454 History Of Mexico Exam 2

Stephen Austin

"Father of Texas" led the second and most successful colonization of Texas by bringing 500 families to live within its borders, he also was an Empresario.

conversos

"New Christians" former jews. Told convert or leave during inquisition.

Vice-President Nicolás Bravo

11th President of Mexico during the 1846-1848 U.S invasion Mexico. He also helped the Mexican defend Chapultepec against the U.S during the Mexican-American War.

consulado

merchant guild.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

missionaries involved in educating creoles and indigenous.

casta

mixed race. Largest racial category in Mexico. Some free blacks.

estanco

monopoly of the state. (tobacco, playing cards, pulque)

cabildo

municipal council. Creole dominated local governments.

Vicente Guerrero

next rebel leader. Joins Iturbide. Liberal and Republican

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

1st leader of rebel movement

President Guadalupe Victoria

1st president. Liberal. Conservative vice president tried to overthrow him.

regalism

According to Lisbon and Madrid, the crown believed the church had too much power.

Mexican-American War

Conflict that broke out between Mexico and America over the disputed territory of Texas.

Battle of San Jacinto

Battle after the siege of the Alamo where Texas forces defeated Santa Anna to get him to sign the Treaty of Velasco. April 21, 1836

The Battle of Chapultepec

Battle during the Mexican-American War where many Mexican soldiers died along with six teenage cadest, who would be called the Ninos Hereos. This battle helped unify the Mexican nation, and Mexicans say that battle is more important to them, like the Texas hold the Alamo.

Battle of Puebla, May 5, 1862

Battle during the Second French Intervention, this battle would lead to the Cinco de Mayo celebration. Many Americans would say that this is Mexico's independence day, when that day is truly Sempteber 15th.

Nueces River

Boundary that was agreed upon as the border between Texas and Mexico.

Bourbon Reforms

Bring church under royal control. Get more money from colonies (trade, taxes, and monopolies). Increase royal bureaucracy, increase military defense. Most sweeping was under the innovations took place during the second hald of the 18th c,

Vice-President Nicolás Bravo

Conservative: Strong Church that would play a strong role in government, strong central government that guarded against the passions of the masses and the dominance of local interests, support corporate ownership in mining and industry, protection for Church and military fueros, Catholic education.

Manifest destiny

Doctrine in 19th Century America that said that it was the will of God for America to expand West. This term was coined by John O'Sullivan, who stole the Idea from Jane McManus Storm Ganeau (one of his newspaper writers).

Porfiriato

Díaz's period of rule

Encomiendas

Entrustment of a people (Community) to civilize and Christianize

The Constitution of 1824

Estados Unidos Mexicanos were organized as a federal republic composed of 19 states and 4 territories. It delineated governmental authority into separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Ejido

Farm land that is communally owned by the state, it replaced the Capulli farm system of the Aztecs.

General Ignacio Zaragoza (1829-1862)

General of the Mexican forces that defeated the French Forces at the Battle of Puebla. Zaragoza was also the Secretary of War and Navy, under President Benito Juarez.

New Laws of 1542

Gets rid of encomiendas.Due to Bartolome de las casas & Charles V

audiencia

Governor, Capt. Gen. President, judges. Power checks & Bureaucracy that answers to the king

Napoleon III [Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte] (1808-1873)

He wanted to set up a customs house on the port of Vera Cruze to consolidate French debt. The emperor was the first person to come up with the phrase Latain America. He sent troops to get this tasked done and created the Second French Intervention War.

Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian

He was a Hapsburg ruler in Austria, and was asked to become the Emperor of Mexico, and he said I will take it, if that is what the Mexican people wanted.

Científicos

In Mexico the writers, technocrats, and intellectually inclined politicians who articulated these doctrines earned the label of the científicos, underlining their supposed link to Positivist philosophy

Los Rurales (guardias rurales)

In order to maintain control of the countryside, where the vast majority of Mexicans lived, Díaz relied heavily on the feared guardias rurales, or rural police.

Melchor Ocampo

In the 1840s and 1850s he served as governor of Michoacán and as a congressman in the national legislature. Shortly after the war with the United States he won acclaim when he became involved in a virtual death struggle with the clergy of Michoacán. The issue—the refusal of the local curate to bury the body of a penniless peón because the widow could not pay the sacramental fees—became a cause célèbre and was used effectively by Ocampo to demonstrate the ineptitude and decadence of the ecclesiastical effort."

mestizo

Indian + Spaniard

Manuel de la Peña y Peña

Interim President of Mexico, who signed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. He said that if the treaty was a failure he would take the blame for the signing of the treaty.

