5.2-5.4 (amsco) apush quiz - Westward Expansion

popular sovereignity

the idea that political authority belongs to the people (so it should be in the hands of the people if slavery should be allowed in the west via vote)

conflicts over Texas

- 1823: MX gained independence from Spain and wanted more anglo (white) to farm in the TX region - Moses Austin (MO): got a large land grant from MX, but died - so his son Stephen brough 300 American families to settle into huge land tract. 1830: American whites and slaves outnumbered mexicans by 3:1 Issue: in 1829, Mexico outlawed slavery and wanted all Americans to be Catholic - Americans refused so MX closed land to more emigrants - Americans refused again and ignored Mexican wishes

conflict over Maine

- 1840s: undefined boundary between Canadian New Brunswick and Mine - Canada was still under British rule and US was still at odds with GB because of the war of 1812 and the revolution - fights ensued between rival lumbers which lead to a war

settling border disputes between MX and Texas

- 1845: Polk chose John Slidell as a messenger to persuade MX to 1. sell CA to the US and New Mexico 2. settle border dispute (set it along Rio Grande instead of the Nueces River) - Slidell failed - MX government refused border compromise and selling their land

expansion into latin american and south (1850s)

- 1850s: slaverowners turned to Latin American where slavery was economically feasible - wanted Cuba

immediate causes of the mexican american war (1846-48)

- While Slidell was dealing w MX affairs - Polk ordered General Z. Taylor to move an army toward the Rio Grande - April 1846: MX army crossed RG and captured an American army patrol - Polk used this incident to declare war - Northern Whigs: opposed war over this incident and did not believe that American blood had been shed on American soil - war had been approved by house majority

southerners on slave expansion and territory (post MX-US war)

- a lot of southerners resented the Missouri Compromise (1820) bc it banned slavery from land purchased in the Lousiana Purchase - dissatisfied with territorial gains from MX war (were not large enough -> wanted to find more lands so they turned south)

clayton-bulwer treaty (1850)

- ambition was to build a canal thru central america = to provide a shortcut from atlantic to pacific - GB also shared this ambition - To prevent seizing oppurtunities and conflict - this treaty was signed that neither nation would attempt to take control of a canal - stayed intact until 1901 via (Hay-Pauncefote Treaty)

characteristics of manifest destiny painting

- angel embodied destiny herself (liberty is known as a female) moving west - by focusing the east as light and west as dark: America is pushing light into darkness and entering a new territory in which American values would influence. * West: native and farmers * East: industiral w boats and trains - angel is holding a telegraph

conflicts over oregon

- another dispute between US and GB - originally claimed by Spain, US, GB and Russia * Spain gave up this land via Adam Onis Treaty (1819) British claims: -fur trade w natives but had only a small presence there US claims: 1. Columbus River founded by Robert Gray (1792) 2. Lewis and Clark Expedition (1805) 3. established fur trading post in Astoria, OR 4. Protestants settled in Willamette Valleys (1840s) with great farming success so they attracted 5k Americans from the East to settle in that area. By 1844: Americans believed their manifest destiny was to annex TX and gain full Oregon territory -> certain expansionists also wanted MX to give up CA 1845: American emigrants arrived to take over

historical perspective on manifest destiny and expansion w diverse contributions

- attitudes abt race: racist motives prompted the decisoion to withdraw US troops from MX and Americans oppose dthe idea of incorporating a large non-Anglo group into the country. - impacts of natives - influence of MX culture in US - contributions of Black and Asian american pioneers - role of women in western families and community life - war impact on MX: left MX with long standing economic and political issues that stunted MX growth. - motives of taking MX were based more on imperialism (a more developed nation establishes a presence and power over other countries) than racism - wanted to gain trading connections w Asia

annexing TX and dividing oregon (1845-46)

- current President Tyler took Polk's election as a sign to push for annexiation - Tyler convinced Congress to pass a joint resolution for annex - required a majority of each house instead of 2/3 required vote and left Polk dealing with Mexico's reaction - TX was annexed (1845) - Polk ended up dividing Oregon on the 49th parallel instead of advocating for "fifty four or fight" and signed this agreement with GB but this final agreement was delayed -> US had to grant Vancouver Island and GB right to navigate the Columbus - 1846: treaty was submited for ratification - Northerners viewed treaty as a sellout but war had already broken out between MX and US so voted for this compromise settlement.

