609 Final
___________ is defined as voluntary behavior occurring in a context in which alternative behaviors are possible.
Choice
_________ reinforcers are those consequences that function as reinforcers only after learning occurs.
Conditioned
__________ reinforcers are those consequences that function as reinforcers only after learning occurs.
Conditioned
If someone says that a behavior is determined, what do they mean?
It means that behavior has a cause, or multiple causes.
On Halloween night, a well-illuminated, decorated house functions as an _____ for knocking on the door, and a completed dark, undecorated house functions as an _____ for this behavior.
SD; Sdelta
What are the two problems with self-reported measures of behavior?
Self-reports rely on flawed human memories - we often cannot recall whether or how often we engaged in a behavior. Sometimes people will stretch the truth in their self-reports, often to make themselves look better than they are.
_________ is defined as differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal behavior.
Shaping
In the data shown below, behavior is not stable. Instead there is a(n) ______________.
downward trend
Pavlovian learning is demonstrated when the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). We know the CS has acquired this behavioral function when it...
evokes the conditioned response (CR)
According to this theory of reinforcement, behavior is controlled by the likely future, as exemplified in the past.
information
A stimulus change can include either the __________________ or the ______________ of a stimulus
presentation; removal
An antecedent stimulus that elicits an unconditioned reflex response is referred to as the
unconditioned stimulus (US)
The idea that _________ is a reliable way to identify the determinants of behavior is one of the assumptions of behavior analysts.
the scientific method
In the diagram below, the US --> US interval is 30 mins and the CS->US interval is 3 mins. Use the equation in the book to calculate the delay-reduction ratio. Delay-reduction ratio = _______ / _______ = ______
30/3=10
Conditioned punishers are more effective when...
All of these
The book discusses several attractive features of the token economy. Which of the following is one of those attractive features?
All of these
In the _________________________ design, the independent variable(s) is turned ON and OFF rapidly to evaluate if this systematically and repeatedly changes behavior.
Alternating-treatments design
The book discusses four variables that affect choice. Which of the following is NOT one of those variables?
Anticipatory reinforcement
The typical pattern of responding under an VR schedule is shown in panel...
B
Which of the following is NOT one of the six principles of effective punishment?
Effective punishers involve physical pain. Spare the rod, spoil the child.
The book discusses 6 principles of effective shaping. Which of the following is NOT one of those principles?
Discrimination training - reinforce the behavior in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of any other stimuli
After breaking up with his partner, Mitch began declining calls from his ex. These calls came in at a rate of 2-3 per day, but on day four, Mitch's ex called him at an incredibly high rate (25 times). His ex called far less often after that. The temporary increase in calling (i.e. the previously reinforced response) on day four could be described as a(n) _________________
Extinction burst
When the residents of Troy chose to wheel into the city the large gift horse that the Greeks left outside the city walls, they were surprised by all the Greek warriors who came out and killed or seriously injured them while they slept. Something tells me that if the surviving Trojans were faced with the choice of what to do with another large wooden horse, they would choose to leave it outside the city walls. What behavioral principle/procedure accounts for their decreasedwillingness to accept equestrian gifts?
Punishment
_____________ describes the temporary resumption in operant responding following time away from the extinction setting.
Spontaneous recovery of operant behavior
A singular thing that you experience through your senses (sight, smell, sound, taste, or tactile sensation) is called a ___________.
Stimulus
______________ is demonstrated when an individual symmetrically relates three or more stimuli as, in many ways, equivalent to one another.
Stimulus equivalence
The book discusses three things learned during Pavlovian conditioning. The first of these was discussed while referring to the below graph. What is the first thing learned during Pavlovian conditioning?
The CS signals a delay-reduction to the US. The larger the delay-reduction, the faster Pavlovian learning occurs.
The book discusses three things learned during Pavlovian conditioning. The second of these was discussed while referring to the inset figure. What is the second thing learned during Pavlovian conditioning?
The CS signals when the US will occur.