Spanish Invasion of 1829

Invasion where Santa Anna, saved Mexico by stopping the invading force at Tampico. This victory brought Santa Anna to popularity for him to become President.

The Army of the Three Guarantees

Iturbide + Guerrero. 1.Religion 2. Independence 3. Union

Plan de Iguala

Iturbide + Guerrero. 3 Guarantees. To attrct conservative support it praised the Spanish endeavor in the New World and held out Spain as the most Catholic, holy, heroic, and magnanimous nations

Agustín Iturbide

Iturbide was a General in the Spanish army who was sent to crush the rebellion of Vicente Garrero. Iturbeide meet Garrero and made a pack to help Garerro make a independent Mexico and made the Plan de Iguala. Iturbide would then rule as the first emperor of Mexico and was crowned Agustin I.

Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora

Jesuit Priest wrote histories of indigenous peoples, got in trouble with the Catholic Church because of his interest in astronomy, math, and cosmography.

Land Empresario

Land grant that was given to an entrepreneur to settle in certain parts of Mexican Texas.

President Guadalupe Victoria

Liberal: wanted states to guide the Church, decentralized, federal republic, limited democracy, individual property rights, abolition of fueros, or special privileges of corporate entities, secular education

The Goliad Affair

Mexican forces executed 365 Texan prisoners who had surrendered. Santa ordered Nicolas de la Portilla to execute the prisoners, which he promplt did despite some moral misgiving.

Ignacio Altamirano

Mexican intellectual. Liberal idigenous that developed distinct Mexican literature.

From 1858 to 1861

Mexico became engulfed in the War of Reform. Conservative General Félix Zuloaga issued the Plan of Tacubaya, dissolved Congress, and arrested Juárez. President Comonfort looked on powerlessly. He would become dictator of Mexico.

May 5 (Cinco de Mayo)

Mexico wins when French attack Puebla in Pastry Wars.

Moses Austin (1761-1821)

One of Texas' early settlers.Stephen Austin's father. Spanish government agreed to Austin proposal to let him oversee the settlement of 300 Catholic families.

Juan Escutia

One of the Ninos Hereos who died during the Battle of Chapultepec, he took his life by jumping off the Parapet wrapped in the Mexican Flag.

Ignacio Comonfort

President of Mexico, September 15, 1856 to January 21, 1858

Jose Maria Velasco

Painter

Grito de Dolores

Sept. 16th. Father Miguel Hidalgo. Rise up against the spanish rule!

Sam Houston

Served as the 1st and 3rd President of The Republic of Texas.

Benito Juárez

Served as the 26th President of Mexico, he was responsible for the Plan de Ayutla that was a list of grievances against President Santa Anna after the Gladsend purchase. He was also responsible for the Las Leyes de Reforma in the Constitution of 1857, along with Juan Alvaerz and Ignacio Comonfort.

Niños Héroes

Six Teenage children that were cadets at Chapultepec that fought American forces trying to take Chapultepec. One of them " Juan Escutia" jumped from the parapet of Chapultepec wrapped in the Mexican flag and fell to his death, to prevent being arrested from the American soldiers.

The Caste War

Social War of 1839 combined elements of a regional war against conservative centralism and an Indian war against overbearing landlords. For almost a decade the Yucatán was able to remain outside Mexico's control.

Constitution of 1857

The constitution of 1857 prohibited slavery and abridgments of freedom of speech or press; it abolished special courts and prohibited civil and ecclesiastical corporations from owning property, except buildings in use; it eliminated monopolies; it prescribed that Mexico was to be a representative, democratic, republican country; and it defined the states and their responsibilities. This constitution, which remained in force until 1917, increased the power of the central executive.

Pastry War of 1838

The term that the Mexican used to joke about the first war with the French, the story goes that the Mecican's ransacked a Pastry on the French ship, therefore gave way to the name the Pastry War. During this war Santa Anna would lose his leg.

