convergent
13. A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n) ____.
a. risk factor
49. Which statement about case studies is false?
b. They use controlled methods without biases.
47. ____ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes to generalize.
d. Analogue
36. Which of the following is a magnetic imaging method that produces images showing connections between brain regions?
d. Diffusion MRI
31. ____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another.
d. Discriminant
40. The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called ____.
d. comorbidity
38. Maturation is a threat to ____.
b. internal validity
33. To record electrical activity of the brain, one would want to use a(n) ____.
a. EEG
35. ____ are used to study cerebral glucose metabolism.
a. PET scans
60. Participation in research is done through direct informed consent except when the participants are ____.
a. children
6. Evaluating the mental health of children can be particularly difficult due to the ____.
a. cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior
22. Treatment ____ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions.
a. efficacy
8. Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____.
a. epidemiological research
1. Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because _____.
a. experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree
39. The degree to which findings can be generalized to children, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than the one in a particular study is referred to as ____.
a. external validity
51. In an A-B-A-B design, the "B" stands for ____.
a. intervention
54. Aging effects and cohort effects are some of the potential disadvantages of ____ research designs.
a. longitudinal
48. In ___________________, comparisons are made between conditions or treatments that already exist.
a. natural experiments
56. Qualitative data are typically collected by ____.
a. open-ended interviewing and observations
41. The use of ____ is rare in studies of child psychopathology.
a. randomly selected samples
7. Factors such as SES, child's age, and cultural background affect the _____ of symptoms and disorders.
a. rate and expression
26. Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be
a. reliable.
37. One of the major limitations of observational research methods is that ____.
b. behavior may be altered as a function of participants' awareness of being observed
23. To know if a treatment would truly be useful in community settings, researchers should focus on treatment ____.
b. effectiveness
3. When evaluating whether claims are scientifically believable, each of the following is a difference between science and pseudoscience EXCEPT
b. how evidence is organized.
4. In research terms, research questions about behavior that follow from a theory are called ____.
b. hypotheses
52. In ____ research, the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development.
b. longitudinal
50. Qualitative research ____.
b. provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation
9. The fact that effects of parental conflict and divorce may not surface immediately but rather years later is an example of ____.
b. sleeper effect
27. An assessment tool that actually measures the construct it is intended to measure can be considered ____.
b. valid
43. A correlation score of +0.75 between two variables such as symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression indicates what kind of relationship between these variables?
c. A strong, positive association between them
57. _____ means that the child shows some form of agreement to participate in research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research.
c. Assent
28. ____ validity refers to whether scores on a measure behave as predicted by theory or past research.
c. Construct
10. ______ rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period.
c. Incidence
16. ____ evaluate treatment outcomes for children who are unsystematically assigned to treatment and control conditions.
c. Randomized controlled trials
2. The ______ of research findings is what advances the field of psychology.
c. accumulation
12. Variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other are said to be ____.
c. correlated
53. In ____ research, different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time.
c. cross-sectional
32. A limitation of psychophysiological measures is ____.
c. high level of inference for interpretation
42. The greater the degree of control that a researcher has over the ____, the more a study approximates a true experiment.
c. independent variable
19. The process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome is known as a(n) ____variable.
c. mediating
21. A researcher investigating the relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies toward the child, which in turn were related to child conduct problems. In this study, disciplinary strategies are a ____.
c. mediator variable
59. Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should ____.
c. never be used
46. Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ____ studies.
c. retrospective
25. A ____ assessment measure allows for the scores of one child to be compared to the scores of other similar children.
c. standardized
34. ____ use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field.
d. MRIs
30. A measurement method that is highly structured with no opportunity for probes or clarification would be which of the following?
d. Observation
11. _____ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period.
d. Prevalence
44. ____ increases the chance that characteristics other than the independent variable will be equally distributed across treatment groups.
d. Random assignment
58. The fact that vulnerable populations often feel pressure to participate in research studies is a factor relating to which ethical concern?
d. Voluntary participation
20. Questions about ________ are complicated because what qualifies varies according to the variables of interest as well as the causal chain.
d. causes
55. Qualitative research is characterized by ____.
d. in-depth narratives and observations
24. Taking a child to see three different psychologists and receiving three different diagnoses would be an example of a lack of ____.
d. interrater reliability
18. If a study of the effect of divorce found a more negative impact for girls than for boys, sex will be a ____.
d. moderating variable
17. Factors that influence the direction or strength of a relationship of variables of interest are called ____.
d. moderator variables
14. Mediator variables are those that ____.
d. refer to the process through which a variable produces an outcome
45. Asking college students to describe their childhood relationships with peers is an example of a ____ design.
d. retrospective
15. Research into risk and protective factors requires that large samples of children be studied and multiple areas of functioning be assessed over long periods of time because ____.
d. the risk and protective factor processes take years to develop
5. Because there is no one correct approach to research, most problems in abnormal child psychology are best studied by ____.
d. using multiple methods and strategies