The single-subject experimental design used when conducting a functional analysis of behavior is the _____________________ design.
alternating-treatments
What are the two broad categories of functional variables in behavior analysis?
biological; environmental
A useful measure of a reinforcer's efficacy is the maximum amount of behavior it will maintain. Behavior analysts refer to this measure as a _________
breakpoint
One measure of reinforcer efficacy is choice - if salted caramels are chosen more often than Laffy Taffy, then, for this individual, salted caramels are the more effective of the two reinforcers. But choice does not tell us how much more reinforcing salted caramels are than Laffy Taffy, for this individual. For this we need to measure the maximum amount of behavior the reinforcer will maintain, a measure known as the ____________.
breakpoint
The __________________ component of ACT involves an exploration of the client's values (e.g., to develop strong relationships with others) and developing a willingness to work toward those values, even when it means experiencing unwanted thoughts and feelings.
commitment
An antecedent stimulus that evokes a conditioned response (because the stimulus signals a delay-reduction to a phylogenetically important event) is referred to as the
conditioned stimulus (CS)
A token economy is a set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent ___________ reinforcers that may be later exchanged for one or more _____________ reinforcers.
conditioned, backup
The simplest contingency is _______________ reinforcement, in which every instance of the response is reinforced.
continuous
Behavior analysts believe that behavior has a knowable cause (or causes). This assumption is known as _________
determinism
When generalization is a problem, the best way to "tighten up" stimulus control us to use
discrimination training.
A discriminative stimulus (SD) will evoke a response only if a(n) ___________________ increases the efficacy of the reinforcer that will be obtained by making that response.
establishing operation (EO)
In Perfect-City USA the buses are free and on time. Buses leave the central bus station promptly every half hour. To obtain the reinforcer (a free ride on the bus) you need to be on the bus before it leaves. Showing up early to board the bus is wasted effort. In Perfect City the buses operate according to a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-interval (FI)
An operant behavior, like turning on the AC, is a _______________ class of behavior comprised of lots of topographically (physically) different responses, all of which produce the same consequence.
generic
Amaury is assigned homework at 10am and begins her homework at 2pm. This 4-hour interval between the opportunity to respond and the initiation of the response is known as ______________.
latency
Jeremy was sick with COVID-19 in November, so, after he recovered, he felt like he did not need to wear a face-mask to protect his health. Nonetheless, when an employee told him to put on his mask upon entering the restaurant, he did so because he didn't want to get yelled at. This kind of rule-following, controlled by socially mediated consequences is known as...
pliance
A(n) _______________ schedule of reinforcement specifies the number of responses that must be made in order for the reinforcer to be delivered.
ratio
When IOA is low, the analyst will need to...
refine the behavioral definition
The book discusses two categories of ________________ behavior, pliance and tracking.
rule-governed
Reinforcer surveys cannot be completed by nonverbal humans or nonhuman animals. When working with these populations, behavior analysts will instead identify potential reinforcer by using a(n) __________________
stimulus preference assessment
Reinforcer surveys cannot be completed by nonverbal humans or nonhuman animals. When working with these populations, behavior analysts will instead identify potential reinforcer by using a(n) __________________________
stimulus preference assessment
A(n) _______________ is a verbal operant occasioned by a nonverbal stimulus and maintained by a variety of social reinforcers.
tact
Some behavior analysts conduct research in controlled laboratory settings, where confounding variables are prevented from occurring. These individuals work in _________.
the experimental analysis of behavior
Another objection to the use of reinforcement is that it causes people to choke under pressure. However, this only seems to happen when ________ reinforcers are available.
very large
When using the direct-observation technique known as _________________ recording, we will record if the behavior does or does not occur throughout each of the contiguous observation periods.
whole-interval
What does the individual have to learn before a conditioned reinforcer will function as a reinforcer?
It has to learn that the conditioned reinforcer signals a delay-reduction to the backup reinforcer
The first scientist to demonstrate that reinforcers increase the probability of behavior was ______________________.
