8. Chapter 21, Lesson 2, Winds of Change in Western Europe AND The United States and Canada

Erick Honecker

- 25 August 1912 - 29 May 1994) was a German communist politician who, as the General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, led East Germany from 1971 until the weeks preceding the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. From 1976 onward he was also the country's official Head of State as Chairman of the State Council following Willi Stoph's relinquishment of the post.

Barack Obama

-44th president of the U.S. since 2009

Berlin Wall

-A guarded concrete wall 28 miles with mine fields and controlled check points, erected across Berlin by East Germany in 1961 and dismantled in 1989.

Social Democrats

-A member of any certain Social Democratic Parties.

Canada

-A nation in North America: a member of the common wealth of nations

Labour Party

-A political party in Great Britain formed in 1900 from various socialist and labor groups and taking it's present name in 1906.

Quebec

-A seaport in the capital of this province on the st. Lawrence: capital of new France from 1663 to 1759 when it was taken by the English

Reunification of Germany

-A strong drive for reunification developed in East and West Germany in 1990. In East Germany, conservative parties supporting reunification won the elections, and the new government and the force of events proceeded to dismantle the state. Economic union with the West occurred in July, and on Oct. 3, 1990, political reunification took place under what had been the West German constitution. In new national elections (Dec. 1990), the conservative coalition headed by Kohl retained power. The economy of the East largely collapsed, and the costs of reunification and the privatization of state-owned businesses in the East pushed Germany into recession and led to increased social tensions. By 1994, however, the economy had improved, and Kohl led his coalition to a narrow victory in national elections.

European Union (EU)

-An association of European Nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic in integration. Incorporating the European community The European Union member states are Austria, Belgium,Bulgaria, Etc.

Food Stamps

-Any of the coupons sold or give under a federal program to eligible needy people and redeemable for food at designed grocery stores or markets.

Peacetime Military Buildup

-As president from 1981 to 1989, Ronald Reagan persuaded an often wary Congress to fund many of the weapons systems later used in both Persian Gulf wars, either initiating the arms programs or accelerating work on those already in development. As president from 1981 to 1989, Ronald Reagan persuaded an often wary Congress to fund many of the weapons systems later used in both Persian Gulf wars, either initiating the arms programs or accelerating work on those already in development.

Helmut Kohl

-Born in 1930, German political leader; Chancellor of West Germany 1982-1990, Chancellor of Germany 1990-1998.

Currency

-Coins, for example, that are in circulation and used as a medium of exchange

Angela Merkel

-German stateswoman and chancellor Angela Merkel was born Angela Dorothea Kasner on July 17, 1954, in Hamburg, Germany. The daughter of a Lutheran pastor and teacher, Merkel grew up in a rural area north of Berlin in the then German Democratic Republic. She studied physics at the University of Leipzig, earning a doctorate in 1978, and later worked as a chemist at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences (1978-90).

Great Britain

-Great Britain helped to form (1959) the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but in 1961 the government of Harold Macmillan announced its decision to seek membership in the European Economic Community. Because of French opposition as well as Britain's request for special considerations for the countries of the Commonwealth and of EFTA, agreement on British entry was not reached until 1971. Britain finally entered what had become the European Community (now the European Union [EU]) in Jan., 1973.

Francois Hollande

-Hollande demonstrated an early interest in politics and volunteered for François Mitterrand's second unsuccessful presidential campaign while he was still a student. Five years later, in 1979, he joined the Socialist Party. By then, Mitterrand had been elected on his third try and he appointed Hollande a junior economic advisor. Hollande held this post until he went to work for Max Gallo, the press secretary to former prime minister Pierre Mauroy. In 1983, Hollande began serving on the Ussel town council and was elected to the National Assembly in 1988. Although he lost his seat in 1993, he reclaimed it in 1997. That same year, Lionel Jospin tapped Hollande to be the Socialist Party chairman. Hollande was then elected mayor of Tulle in 2001 and held the post until 2008.