Intendant

miniature viceroy. Men installed by spain to implement bourbon reforms, supervise fiscal and military affairs

Agustín Iturbide

conservative military leader joins with Guerrero liberal leader in Independence movement. Ends up as Emperor. Deposed by Santa Anna.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican-American War, it was signed by Manuel de la Pena y Pena. 1.Mexico recognized the United States' annexation of Texas 2.Mexico ceded California and New Mexico 3.United States paid Mexico $18,250,000 4.Residents of California and New Mexico became citizens of the United States and their property rights were assured

Treaty of Velasco

Treaty that said that the border of Texas from Mexico would be the Rio Grande, instead of the Nueces River. This was forcibly signed by Santa Anna to end the Texas Revolution, Mexican government never ratified this document. This treaty would be an excuse for the start of the Mexican-American War. May 14, 1836

Nicholas Trist

U.S. negotiator, shocked Mexican negotiators with his demands for Mexican territory

Valentín Gómez Farías

Vice president to Santa Anna. Given power and institutes liberal reforms. Deposed by Santa Anna again. Military Reforms, Reduced the size of the army and abolished military fueros

Virgin of Guadalupe

Virgin Mary appeared to Juan Diego at Tepeyac. (syncretism)

Manuel de Mier y Terán:

a high-ranking military officer and trained engineer:Mexico dispatched to deal with the troubles in Texas, report spurred the drafting and implementation of the Law of April 6, 1830.

Ley Juárez

abolished the military and ecclesiastical fueros, the special dispensations exempting soldiers and clerics from having to stand trial in civil courts

Dowries (dotes)

allowed merchants to buy their way into landed families.

Fueros

army officers would now have to stand trial in civil courts.

José Guadalupe Posada

artist; The maltreatment of the peon, drawn by José Guadalupe Posada

Viceroy

authority under King of Spain. Manages colonies for Spain's benefit.

José María Morelos

brought rebel groups together at congress at Chilpancingo. executed.

Compadrazgo

co-parenthood, Alternate family if parents died.

Cédula de gracias al sacar

document to buy whiteness in the eyes of the law.

repartimiento

draft labor system. 1 in 7 men sent to work (mines)

Miguel Lerdo de Tejada:

drafted the law to disentail the lands of the Catholic Church and those of indigenous communities.Under this new law the government began to confiscate Church land

Agustín Iturbide

executed

Porfirio Díaz

from 1876 to 1911, Díaz proved himself to be a master of politics, amending the constitution time and again, so that he could be reelected to the presidency. He believed that he was giving Mexico the precious gift of political stability,

General Scott

had to announce that any resident who attacked his army would be shot on the spot

hacienda

land holdings. Mostly elite creoles. Had debt peonage systems

Colonial militias

made up of natives with local loyalties

amalgamation

process to extract silver from ore. Uses mercury.

Plan de Casa Mata

proclaimed a Mexican republic. Santa Anna + Echaverri.

Ley Lerdo

prohibited ecclesiastical and civil institutions from owning or administering real property not directly used in day-to-day operations. The Roman Catholic Church could retain its church buildings, monasteries, and seminaries and local and state units of government: their meeting halls, jails, and schools, but both had to divest themselves of other urban and rural property. The massive holdings the church had gradually acquired through the centuries were to be put up for sale at public auction

Ley Iglesias

prohibited the church from charging high fees for administering the sacraments. The poor were to receive their sacramental blessings at no charge, and those who could afford to pay were to be charged modestly.

congregaciones (reducciones)

resettlement of native people into missions

José Antonio Echáverri

sent by Iturbide to arrest Santa Anna joins him instead.

José de Galvez

sent to colonies by Charles III. led to Bourbon Reforms. Energetic assistance of his minister of the Indies

Félix María Zuloaga

served three times as interim or acting president of Mexico.

creole (criollo)

spanish born in colonies

peninsulares

spanish from spain sent to colonies.

Fueros

special privileges for the church and military

Pulquería

tavern serving Pulque.

obrajes

textile mills. Basically sweatshops for indigenous and African workers.

Syncretism

the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought

Antonio López de Santa Anna

the sixty-year-old Antonio López de Santa Anna was made perpetual dictator of Mexico. He quickly repressed his political enemies, namely liberals, sending many of them—such as Benito Júarez—into exile

syncretism

the slow intermixing of indigenous and Spanish cultures

Manila Galleon (trade)

trade route between Manila and Acapulco once a year.

Constitution of 1824

under this Estados Unidos Mexicanos were organized as a federal republic composed of 19 states and 4 territories. It delineated governmental authority into separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

New Laws of 1542 Viceroy

were a series of laws and regulations approved by the King of Spain in November of 1542 to regulate the Spaniards who were enslaving the natives in the Americas, particularly in Peru.