Edward L. Thorndike
When Herrnstein (1961) gave pigeons and rats a choice between a response alternative that offered food reinforcers according to a VI 90-second schedule and another alternative that never paid off...
Herrnstein was not all surprised when the animals exclusively preferred the VI 90-second alternative.
Malcolm and Kelli are direct observers and they agree on 34 of the behaviors they recorded, but they disagree on 6 of them. What is their IOA (you are free to use a calculator)?
85%
After breaking up with his partner, Mitch began declining calls from his ex. These calls came in at a rate of 2-3 per day, but on day four, Mitch's ex called him at an incredibly high rate (25 times). His ex called far less often after that. The temporary increase in calling (i.e. the previously reinforced response) on day four could be described as a(n) ______________________
Extinction burst
Brad is a 7-year old child who hates doing homework. When his parent sit him down and he starts to do his homework, Brad quickly throws a fit. Screaming and crying until his parents give in, and let him leave the homework session. If Brad's screaming and crying are operant behaviors maintained by reinforcement, what kind of reinforcement do you think is maintaining this problem behavior?
Negative reinforcement - escape
_____________ is defined as differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal behavior.
Shaping
______________ describes the temporary resumption in operant responding following time away from the extinction setting.
Spontaneous recovery of operant behavior
When Regina was in college she would always mow her neighbor's lawn when she mowed her own. Her neighbor, Gladys, was almost 90 years old and, in her appreciation, would give Regina a large block of American cheese, which she got from the government each month. On Sunday, Regina is clipping grocery store coupons from a flyer. She runs across a coupon for American cheese. She does not clip that coupon because the free cheese from Gladys has functioned as a(n) __________________ __________________; it temporarily decreases the value of a reinforcer (coupons for American cheese) and decreased behaviors that produce that reinforcer (clipping the coupon).
abolishing operation (AO)
A consequence that is directly produced by the response - it is not provided by someone else - and which increases the behavior above a no-reinforcer baseline is called a(n) ______________ reinforcer.
automatic
Antecedent events happen _____________ behavior.
before
Some behavior analysts provide behavioral services which are informed by prior research conducted in laboratory and/or clinical settings. These individuals work in the field of _________.
behavioral service delivery
A useful measure of a reinforcer's efficacy is the maximum amount of behavior it will maintain. Behavior analysts refer to this measure as a __________
breakpoint
Just because two variables tend to occur together (e.g., rate of sexual activity and personal income), that does not imply...
causation
When two variables tend to occur together (e.g., rate of sexual activity and personal income), they are...
correlated
Instead of relying on self-reports to measure human behavior, behavior analysts prefer to measure behavior using...
direct observation
Behavioral ___________ examines how nurture (experiences during an individual's lifetime) can shape nature (the biology of an individual and its offspring), which, in turn, influences behavior.
epigenetics
This form of negative reinforcement is defined as a consequent removal or reduction of a stimulus, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.
escape
Kyle shows Geoffrey the trailer for a new movie that he thinks Geoffrey will like. After watching it, Geoffrey is highly motivated to get to the movie theater and to buy a ticket to that movie. The trailer appears to have functioned as a(n) _____________ ______________ because it temporarily increased the value of a reinforcer (the movie ticket) and increased behaviors that produce that reinforcer (bicycling to the theater and purchasing a ticket).
establishing operation (EO)
A positive reinforcement contingency will shift to operant ________________ if responses are emitted, and they meet the reinforcement contingency but they are not reinforced. The effect of this will be that responding will fall to baseline (no-reinforcer) levels.
extinction
Lighting a citronella candle to prevent bug bites is an example of ______, while applying anti-itch cream to reduce the irritation of a bug bite is an example of ______.
negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-); negative reinforcement - escape (SRE-)
In a ___________________________, several different goods are available and the individual is allowed to choose one and use/consume it. The good that is consistently chosen first will be placed at the top of the _______________________. This good is the most likely one to function as a reinforcer.
stimulus preference assessment; preference hierarchy
Some behavior analysts conduct their research and interventions in workplace settings; targeting behaviors related to employee performance and satisfaction. These individuals work in ____________.
