5

Growing or raising a single specialty crop on large tracts of land is called Select one: a. commercial agriculture. b. extensive commercial agriculture. c. industrial agriculture. d. monoculture. e. agribusiness.

d

In upland areas where plantation agriculture is present, what are the two most common crops grown? Select one: a. Bananas and tea. b. Tea and sugar cane. c. Tea and coffee. d. Coffee and sugarcane. e. Sugarcane and bananas.

a

Legal crops such as coffee, tea, and tobacco grown on plantations in the tropics for export to More Developed Countries (MDCs) are commonly referred to as Select one: a. luxury crops. b. perishable crops. c. specialty crops. d. export crops. e. none of the above.

a

The agricultural practice most commonly associated with intensive subsistence agriculture is Select one: a. paddy rice farming. b. swidden agriculture. c. plantation agriculture. d. market gardening. e. none of the above.

a

The area in Canada where fishing dominates the economy is Select one: a. the Maritime Provinces. b. Ontario. c. the Northwest Territories. d. the Prairie Provinces. e. British Columbia.

a

Extensive subsistence agriculture predominates in Select one: a. tropical rain forests. b. sub-tropical areas. c. semi-arid deserts. d. deserts. e. all of the above.

c

In the last twenty years the region of the world that has experienced a decline in food production compared to population growth is Select one: a. South Asia. b. Southeast Asia. c. Sub-Saharan Africa. d. Central America. e. East Asia.

c

Pastoral nomadism still a dominant way of life in many parts of Select one: a. western United States. b. central Australia. c. Central Asia. d. West Africa. e. Central America.

c

Shifting cultivation is still practiced in many parts of Select one: a. South Asia. b. East Asia. c. South America. d. North Africa. e. Central Asia.

c

The two most important crops grown in the Mediterranean region are Select one: a. dates and lemons. b. almonds and grapes. c. grapes and olives. d. olives and tomatoes. e. wheat and olives.

c

Township and range land division system most closely resembles what type of geometric pattern on the landscape? Select one: a. Linear. b. Circular. c. Square. d. Rectangular. e. None of the above.

c

What agricultural technique allows subsistence farmers in tropical and sub-tropical areas to support a large population with a small amount of arable land? Select one: a. Four-field crop rotation system. b. Intertillage. c. Double cropping. d. Swidden agriculture. e. Slash and burn agriculture.

c

Which of the following is not considered a luxury crop? Select one: a. Coffee. b. Tea. c. Banana. d. Cacoa. e. Tobacco.

c

Hog production is nearly nonexistent in Southwest Asia and North Africa because Select one: a. the lack of rainfall inhibits production. b. the climatic conditions are not favorable. c. culturally the population prefers lamb. d. cultural taboos exist on eating pork. e. none of the above.

d

Horticulture could potentially include Select one: a. Mediterranean agriculture. b. market gardening. c. truck farming. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

d

In Mediterranean agriculture farmers derive most of their income from Select one: a. sheep and goats. b. dairy products for various types of cheeses. c. wheat grown for bread and pasta production. d. fruits and vegetables. e. tomatoes.

d

In recent years what type of agricultural practice has been most responsible for deforestation of the rain forest in parts of Central and South America? Select one: a. Swidden agriculture. b. Intensive subsistence agriculture. c. Aquaculture. d. Livestock ranching. e. Truck farming.

d

According Carl Sauer, why did vegetative planting first start in Southeast Asia? Select one: a. The predictable annual flooding of rivers provided needed irrigation. b. The humid continental climate was ideal for experimentation. c. The extensive river valleys provided excellent soil for cultivation. d. The monsoon weather system was ideal for experimentation with plants. e. The region's high biodiversity allowed people to become more sedentary, which naturally led to experimentation with plants.

e

Another term for pastoral nomadism is Select one: a. extensive subsistence agriculture. b. nomadic herding. c. livestock ranching. d. grain agriculture. e. A and B only

e

Area(s) of the world traditionally known for their circular rural land use patterns include Select one: a. Northern Germany. b. Sub-Saharan Africa c. East Asia. d. South America. e. A and B only.

e

Dairy farmers locate near urban areas because Select one: a. it is expensive to transport product to market. b. milk has a limited shelf-life. c. land costs are high. d. of agglomeration pressures. e. A and B only.