treaty of guadalupe hidalgo (1848)

- ended the war - MX recognized the Rio Grande as southern border of TX - US took possessions of former MX regions of CA and New MX (The Mexican Cession) - N Whigs opposed treaty: saw as an immoral effort to expand slaveru - Southern expansionist opposed for the opposite reason: believed that the US should take all of MX since the land was below the Missouri Compromise line (could expand slavery states)

california gold rush and constuition (1848-49)

- gold was discovered in CA in 1848 - other rushes in CO, NV, Dakotas - mining boom brought tens of thousands to the west - camps and towns (short lived) sprung up whenever a strike was seen - "boom towns" - this lead for CA population to soar from 14k in 1848 to 380k in the 1860s - 1/3 of the miners were Chinese - influx of settlers: settlers caused for law and order - 1849: CA settlers created a constitution that banned slavery - would result in the compromise of - though President Taylor was a slaveholder - supported New MX and CA as free states

foreign commerce and expansion of US trade in mid 1800s

- large growth of exports and imports 1. shipping firms had scheduled departures 2. whale oil demand - lamps (New England) 3. American clipper ships - 89-day voyage from NYC to San Fran instead of half a year 4. steamships 5. trade with Asia - opened 2 new ports in Japan (Kanagawa Treaty)

tension between the north and south (1850s)

- manifest destiny and expansion increased sectionalism - abolitionist and Whites who did not want competition of slave labor: opposed expansion - slavonwers and benefiters of slavery: wanted it to grow - most Americans wanted Union despite this

the mexican american war (1846-1848)

- most war was fought in MX territory by small american armies - General kearny: conquered New MX and S. CA w a small army - John C. Freemont = overthew MX rule in N. CA (1846) and claimed CA independent (Bear Flag Republic) - Taylor: his army drove MX army from TX and crossed into the RG (north MX) to gain a massive victory at Buena Vista (1847) - Polk sent W. Scott to invade Central MX - took Vera Cruz and captured MX city (1847) - MX gov was unwilling to sue for peace and concede loss of northern last - government had little choice but to agree to US terms - Treaty of Guadelupe Hildalgo and Wilmot Privoso - Significance: expanded the West of the US greatly, further caused tensions between the South and North pertaining to slavery that lead to ultimate Civil War

free soil movement (1848 election)

- northern democrats and whigs - supported wilmot privoso - all Blacks (free or enslaved) should be excluded from the Mexican Cession (territory acquired post MX war) - many northerners wanted the west to be a land of oppurtunities for whites - did not oppose slavery in the south or anywhere - free homsteads and improvements

wilmot proviso (1846)

- pre-war: the entry of US into war w MX was a controversy because of slavery issues - 1846: David Wilmot proposed that a bill should be amended to forbid slavery on any MX territory acquired post War - appealed to lawmakers and voters who wanted to preserve this territory for the Whites + avoid enslaved labor comp. - wilmot proviso passed the House (which the North had more power in) - was defeated in Senate (which the South overpowered) - Significance: escalated political conflict that was one of the factors that lead to the civil war and also increased more sectionalism

ostend manifesto (1854)

- spain refused to sell cuba to US under Polk's presidency - other adventurers tried to take island by force - failed - 1852: newly elected President Pierce dispatched American diplomats to Ostand, Belgium to secretly negotiate purchasing Cuba from spain - plan got leaked: antislavery members of congress were enraged

compromise of 1850

- taylor's plan of admitting CA and New MX as free states created talk of secession in the South - Henry Clay proposed a plan: 1. admit CA into the Union as a free state 2. divide remainder of the Mexican Cession into Utah and New Mexico and allow settlers of these areas to decide slavery via popular sovereignity 3. give disputed land between MX and TX to the new territories in return for the government paying off TX debt of 10 million 4. Ban slave trade in the District of Columbia - but people who owned slaves before can keep them 5. fugitive slave law - (if slaves escape or you know/harboured a slave - it would be illegal not to attempt to return that slave) ENFORCED greatly - President Taylor originally disagreed: his VP and successor Millard Fillmore signed the compromise significance: bought time for the Union, added to North's political power, fugitive slabe law and popular soveignity arose conflict, deepened commitments of Northerners to save Union from secission (temporary truce)