None of the above
____________ behavior may be defined as a generic class ofresponses influenced by antecedents, with each response in the class producing the same consequence.
Operant
Mary Cover-Jones published a paper in the 1924 that revolutionized the treatment of phobias. What principle, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, did Cover-Jones use to decrease her client's fear of furry animals.
Pavlovian extinction
Jeremy is training his dog (Timber) to jump through a hoop. Jeremy is going to use a conditioned reinforcer so that he can reinforce the behavior as soon as it happens. Timber walks toward the hoop and Jeremy clicks his clicker. Timber immediately looks toward the clicker and then Jeremy scratches Timber's belly. Jeremy rarely scratches Timber's belly and she seems to enjoy it, but she never approaches the hoop again. Using your knowledge of the principles of effective conditioned reinforcement, what advice would you give Jeremy?
Try to find a more effective backup reinforcer (like a highly preferred treat).
Use your memory of the book's flowchart to decide if the stimulus change (bolded) is a reinforcer or not. The behavior if interest is underlined. Anderson received his package after placing his order with an international online retailer. Although Anderson hates that this retailer treats their fulfillment center employees badly, he buys a lot of stuff from them. It's just so convenient! However, if Anderson's orders were never delivered to his house, he would eventually stop buying things from this retailer.
Yes, this is a reinforcer
Scratching a mosquito bite produces a consequence that is not provided by another person. If we determine that the feeling produced by scratching the bite is a reinforcer, we would classify it as a(n) _______________
automatic reinforcer
Scratching a mosquito bite produces a consequence that is not provided by another person. If we determine that the feeling produced by scratching the bite is a reinforcer, we would classify it as a(n) ________________
automatic reinforcer
Charlie's dog jumps up on the legs of his guests as they enter his apartment. The guests always pet the dog. Charlie decides to address this problem behavior using a technique he learned in his behavior analysis class. Each day, when he enters his apartment and his dog jumps up on his legs, he does not pet the dog (extinction). Instead, he leads the dog 10 feet away, to a carpet square in the corner, and pets the dog enthusiastically when it sits on the square. Charlie practices this every day, when he arrives home. About two weeks into this training, Charlie comes home to find his dog already sitting on his carpet square as Charlie walks into the room. Charlie proudly reinforces this behavior. Later, when some friends come over to watch a movie, the dog runs to the carpet square as the guests arrive. Charlie instructs his friends to reinforce this behavior. What technique did Charlie use to teach his dog to sit on the carpet square, instead of jumping on the legs of his guests?
differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
It is important that a scientific hypotheses is specific enough to be proven wrong. A scientific hypothesis is not ___________________ if it cannot be proven wrong,
falsifiable
Habits are formed when an operant response has been repeatedly reinforced, hundreds, if not thousands of times...
in the presence of the same antecedent stimulus.
A(n) ____________ variable is publicly observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way.
independent
IOA stands for...
inter-observer assessment
When using the direct-observation technique known as _________________ recording, we will record if the behavior does or does not occur during any portion of the contiguous observation periods.
partial-interval
Amanda made a fancy, handmade note in which she asked her father if he would take her to a local garden park. He thought it was adorable, so he took her to the park. A month later, Amanda made a similar card and gave it to her mother. Assuming that the trip to the park functioned as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a...
positive reinforcer (SR+)
The fourth principle effective Pavlovian conditioning is to ensure that the CS is not ______________.
redundant with another stimulus that already functions as a CS
A _________________ is a consequence that increases operant behavior above its baseline level.
reinforcer
Animal trainers who work in film and TV must teach the animal performer to do a behavior that they normally would not do; e.g., open a refrigerator and retrieve a beer. Simply reinforcing this behavior when it occurs will not work because...it will never occur. Therefore, these trainers use a technique known as ____________. That is, they reinforcer a series of approximations (e.g., approaching the refrigerator) that are successively closer to the terminal desired behavior. In the hands of a skilled trainer, it works every time.
shaping
In a time-series graph, like the one shown below, behavior is judged to be ______________ when, over repeated observations, there is little "bounce" and no systematic trend.
stable
After John B. Watson (the lead researcher in the "Little Albert" experiment) left his academic appointment at Johns Hopkins University, he used his knowledge of Pavlovian conditioning in what area of business?