e

Even though post World War II population growth rates hit record numbers, what factor(s) prevented Malthus's predictions from becoming a reality in Least Developed Countries (LDCs)? Select one: a. The Green Revolution doubled and tripled crop yields in many developing countries. b. Massive relief on the part of the United States prevented worldwide famine. c. Technological advancements increased yields throughout the world. d. High yield varieties (HYVs) increased yields in many parts of the world. e. All of the above.

e

Globalization has impacted and changed agricultural practices with respect to plantation agriculture by Select one: a. increased concentration of ownership from More Developed Countries (MDC) companies. b. increased use of machinery. c. displacing more workers. d. increasing migration rates from rural to urban areas. e. all of the above.

e

The most practiced economic activity in the world is Select one: a. commercial agriculture. b. manufacturing. c. providing a service. d. extensive subsistence agriculture. e. intensive subsistence agriculture.

e

This crop is often grown on plantations in the tropics and sub-tropics. Select one: a. Sugarcane. b. Palm oil. c. Cocoa. d. Tea. e. All of the above.

e

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume New York City is the single market for the United States, market gardening would be located in Select one: a. the upper Midwest. b. California. c. Pacific Northwest. d. New England. e. southeastern states.

e

According to the von Thunen model, the first ring is used for Select one: a. dairy. b. forestry. c. mixed crop and livestock. d. crop rotation. e. grain farming.

a

All of the following are benefits of purchasing locally produced foods except Select one: a. the prices are lower. b. it reduces the consumption of fossil fuels. c. it is fresher and therefore usually tastes better. d. it helps support local and regional rural economies. e. it helps small farmers compete against corporate farms.

a

All of the following are true regarding contemporary hunting and gathering societies except Select one: a. their way of life is preserved by many governments. b. they tend to be isolated from modern societies. c. they provide insight into prehistoric cultures. d. they exist in the Arctic, the interior of Africa, Australia, and South America. e. their numbers are rapidly declining.

a

Boserup theorized that when population increased in a subsistence agriculturally-based community the level of technology and labor efforts must Select one: a. increase to meet the demands of increased population pressures. b. increase by purchasing new machinery from More Developed Countries (MDCs). c. increase by sending students to technical schools. d. decrease due to the high cost of machinery. e. decrease because more children need to finish their education.

a

Dairy operations locate on the suburban fringe of metropolitan areas because Select one: a. access to market is greater. b. it is outside the milkshed. c. city residents don't like to live near farming operations. d. it is a break-of-bulk point. e. none of the above.

a

Due to increased interregional migration, an increasing percent of vegetables in China are being produced Select one: a. in urban plots. b. in rural villages. c. on collective farms in the countryside. d. on commercial operations in the south. e. on the suburban fringe of major metropolitan areas.

a

Herders who seasonally move their animals between mountain pastures and lowland valleys practice Select one: a. transhumance. b. seasonal variation. c. swidden agriculture. d. livestock ranching. e. extensive subsistence agriculture.

a

Livestock ranching and pastoral nomadism both Select one: a. exist in environments too harsh for crop production. b. suffer from low wages. c. rely on the same animals for their livelihood. d. flourish in central Asia. e. suffer from undue government regulations.

a

Pastoral nomads do not typically herd Select one: a. cattle. b. llamas. c. sheep. d. goats. e. camels.

a

Pastoral nomads potentially contribute to desertification by Select one: a. overgrazing. b. using poor cultivation techniques. c. moving animals frequently. d. all of the above. e. A and B only.

a

Prior to the industrialization of agriculture and the trend towards monocrops, most farms in the upper Midwest were Select one: a. mixed crop and livestock. b. focused on growing only grains. c. intensive subsistence operations. d. engaged in market gardening. e. outside the milkshed.

a

Subsistence agriculture dominates in Select one: a. less developed countries. b. more developed countries. c. mid-latitude climates. d. newly-industrialized countries. e. none of the above.

a

Technology essential for intensive subsistence agriculture is Select one: a. irrigation. b. precision agriculture techniques. c. biotechnology. d. advancements in pesticide research. e. all of the above.

