6.27 AP Psych

What are the four major drawbacks of physical punishment?

(1) punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten, this temporary state may negatively reinforce parents punishing behavior, (2) punishment teaches discrimination among situatiions, (3) punishment can teach fear, (4) Physical punishment may increase aggression by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems.

B.F. Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box

A business owner is considering different compensation plans for her sales force. Identify what schedule of reinforcement is reflected in each of the following plans, making sure you explain why each answer is correct: • The owner will pay a $1,500 bonus each time a hundred units are sold. • The owner will have a lottery each month. Each salesperson will get one lottery ticket for every one hundred units sold. The salesperson with the winning ticket will get $5,000. • The owner will pay each salesperson a monthly salary that does not depend on units sold.

?

variable interval

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a unpredictable time interval has passed.

variable ratio

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

How do you turn a cc into an oc?

After a cc starts to work, to reinforce it you bring in the oc, with punishment and positive reinforcement

fixed ratio

An unchanging schedule; a constistent thing based on number or frequency of event/incident

fixed interval

An unchanging schedule; a constistent thing based on time

Why does extinction occur?

Because you have stopped the pairing for too long

People associated with operant conditioning

Edward Thorndike, B.F. Skinner

skinner box

Named for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal in the box whenever it makes the desired response

People associated with classical conditioning

Pavlov, Watson

_______ tells you what not to do; _____ tells you what to do

Punishment, reinforcement

spontaneous recovery

Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period

Mom is frustrated because 3-year-old Maya has started to spit frequently. She has decided to temporarily put away one of Maya's toys every time she spits. Mom is going to continue this until Maya has stopped spitting. • Explain whether Mom's plan uses reinforcement or punishment. • Explain whether Mom's plan is a positive or negative form of reinforcement or punishment.

The plan uses punishment, because it is designed to reduce the frequency of spitting. This is negative punishment because toys are being taken away from Maya

ratio

The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other; incidental frequency

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfacorable consequences become less likely

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what? a. Law of effect b. Operant conditioning c. Shaping d. Respondent behavior e. Discrimination

a

What do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer? a. Operant conditioning b. Respondent behavior c. Classical conditioning d. Shaping e. Punishment

a

Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? a. Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b. An innately reinforcing stimulus c. Something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior d. An event that decreases the behavior it follows e. An amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

a

reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. Looking at eg scans to read brainwaves and control.

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or dimished if followed by a punisher

punishment

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

primary reinforcer

an inately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satistifies a biological need

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior towards closer and closer approzimation of the desired behavior

Reinforcement

any consequence that strengthens behavior

operant behavior

behavior you respond with after operant conditioning

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a a. rat's food reward in a Skinner box. b. cold drink on a hot day. c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently. d. hug from a loved one. e. large meal following an extended time without food.

c

Unlike rats, humans do respond to _____ reinforcers

delayed

What was B.F. Skinner's legacy

external influences shape behavior, and so do operant principles, behvaior is shaped by results. He dehumanized people

types of reinforcement REPEAT

fixed (occur at regular point- types are fixed interval or fixed ratio) or variable (random- types are variable interval and variable ratio)

getting paid every two weeks is ___

fixed interval

operant chamber

in operant condionting research, a chamber (AKA skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, attatched devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

fixed-interval schedule

in operant condionting, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

fixed interval schedule

in operant condionting; a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable-interval schedule

in operant condiotning a reinforcement schedule that reinfoces a response only after a unspecified amount of time (random) has elapsed

reinforcement

in operant condiotning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

discriminative stimulus

in operant condtioning; a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforce is any stimulus that when presented after a reponse, strengthens the response

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (note: it is not punishment)

secondary reinforcers

learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers. AKA condtioned reinforcer

Is negative reinforcement a punishment?

no

not all respondant behavior is the result of _____ behavior

operant

two types of reinforcement

partial (intermittent) and continous

What takes the longest to get the desired behavior?

positive reinforcement

A ______ is any consequence that _____ the frequency of a preceding behavior

punisher, decrease

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinct then does continuous reinforcement

Partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

continous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

negative reinforcement _______ a punishing (aversive) event

removes

respondant behavior

responses made to or elicited by specific environmental stimuli

Most effective form of reinforcement to get the person coming back

variable-ratio (most uncertain of all and therefore least conscious- stuff like lotteries)