Advertising
APOPO used discrimination training to teach ______________ to detect landmines buried in the dirt.
African pouched rats
At the 2020 US Open tennis tournament, Novak Djokovic, in frustration with his own play, wildly smacked a tennis ball after losing a point to his opponent, P. Carreño Busta. The ball hit a line judge in the neck and she fell to the ground, momentarily unable to breath. Mr. Djokovic, who was heavily favored to win the US Open men's singles tournament (which comes with a cash prize of $3 million), was immediately disqualified from competing in the rest of the tournament. What procedure did the US Open officials use, with the intention of reducing any future dangerous acts of frustration that Mr. Djokovic might commit?
Negative punishment
The faster one responds under an interval schedule of reinforcement
None of these. Under an interval schedule, the reinforcer is only delivered when one response is made after the interval timer elapses.
The systematic application of positive reinforcement (and other behavioral principles covered) to workplace settings is called _______________
Organizational Behavior Management (OBM)
According to the _____________ principle, a high-probability behavior will function as a reinforcer when made contingent upon a low-probability behavior.
Premack
In this design, the independent variable is turned ON and OFF to examine its effects on behavior, while simultaneously ruling out confounds.
Reversal (A-B-A)
There are three components of a behavioral experiment. Which of the following is NOT one of those components?
Testing the purification of the pharmacological dependent measure
A mother is running behind and needs her children to help her straighten up the living room. Company will be here soon but her children are notorious for not being very helpful. Mom calls the children together and explains that if they help straighten up the living room (a very low probability behavior), she will let them play their favorite video games for an extra hour (a high-probability behavior). Mom has intuitively used which behavioral principle to enlist the aid of her children?
The Premack principle
Extra Credit: Describe how you can use errorless learning to teach a match-to-sample task, including how you fade the prompts to independent responding.
You would use most to least for this. When teaching this skill you would go in with a full physical prompt to ensure they get the right answer. You would then move to a partial physical prompt. You would then fade this to a gesture model and then finally transfer to independent.
This form of negative reinforcement is defined as a consequent prevention of a stimulus change, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.
avoidance
When he was 6, Iliad asked is mother whether or not the Tooth Fairy existed. His mother (a scientist) asked him to develop a(n) ___________________ prediction. Iliad replied, "The Tooth Fairy lives in a fairy hole in the woods behind our house and if we go there we will find her home." His mother replied, "And if we go there and we find no fairy home, no fairy dust, no coins, and no Tooth Fairy, will that mean that the Tooth Fairy does not exist as a human, and only as a mythical spirit of giving?" Iliad agreed, "Yes, that is what it would mean".
falsifiable
A(n) __________________ choice is made when the individual chooses the smaller-sooner reward and foregoes the larger-later reward.
impulsive
When an experiment provides clear evidence that a functional relation exists between the independent variable and behavior change, that experiment has ______________
internal validity
In panel A of the below figure, the change in __________ is much more convincing because there is ______________.
level; less "bounce"
Explaining a public behavior (I went to the dance with my partner...) by appealing to a private behavior (...because I felt like going to a dance) is a _____________ explanation. The "explanation" tries to explain a public behavior with a private behavior.
mentalistic
One predictor of how quickly operant extinction will decrease a response is the prior rate of reinforcement. The _______ frequently the response had been reinforced, the _______ quickly the response will undergo extinction. This direct relation between prior reinforcement rate and how quickly behavior undergoes extinction is call the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE).
more; more
Some independent variables will permanently change behavior. If one anticipates that the independent variable will produce a permanent (irreversible) effect, then we cannot use a reversal design or an alternating-treatments design. Instead, in order to rule out confounds, we will have to use a _____________________ design.