a

The linear agricultural land use pattern commonly found in Quebec and Louisiana is Select one: a. the long lot system. b. the range and township land survey system. c. the metes and bounds land ownership method. d. a result of the Enclosure Movement. e. none of the above.

a

The most widely produced grains in the world are Select one: a. wheat, rice, and maize. b. wheat, rice, and oats. c. rice, maize, and oats. d. rice, maize, and millet. e. rice, wheat, and barley.

a

The percentage of the labor force in the United States that works directly in agriculture is Select one: a. 2-5%. b. 5-7%. c. 7-9%. d. 10-12%. e. 13-15%.

a

The primary purpose of commercial agriculture is to Select one: a. make a profit. b. produce a superior product. c. produce a product in a sustainable manner. d. provide jobs for a large percentage of the population. e. sustain the rural way of life.

a

The production and harvesting of fish and shell fish in sectioned off coves and land-based ponds is technically referred to as Select one: a. acquaculture. b. water based agriculture. c. intensive subsistence agriculture. d. fish farming. e. none of the above.

a

The single most important factor contributing to rural land use patterns for most of the Great Plains in the United States is a result of the Select one: a. township and range land survey system. b. metes and bounds land property division method. c. physical geography of the region. d. extensive river systems. e. capitalist economic system.

a

The trend whereby large corporations buy and control many different steps in a food-processing industry is commonly referred to as Select one: a. agribusiness. b. commercial agriculture. c. biotechnical revolution. d. industrial agriculture. e. all of the above.

a

This type of business practice significantly reduces the commodity chain for an agricultural product such as coffee or tea. Select one: a. Fair trade movement. b. Sustainable agriculture. c. Organic farming. d. Integrated management. e. Wholesale shopping.

a

Today circular rural settlements are most commonly associated with Select one: a. Sub-Saharan Africa. b. Southeast Asia. c. Latin America. d. Central America. e. the Middle East.

a

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume London, England, and Paris, France, is the single market for Europe. Dairy agriculture would be located in Select one: a. southern England. b. Scandinavia. c. southern Spain. d. the steppes of Russia. e. Hungary.

a

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume New York City is the single market for the United States, dairy agriculture would dominate in Select one: a. New England and upstate New York. b. southeastern states. c. California. d. the Pacific Northwest. e. none of the above.

a

When comparing the Koppen Climate Regions Map with the Whittlessey Agricultural Regions Map one can conclude that Select one: a. there is a direct relationship between the patterns on both maps. b. many agricultural regions exist outside their respective climate zones. c. climate is not a limiting factor on the distribution of agriculture. d. agricultural regions have changed a great deal in the 20th century. e. Whittlessey's map is outdated.

a

Which statement regarding agricultural region(s) with respect to Whitttlessey's Agricultural Regions map is no longer applicable? Select one: a. Plantation agriculture doesn't exist in North America anymore. b. Grain regions have become smaller over time. c. Mediterranean agriculture has declined in importance. d. Areas of shifting cultivation have become more prominent. e. Commercial gardening in the U.S. is still dominant along the east coast.

a

_____________ did not contain an agricultural hearth. Select one: a. Europe. b. Asia. c. Africa. d. South America. e. Middle America.

a

All of the following are farm subsidies except Select one: a. giving farmers a minimum price for their product regardless of market conditions. b. giving farmers tax breaks if they meet production quotas. c. establishing import barriers on imported products. d. paying farmers not to produce more than a certain quantity of a particular crop. e. giving farmers special tax incentives for conservation efforts.

b

All of the following are types of subsistence agriculture except Select one: a. pastoral nomadism. b. truck farming. c. shifting cultivation. d. swidden agriculture. e. intensive rice farming.

b

All of the following are ways for a country or region to increase the food supply except Select one: a. increase the amount of land in production. b. increase farm subsidies. c. increase agricultural productivity. d. identify new sources of food. e. import more food.

b

Boserup's basic thesis with respect to population growth in cultures that practiced subsistence agriculture was that Select one: a. population increase would decimate local resources. b. population increase would be accompanied by an increase in how intensely land would be used. c. population increase would become unsustainable. d. population increase would lead to out-migration. e. population increase would lead to competition for limited resources.

b

Clustered rural settlements are most commonly associated with Select one: a. the mid-Atlantic region. b. New England. c. the lower Mississippi Valley. d. the Southeast. e. the Ohio River Valley.