David Cameron

-In 1991, Cameron began briefing then-Prime Minister John Major, and the following year he was promoted as special adviser to Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman Lamont. Later, Home Secretary Michael Howard recruited Cameron to work for him, primarily in a media relations role. In 1994, Cameron left politics to work as the director of corporation affairs at Carlton Communications, a British media company. He resigned from that role in 2001, in order to continue his pursuit of a Parliamentary seat, which he won.

Nicolas Sarkozy

-In addition to serving as mayor, Sarkozy served as budget minister from 1993 to 1995. When he snubbed President Jacques Chirac in 1995 by supporting Édouard Balladur for president, however, he lost the position. Although Chirac put his grudge aside in 2002, and appointed Sarkozy as French minister of the interior, Sarkozy's tenure in Chirac's administration was a bumpy one. The cabinet was reshuffled in 2004, and Sarkozy was appointed as finance minister. He held this position briefly; when Sarkozy became leader of the Union for a Popular Movement later that year, he resigned his post, in accordance with an agreement with Chirac. In 2005, Sarkozy was reappointed as interior minister, without resigning as head of the UMP.

War on Terrorism

-It was with disbelief and shock that people around the world saw footage of the terrorist attacks in the US on on September 11, 2001 when the planes-turned-missiles slammed into the World Trade Center towers and damaged the Pentagon. This ultimately resulted in the US declaring and waging a war on "terror". Osama Bin Laden was eventually tracked down and killed some 10 years later. But the way the war on terror has been conducted has led to many voicing concerns about the impact on civil liberties, the cost of the additional security focused changes, the implications of the invasions and wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and more.

Jacques Chirac

-Jacques Chirac is a French politician born on November 29, 1932, in Paris, France. He served as Prime Minister from 1974-'76 and 1986-'88. In 1975, he was elected Mayor of Paris, a position he would hold for 18 years. Chirac served as President of France from 1995-2007 and left under accusations of corruption during his tenure as the mayor of Paris. In 2011, French courts convicted Chirac of abusing taxpayer funds while mayor. He was sentenced to two years in prison.

North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)

-On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico (NAFTA) entered into force.All remaining duties and quantitative restrictions were eliminated, as scheduled, on January 1, 2008. NAFTA created the world's largest free trade area, which now links 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services.

George H.W.

-n the 1980 Republican presidential primaries, Bush ran as a moderate candidate with years of experience. However, he was quickly overwhelmed by Ronald Reagan, the former governor of California. Reagan asked Bush to be his vice president to help attract moderates and bring foreign policy experience to the ticket. The Reagan-Bush ticket won handily in both 1980 and 1984. As vice president, Bush continued to expand his foreign policy experience and traveled widely. He also became good friends with President Reagan, although he never became a close political confidant. Bush was somewhat awestruck by Reagan's political skills, and according to some observers, was mystified by the latter's hold on the public imagination.

Woes

-the 3 woes of revolution are the final judgment god pronounces on the evil inhabitants of the Earth in order to spur them to repentona

Budget Deficits

-the state that exists when a government spends more than it collects in revenues

Job Programs

-Second Chance is helping change the lives of some of the most "difficult-to-serve" populations in the region including at-risk youth, the homeless, recovering addicts and former prisoners reentering the community. Since 2003, Second Chance has placed over 4,000 graduates (and counting) into employment. These graduates have been placed with 1,754 local employers with an average starting wage of $10.05. Second Chance offers the two-year program on a large scale, placing participants in good jobs at a record-setting pace. With an emphasis on individual accountability, participants engage in 160 hours of intensive instruction during which they break personal barriers to self-sufficiency, obtain new job skills, develop résumés and career plans, and practice interviewing techniques.With two years of graduate follow-up services—including behavioral treatment, affordable housing placement, job placement, professional clothing for interviews, computer lab support, and case management, the workforce training program can be the difference between moving up the ladder and a downward spiral.