the election of 1848

- the democrats: Senator Cass as nominee and wanted popular sovereignty - the whigs: General Z. Taylor as nominee who did not have a position on slavery and never was in politics - free soil party: Van Buren as nominee who was aganist expansion, composed of antislavery democrats and conscience whigs - Taylor defeated Cass

revolt and indepdence from texas settlers

-1834: General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became dictator of Mexico -attempted to enforce Mexico's laws in Texas, causing a group of settlers under Sam Houston revolted and declared Texas independent in 1836 -an army led by Santa Anna attacked the Alamo in San Antonio and killed all the Americans there -Battle of San Jacinto: Sam Houston caught the Mexicans and forced Santa Anna to sign Texas's independence and recognize the territory north of the Rio Grande -The Mexcian legislatures rejected the theory

battle of san jacinto river (1836)

-Battle of San Jacinto: Sam Houston caught the Mexicans and forced Santa Anna to sign Texas's independence and recognize the territory north of the Rio Grande - however the Mexican leg rejected this treaty once the news reached MX city

election of 1844

Northern Whigs: aganist annexiation and nominated ex pres Van Buren Southern Whigs: proslavery and proannex and nominated former VP John Calhoun - this dispute deadlocked the Democratic convention so they ended up electing a 'dark horse' - James K. Polk of TN (DEMOCRATIC) - Polk: pro manifest destiny, agreed w TX annex, occupation of Oregon at latitude 54' 40, and gaining CA - motivated Southern and Western expansionists Henry Clay (Whig) tried playing both sides of annexiation and the Northerners ended up forming the Liberty Party - solitifed Polk's win and mandated the annexiation of TX essentially

texas annexiation denied (1844)

Sam Houston = first president of Republic of Texas (or Lone Star Republic) - wanted to apply for Texas to be added to the US union - Jackson and Van Buren put off the matter because of political opposition due to slavery - Texas could be seen as land to make more slave states - successor of Prez Henry Harrison - John Tyler (1841-1845) worked to annex Texas due to fear of British infleunce in TX but his treaty was rejected and threat of war also dampened expanionist zeal

Aroostook War (1839)

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.

manifest destiny (1840s-50s)

The belief that the United States had been given right by God to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This idea was used to justify westward expansion throughout most of the 19th century. Driven by: nationalism, population increase, economic development, technological advancements and reform ideals (see 4.11) - this root of expansionism could arguably be driven by the ambition to spread slavery into the West post-Missouri Compromise (1820) that evened out the ratio of the slave to free states.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

U.S. and Great Britain *Terms:* Settled the boundary dispute between Maine and Canada. Ended the slave trade on the high seas. Settled Minnesota Territory

the walker expedition (1853-56)

William Walker, a southern adventurer, tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853; took Nicaragua to develop a proslavery empire but collapsed when he was killed by Honduran authorities

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

an agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico. Signficance: displayed manifest destiny, further sectionalized the United States, solitified the border beteen US and MX

urban frontier

cities in the west arose due to railroads, mineral wealth and farming - attracted many professionals and businessmen - San Fran and Denver via Gold rush

fur traders' frontier

fur traders = mountain men - first nonnatives to open the far west 1820s: traded annually with natives for animal skins

southern positions (1848 election)

most southern whites viewed attempts to restrict expansion of slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights to take and use their property as they wish, saw abolitionists and Free-Soilers as attempting to destroy slavery, favored extending Missouri Compromise line westward

farming frontier

• preemption acts of 1830s-40s: right to settle public land and set low prices - gov also offered parcels of small lands - moving west was a middle class movement - isolation made life for pioneers hard but rural communities developed modeled after the American east and by immigrants from abroad