b

Dairy farmers specialize in other products rather than fresh milk because Select one: a. of the low profit margin of milk. b. they are located outside the milkshed. c. of the high cost of feed. d. of the high cost of land. e. none of the above.

b

Humans survived prior to the invention of agriculture by engaging in Select one: a. shifting cultivation. b. hunting and gathering. c. pastoral nomadism. d. hunting big game animals. e. slash and burn cultivation techniques.

b

Suitcase farms are most associated most with Select one: a. mixed crop and livestock farming. b. grain farming. c. market gardening. d. dairy farming. e. luxury crops.

b

The country that produces the most maize in the world is Select one: a. Canada. b. United States. c. Ukraine. d. Brazil. e. Argentina.

b

The invention in the late 1800s that changed the geography of cattle ranching was Select one: a. the harvester. b. barbed wire. c. the steel tipped plow. d. the John Deere tractor. e. none of the above.

b

The land division system most responsible for dispersed rural settlements in many parts of the United States is the Select one: a. long lot system. b. township and range system. c. metes and bounds system. d. enclosure movement. e. none of the above.

b

The main difference between coffee and tea is that Select one: a. coffee is consumed where it is produced. b. tea is consumed where it is produced. c. coffee is grown in upland areas in the tropics and subtropics. d. tea is grown in low-lying areas in humid continental climates. e. A and B only.

b

The major reason why intensive subsistence farmers do not grow rice is because Select one: a. it takes too much effort. b. of the climate. c. they do not have the expertise. d. they have a cultural taboo against rice. e. they can make more money from growing other crops.

b

The region with the lowest percent of the labor force directly engaged in agriculture is Select one: a. Western Europe. b. North America. c. Eastern Europe. d. North Africa. e. East Asia.

b

The second agricultural revolution coincided with Select one: a. the Enlightenment. b. the Industrial Revolution. c. Imperialism. d. the Age of Revolutions. e. the first wave of European migration.

b

This type of farming practice helps preserve soil conservation by planting crops on the tops of hills. Select one: a. Intertillage. b. Ridge tillage. c. Crop rotation. d. Cover crop planting. e. None of the above.

b

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume New York City is the single market for the United States, mixed crop and livestock agriculture would be located in Select one: a. New England. b. the Midwest. c. the Pacific Northwest. d. southeastern states. e. Great Plains.

b

What best characterizes intensive commercial agriculture? Select one: a. Commercial agriculture dominates in More Developed Countries (MDCs). b. Due to globalization and competition, profit margins have decreased. c. Farmers must specialize in order to stay competitive. d. Farmers are part of a complex and highly integrated system called agribusiness. e. All of the above.

b

Which famous cultural geographer theorized that the invention of agriculture took place in multiple hearths? Select one: a. Ester Bosrup. b. Carl Sauer. c. Henrich von Thunen. d. Walter Christaller. e. William Burgess.

b

Which of the following are examples of extensive subsistence agriculture? Select one: a. Swidden and dairy. b. Slash and burn agriculture and nomadic herding. c. Shifting cultivation and livestock ranching. d. Livestock ranching and slash and burn agriculture. e. Nomadic herding and plantation agriculture.

b

Why do different regions of the United States specialize in different dairy products? Select one: a. Soil fertility varies from region to region. b. Their relative location with respect to the milkshed. c. Other crops are more economical. d. Historical customs differ for various dairy products. e. All of the above.

b

Why do societies practicing shifting cultivation only farm the same plot of land for one to two years? Select one: a. Shifting cultivation depletes nutrients from the soil faster than other methods. b. Tropical soils are nutrient poor. c. Pressure from the government keeps tribes moving. d. Since they don't own the land, tribes must keep shifting location. e. All of the above.

b

Mediterranean agriculture products include Select one: a. grapes. b. olives. c. dates. d. lemons. e. all of the above

e

According to the von Thunen model, what type of agricultural practice would locate in the outer most concentric ring? Select one: a. Dairy. b. Forestry. c. Grazing. d. Mixed crop and livestock. e. Horticulture.

c

Agricultural first diffused to Europe from Select one: a. North Africa. b. South Asia. c. Southwest Asia. d. West Africa. e. Southeast Asia.