Welfare Policies

-Social welfare policy refers to the social well-being of an entire society. This policy is concerned mostly with the quality of life, which includes factors like level of crime, the quality of the environment, accessibility of fundamental social services, level of drug abuse, and the religious and spiritual aspects of life.

France

-Socialist François Mitterrand attained a stunning victory in the May 10, 1981, presidential election. The victors immediately move to carry out campaign pledges to nationalize major industries, halt nuclear testing, suspend nuclear powerplant construction, and impose new taxes on the rich. The Socialists' policies during Mitterrand's first two years created a 12% inflation rate, a huge trade deficit, and devaluations of the franc. In March 1986, a center-right coalition led by Jacques Chirac won a slim majority in legislative elections. Chirac became prime minister, initiating a period of "cohabitation" between him

Symbol

-Something that stands for something else by way of association; a visible sign of something invisable

U.S.-Led War On Iraq

-The 2003 invasion of Iraq, also called simply the Iraq War or Operation: Iraqi Freedom, was a war that began March 20, 2003, fought between a group of troops consisting primarily of American and British, but also Polish, Australian and several other nations' forces, and Iraq. The invasion began without the explicit authorization of the United Nations Security Council, and most legal authorities take the view that the action violated the U.N. Charter. The Bush Administration has cited Security Council resolutions from early 1990s as legal justification, though there is no clear support in any of them for military action against Iraq.

Christian Democratic Union

-The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) is a nascent American political party of pro-life Democrats, pro-labor Republicans, and independents that are attracted to the unifying principles of Christian Democracy (a centrist political philosophy common in Europe and Latin America, and profoundly resonant in our history).

Conservative Party

-The Conservative Party is the heir, and in some measure the continuation, of the old Tory Party, members of which began forming "conservative associations" after Britain's Reform Bill of 1832 extended electoral rights to the middle class.

Reagan Revolution

-The Reagan Revolution was also known as the Age of Reagan. These are terms that are used to describe Reagan's presidency, which occurred from January 20, 1981 to January 20, 1989. The Reagan Revolution was very revolutionary since it made major changes to the United States. In the history of the US, Reagan's presidency had the largest across the board tax cuts. He put his faith in the free markets and he worked towards bringing down Communism.

School Lunch Programs

-The majority of the support provided to schools participating in the program comes in the form of a cash reimbursement for each meal served. Schools are also entitled to receive commodity foods and additional commodities as they are available from surplus agricultural stocks. The National School Lunch Program serves 30.5 million children each day at a cost of $8.7 billion for fiscal year 2007. Most participants are also eligible for food during the summer through the Summer Food Service Program.

Euro

-The official common currency of 17 European Union Nations , It is also the official currency of many other places. In 1999 the euro was first adopted by 11 nations as an alternative currency in no cash transactions, then in 2002 the euro full replaced existing currencies in 12 European Union Nations, before being adopted more widely.

Secession

-The withdraw from the Union of 11 southern states in the period 1860-1861, which brought on the Civil War.

Treaty on European Union

-This is the version of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty on European Union (TEU), originally in force from 1 November 1993 (entry into force of this form: 1 December 2009), as amended by the Treaty of Amsterdam, Treaty of Nice, Treaty of Lisbon and accession treaties to the European Union of 1994, 2003 and 2005.

Oscillated

-To swing or move to and from as a pendulum does.

Tony Blair

-Tony Blair, former prime minister of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was born Anthony Charles Lynton Blair on May 6, 1953, in Edinburgh, Scotland. Despite being born in Scotland, Blair spent the better part of his childhood in Durham, England, where he attended the Chorister School.

George Bush

-U.S. Business man and politician governor of Texas & 43rd president of the U.S.A. 2001-09

Bill Clinton

-U.S. political leader and stateman:governor of new york

Margaret Thatcher

-Was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the UK for 11 years the longest of any 20th century Prime Minister.

European Community (EC)

-an association of West European countries that includes the European Atomic Energy Community, the European Economic Community, the European Parliament, and Allied Organizations