multiple-baseline
There are two kinds of punishment, they both decrease the future probability of behavior. One kind of punishment involves contingently removing/reducing a consequence (or preventing a consequence from being delivered). The effect of this is the future probability of behavior decreases. That kind of punishment is called...
negative punishment
A(n) ___________________ consequence occurs after a response, but not because the response caused it to occur.
non-contingent
One predictor of how quickly operant extinction will decrease a response is the prior rate of reinforcement. The more frequently the response had been reinforced, the more quickly the response will undergo extinction. This direct relation between prior reinforcement rate and how quickly behavior undergoes extinction is call the...
partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)
According to the textbook, B.F. Skinner (behavioral psychologist) and E.O. Wilson (evolutionary biologist) agreed that natural selection and genes played a very large role in accounting for ____________ reinforcers. If these consequences did not function as reinforcers, most of them from birth onward, then the individual would be very unlikely to survive. If the individual dies, it never passes its genes on to its offspring. Hence, all members of the species (the offspring of those who survived) find these consequences reinforcing.
primary
The things (plural) one experiences through sight, sound, smell, taste, or tactile sensation are called _________.
private behavior
Thinking about how you will save money for a gift is an example of...
private behavior
Behavior can be classified as "Private" (unobservable by others; behaviors such as thinking) or "______" (what others can directly observe)
public
Saying that you ate too much for lunch is an example of...
public behavior
A _______________ is a contingent consequence that decreases the future probability of behavior below its pre-______________ baseline
punisher; punishment
Emerson's doctor indicated that a healthier diet would do them well - a healthier weight, lower cholesterol, a healthier heart. Emerson vows to do better, recognizing that these health improvements will only come later if they are able to stick to the diet. But as night falls and Emerson sits down to watch the game, a strong urge to eat pork rinds arises. Emerson sits with the urge to go to the pantry for some tasty tidbits, never giving in to the temptation, they stick with their doctor's advice. Emerson has made a(n) ___________________ choice.
self-control
The textbook describes two general methods used to measure behavior in the behavioral and social sciences. One of these methods, the _____________ method, involves asking people to tell you if they have engaged in the behavior.
self-report
Extra Credit: Describe the steps you would take to shape a child's behavior of making eye contact when the child currently looks only at the floor. List the specific steps you would use (minimum of 4) to get the results you want and how you would transition to the new step.
step 1: When their name is called the child will turn their head in the area that their name was called from step 2: When their name is called the child will turn their head and body to face the the person that called their name step 3: When their name is called the person will look at the persons face that called their name Step 4: when the Childs name is called the child will look in the person's eyes that called their name Step 5: Begin a time limit that the child is required to make eye contact and increase the time as the child masters each step
n a ___________________________, several different goods are available and the individual is allowed to choose one and use/consume it. The good that is consistently chosen first will be placed at the top of the _______________________. This good is the most likely one to function as a reinforcer.
stimulus preference assessment; preference hierarchy
A(n) ________________ reinforcer is a reinforcer that is increasingly consumed when access to another reinforcer is constrained.
substitute
Primary reinforcers are consequences that function as reinforcers because...
they are necessary for the survival of the individual or species
In general, a variable can be described as a...
thing that is not the same each time (it can change).
Behavior analysts frequently will ask their clients, employees, etc. to complete a reinforcer survey. The purpose of the survey is...
to identify consequences that would probably function as a reinforcer, if made contingent upon a desired performance.
In the below figure, there is a clear ______________ change after the intervention was introduced
trend
Alexis got a new job selling aluminum siding for people's homes; so far, she has made three sales. To make the sales, she visits the homes of those who have completed an online form requesting someone come to their house to provide a cost estimate. In her first week on the job, she visited 15 houses before making one sale. After that, she visited 5 houses before making another sale. She thought she was getting better at the job, but then it took 10 more house-visits before she made her third sale. What schedule of reinforcement is Alexis working under thus far?
variable-ratio (VR) 10