c

All of the following are aspects of commercial agriculture except Select one: a. a heavy reliance on machinery. b. the product is consumed off the farm. c. there is little relationship to other businesses. d. a small percentage of the workforce is engaged directly in agriculture. e. the average size of farms is hundreds of acres.

c

All of the following are forms of farm subsidies except Select one: a. establishing a minimum price for their product regardless of market conditions. b. importing barriers on foreign agricultural products. c. paying farmers to grow specialty crops. d. paying farmers not to produce more than a certain amount for their product. e. giving farmers tax incentives for various conservation measures.

c

All of the following were vegetative planting (root crop) hearths except Select one: a. West Africa. b. Southeast Asia. c. Southwest Asia. d. Peruvian Highlands. e. All of the above.

c

Commercial agriculture practiced in the tropics and subtropics is called Select one: a. intensive subsistence agriculture. b. paddy rice farming. c. plantation agriculture. d. double cropping. e. none of the above.

c

The European Union refuses to purchase corn and soybeans from the United States because Select one: a. the prices are too high. b. they want to protect their corn crop. c. they are opposed to GMO crops. d. they import cheaper commodities from our competitors. e. they can grow more corn and soybeans in Europe.

c

The biotechnical agricultural revolution is best characterized by Select one: a. the integration of crop rotation systems with technology. b. the use of remote sensing in determining irrigation levels. c. the incorporation of genetically modified crops. d. the use of integrated pest management. e. the development of more palatable grains.

c

The most important large-scale commercial wheat producing countries in the world include all of the following except Select one: a. United States. b. Ukraine. c. Switzerland. d. Argentina. e. Australia.

c

The process by which people engaged in shifting cultivation plant crops of varying heights in order to protect lower crops is called Select one: a. ridge tillage. b. swidden agriculture. c. intertillage. d. shifting cutivtion. e. subsistence agriculture.

c

The technical definition of horticulture includes the cultivation of Select one: a. flowers. b. flowers and fruits. c. flowers, fruits, and vegetables. d. flowers and carnations. e. flowers and nursery plants.

c

What area of the world first incorporated domestication of both plants and animals? Select one: a. Ethiopian Highlands. b. Southwest Asia. c. Southeast Asia. d. East Asia. e. Middle America.

c

What has been the trend with respect to dairy farming in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) since the 1970s? Select one: a. Production has declined relative to income. b. Production has declined due to government regulations. c. Production has increased as a total percent of world production levels. d. Production has increased due to foreign aid. e. None of the above.

c

What is the best reason for why many dairy farmers in Wisconsin choose to produce butter and cheese rather than fresh milk? Select one: a. Most dairy farmers are located too far from Milwaukee and Chicago. b. The profit margin is higher on cheese. c. The entire country is their market area for these products. d. Wisconsin's peripheral location within the United States is ideal. e. All of the above.

c

What is the best reason why market gardening farms grow highly perishable fruits and vegetables? Select one: a. Favorable climate. b. High soil fertility. c. Farms are located close to urban centers. d. Transportation costs are low. e. Government subsidies make it possible.

c

What type of diffusion is most closely associated with the Columbian Exchange? Select one: a. Stimulus diffusion. b. Expansion diffusion. c. Relocation diffusion. d. Hierarchical diffusion. e. Contagious diffusion.

c

Which pairing of animal(s) and region is not correct? Select one: a. Water buffalo, pig, and chicken - Southeast Asia. b. Llama and alpaca - South America. c. Cattle - South Asia. d. Goat and sheep - Southwest Asia. e. All of the above.

c

____________has increased its production by 20% per year for the last twenty years. Select one: a. Sustainable agriculture. b. Viticulture. c. Organic agriculture. d. Chicken production. e. None of the above.

c

According to Carl Sauer, what best characterized the invention of plant domestication? Select one: a. The process was gradual. b. A number of independent hearths were established. c. Hearths developed in areas with high biodiversity. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

d

Agriculture is associated with the Select one: a. secondary sector of the economy. b. quaternary sector of the economy. c. tertiary sector of the economy. d. primary sector of the economy. e. service sector of the economy.

d

All of the following are characteristics of pastoral nomads except Select one: a. they consume mostly grains rather than meat. b. they trade meat and skins for grains. c. they stay in one place when rainfall is plentiful. d. they only consume animal products and animal by-products. e. they primarily depend on animals for their survival.

d

All of the following are characteristics of shifting cultivation except Select one: a. people usually live in small villages. b. farmers clear land using a slash (vegetation) and burn (debris. Technique) c. crops are grown on land until the nutrients in the soil are depleted. d. primogentric land ownership dominates shifting cultivation societies. e. farmers usually return to the same area approximately twenty years later.

d

All of the following are major wheat producing states except Select one: a. North Dakota. b. Nebraska. c. Kansas. d. Iowa. e. Montana.

d

Due to over harvesting of fish stocks and increased demand for seafood, what form of agriculture has substantially grown in the last thirty years? Select one: a. Factory deep sea fishing. b. Commercial plantation agriculture. c. Agribusiness. d. Aquaculture. e. Monoculture.

d

Europeans evolved from farming a single field in early medieval times to rotating crops into how many different sections or fields by the 18th century? Select one: a. One. b. Two. c. Three. d. Four. e. Five.

d

Even though climatic conditions are suitable for wine production in North Africa and Southwest Asia, why is this form of agriculture not practiced in these regions? Select one: a. Both areas need economic development to establish a wine industry. b. Strict government regulations discourage development of a wine industry. c. Lack of irrigation engineering is an impediment. d. There is not a cultural tradition of consuming wine in these regions. e. Desalination is still too costly for this type of economic activity.

d

Grain produced in the United States is used for all of the following except it is Select one: a. purchased by food processing companies for baked products. b. sent around the world as foreign aid. c. stored in grain elevators for and sold in the market when prices increase. d. consumed predominately by local communities throughout the Midwest. e. sent to sub-Saharan Africa for famine relief.

d

Growing only enough food to feed your family is an example of Select one: a. vegetative planting. b. market gardening. c. extensive commercial agriculture. d. subsistence agriculture. e. none of the above.

d

Many farmers in New England turned to specialty farming, such as growing mushrooms, asparagus, herbs, and nursery plants because Select one: a. the climate is better for these types of operations. b. depopulation of rural New England has reduced the customer base. c. the "eat locally" movement has generated more demand for these products. d. dairy farming has become less profitable due to lower milk prices per unit and increasing operating costs. e. the increased use of refrigerated trucks has expanded the market area.

d

Shifting cultivation is a threatened form of agriculture because of Select one: a. competition for resources from logging and mining companies. b. population increase. c. modern technology makes the practice obsolete. d. A and B only. e. none of the above.

d

The area in Canada most associated with grain farming is Select one: a. the Maritime Provinces. b. Ontario. c. the Northwest Territories. d. the Prairie Provinces. e. British Columbia.

d

The modern definition of agriculture includes Select one: a. animal husbandry and shifting cultivation. b. vegetative and seed planting. c. multiple hearths of origin. d. the deliberate domestication of plants and animals. e. none of the above.

d

The region of the world that benefited the least from the Green Revolution was Select one: a. South Asia. b. East Asia. c. South America. d. Sub-Saharan Africa. e. Central America.

d

The two most widely used and distributed Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) crops are Select one: a. corn and wheat. b. wheat and millet. c. soybeans and wheat. d. soybeans and corn. e. corn and flax.

d

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume London, England, and Paris, France, is the single market for Europe. Extensive grain farming would take place in Select one: a. southern England. b. Mediterranean France. c. Italy. d. the steppes of Russia. e. the Benelux countries.

d

What area in Canada is most productive for timber? Select one: a. the Maritime Provinces. b. Ontario. c. the Northwest Territories. d. British Columbia. e. the Prairie Provinces.

d

What geographic factor best explains why a piece of land is used intensively or extensively for agriculture? Select one: a. Soil quality. b. Precipitation levels. c. Climate region. d. Distance to the market. e. Price of land.

d

Which combination of animals was domesticated in Southwest Asia? Select one: a. Water buffalo, pig, and chicken. b. Llama and alpaca. c. Cattle, camel, and goat. d. Sheep and goat. e. Yak and horse.

d

Which of the following are negative consequences of the Green Revolution in India? Select one: a. It increased environmental damage due to the increased use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. b. It increased interregional migration. c. It increased the gap between wealthy and poor farmers. d. All of the above. e. A and B only.

d

According to the von Thunen model, what costs does a commercial farmer consider when deciding what crops to plant? Select one: a. Transportation costs. b. Cost of land. c. Transaction costs. d. Cost of externalities. e. A and B only.

e

Agriculture is affected by all of the following except Select one: a. cultural taboos. b. distance to the market. c. political policies. d. level of economic development. e. all of the above.

e

All of the following are areas in the United States most susceptible to losing prime agricultural land except Select one: a. California's Central Valley. b. the Chicago-Milwaukee-Madison triangle. c. coastal California. d. South Florida. e. all of the above.

e

All of the following are examples of intensive commercial agriculture except Select one: a. dairy. b. truck farming. c. mixed crop and livestock. d. horticulture. e. paddy rice farming.

e

All of the following are ways that small farmers try to compete against corporate operations except Select one: a. establish a CSA. b. become an organic operation. c. sell their produce at farmer's markets. d. specialize in a high quality product. e. increase their use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers.

e

Another name for truck farming is Select one: a. specialty farming. b. market gardening. c. commercial gardening and fruit farming. d. intensive commercial agriculture. e. all of the above.

e

Globalization impacts dairy farming in all of the following ways except Select one: a. increased the use of feedlots. b. increased the percentage of ownership in fewer hands. c. increased the use of mechanization in dairy operations. d. increased the size of farms. e. increased the number of dairy cattle in the United States and the U.K.

e

How did the second agricultural revolution improve agricultural production? Select one: a. The four-field system increased yields and soil fertility. b. New technologies such as the drill press increased production. c. The Enclosure Movement encouraged the use of machinery. d. Advances in breeding livestock increased production of meat and dairy. e. All of the above.

e

How has containerization changed the geography of linkages between production areas and location of consumers? Select one: a. Due to economies of scale, production areas have shifted to many Least Developed Countries (LDCs). b. The Suez and Panama canals are less important because of containerization. c. Containerization has made long distance trade more efficient. d. Containerization has made long distance trade more profitable. e. All of the above.

e

How have globalization and improved transportation links changed the geography of production areas for products such as apples, grapes, and fresh cut flowers? Select one: a. Farmers will seek out areas with the lowest production costs. b. North American farmers no longer have a competitive advantage all year. c. Production areas have become more competitive in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). d. Southern hemisphere producers have increased production of these items. e. All of the above.

e

Many countries in Europe and Africa are reluctant to import Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) produced foods from the United States because Select one: a. they could severely alter local agricultural economies. b. they could possibly crossbreed with domestic varieties. c. they would cause economic dependence on US corporations. d. they are considered less nutritious. e. all of the above.

e

Many feed fattening farms (feedlots) have located in the southeast and west of the United States because of Select one: a. proximity to growing markets in the south and west. b. less severe weather. c. lack of union organization. d. cheaper feed. e. A and B only.

e

Market gardening dominates in Select one: a. New Jersey and Delaware. b. parts of Florida. c. the west coast of Michigan. d. the Central Valley of California. e. all of the above.

e

Market gardening farms are located close to large urban areas because Select one: a. expensive land costs force farmers to grow crops with a higher profit margin. b. of the highly perishable nature of their crops. c. transport costs are high due to special handling requirements. d. farmers need large amounts of capital for specialized machinery. e. all of the above.

e

Mediterranean agricultural products are grown in Select one: a. Chile. b. the Central Valley of California. c. southern Spain. d. North Africa. e. all of the above.

e

Most cereal grains produced in the Untied States are Select one: a. exported to developing countries. b. given away as foreign aid. c. turned into processed foods such as breakfast cereals and breads. d. sold to food processing industries. e. fed to livestock.

e

Most plantation operations are found in Select one: a. Latin America. b. Sub-Saharan Africa. c. Southeast Asia. d. South Asia. e. all of the above.

e

On a global scale most organic products are sold in Select one: a. North America. b. Europe. c. Japan. d. All of the above. e. A and B only.

e

Pastoral nomadism is a threatened way of life because Select one: a. of competition for resources. b. the nomads often cross international borders. c. it is not an economically viable livelihood. d. increased population pressures. e. all of the above.

e

Pastoral nomads and livestock ranchers both Select one: a. suffer from low profit margins. b. have difficulty hiring seasonal workers. c. require extensive knowledge of irrigation systems. d. are in competition with alternative land uses. e. operate most efficiently in similar climates.

e

Pastoral nomads predominate in Select one: a. semi-arid deserts. b. deserts. c. subtropical grasslands. d. tropical rainforest. e. A and B only.

e

Strategies used to increase the supply of food for a country could include Select one: a. putting more land into production. b. increasing the yield of land under cultivation. c. identifying new food sources. d. increasing food imports. e. all of the above.

e

Swidden agriculture refers to Select one: a. clearing land to farm using slash and burn techniques. b. only farming cleared land for one to two years. c. terracing steep hillsides for agricultural purposes. d. all of the above. e. A and B only.

e

The Enclosure Movement altered the geography and agricultural practices of rural England by Select one: a. consolidating oddly shaped fields. b. encouraging the use of more farm machinery. c. displacing farmers. d. all of the above e. A and B only.

e

The farm crisis in the United States during the late 1970s and 1980s resulted in Select one: a. many family farms going bankrupt. b. corporate farms playing a larger role in rural America. c. increased size of the average farm. d. making it more difficult for an individual to become a farmer. e. all of the above.

e

The goal(s) of sustainable agriculture is to Select one: a. reduce pesticide and fertilizer usage. b. help preserve the social fabric of rural communities. c. preserve the long-term productivity of the land. d. return to a better system of integrating crops and livestock. e. all of the above.

e

The major difference between subsistence and commercial agriculture is Select one: a. where the product is consumed. b. that commercial agriculture is primarily focused on profit. c. that land ownership in subsistence agricultural communities is often communal. d. that in subsistence agriculture the motivation is to feed one's family. e. all of the above.

e

What accounts for dramatic increased yields of wheat in developed countries since the 1950s? Select one: a. Increased use of machinery. b. Increased use of pesticides. c. Increased use of fertilizers. d. Development of improved seed varieties. e. All of the above.

e

What activity typifies extensive commercial agriculture? Select one: a. Wheat and grain farming. b. Livestock ranching. c. Banana plantations in Latin America. d. Mixed crop and livestock operations in Iowa. e. A and B only.

e

What advantages do cattle feedlots have over traditional methods of livestock ranching? Select one: a. Feedlots combine a number of steps in the meat packing industry in one location. b. Feedlots are more efficient at adding weight to cattle. c. Feedlots reduce transportation costs of cattle prior to being slaughtered. d. Feedlots reduce transportation costs of the finished product. e. All of the above.

e

What conclusion can one make with regard to the connection between the second agricultural revolution and the Industrial Revolution? Select one: a. Advancements in agricultural production helped feed the expanding population. b. Technological advancements helped increase agricultural production. c. Transportation improvements made more food available to urban populations. d. None of the above. e. A and B only.

e

What was the advantage of domesticating animals? Select one: a. Animals provided meat. b. Animals provided milk. c. Animals provided furs and skins. d. Animals were beasts of burden. e. All of the above.

e

Which of the following agricultural practices could be deemed sustainable? Select one: a. Intensive subsistence. b. Organic truck farming. c. Commercial livestock feedlots. d. Commercial dairy operations. e. A and B only.

e

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the invention of agriculture? Select one: a. The process was gradual. b. There were multiple hearths throughout the world. c. The process was a sudden response to extreme environmental changes. d. Humans did little experimentation with plant domestication. e. A and B only.

e

Which region is not a major dairy producing area? Select one: a. Southeast Canada. b. Northeastern United States. c. Southern California. d. Northwestern Europe. e. Southeast United States.

e

Why did von Thunen include a forestry ring in his model of agricultural land use? Select one: a. Wood was quickly becoming a scarce resource. b. Wood was used for construction purposes and heating. c. Wood is heavy and therefore expensive to transport. d. Wood was a sustainable product. e. B and C only.

e

von Thunen's agricultural land use model assumes Select one: a. there is a flat isotopic plane. b. there are uniform soils across the landscape. c. there are no physical features present, such as rivers or mountains. d. all goods use the same form of transportation. e. all of the above.

e