8.1 Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Who declared Haiti independent?
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
What caused colonist in Latin America to want to gain freedom from their European masters?
Colonist were already aware of Enlightenment ideas and the success of the American Revolution encouraged them to try to gain freedom from their European masters.
Who is the son of King John VI of Portugal?
Dom Pedro
Why was Brazil's quest for independence unique in this period of Latin American history?
It occurred without violent upheavals or wide spread bloodshed.
When did French troops land in Saint Domingue to remove Toussaint from power?
January 1802
When was Haiti declared independent?
January 1st, 1804, making Haiti the first black colony to free itself form European control
Who were the two creole generals that are most credited for the independence of South America?
José de San Martín, and Argentinian and Simón Bolívar, a wealthy Venezuelan creole
What was the name of Spain's former king before he was removed by Napoleon?
King Ferdinand VII
What was Simón Bolívar called?
Libertador (Liberator)
What idea from a Locke inspired the creoles to rebels against Joseph king of Spain?
Locke's idea of the consent of the governed, argued that when the real king was removed, power shifted to the people
What aspects of life did peninsulares and creoles control in the Spanish colonies?
land, wealth, and power
What does "Haiti" mean?
"mountainous land" in the language of the Arawak natives
In order, what were the social classes of the Spanish colonies?
- peninsulares - creoles - mestizos - mulattos - enslaved Africans - Indians
What colony was the first to free itself from European rule?
Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti
Who was called the "George Washington of South America"?
Simón Bolívar
Who are the creoles?
Spaniards born in Latin America, who were below the peninsulares in rank
What was the last major battle of the war of independence?
The Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on Decmber 9, 1824 (Bolivar's army defeated the Spanish forces)
What other revolution was taking place while the oppressed people in the French colony of Haiti revolted?
The French Revolution
Who is Padre Miguel Hidalgo?
a priest in the small village of Dolores, who took the first step toward independence. He was a poor but well-educated man who firmly believed in Enlightenment ideals.
Who were mestizos?
persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry
How many Africans rose up in revolt at Saint Domingue?
100,000 (out of the 500,000 slaves there)
When did Toussaint free the slaves of Saint Domingue?
1801
When did rebellion break out in several part of Latin America?
1810
What events happened that caused Mexico to proclaim independence?
A revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power there. Mexico's creoles feared the loss of their privileges in the Spanish-controlled colony. So they united in support of Mexico's independence from Spain.
Who was Padre José María Morelos?
After Hidalgo was defeated in 1811, the rebels rallied around Padre José María Morelos, who was also a strong leader. He led the revolution for 4 years, but was defeated by Agustín de Iturbide, a creole officer.
Who proclaimed independence in Mexico in 1821?
Agustin de Iturbide — the man who had defeated the rebel Padre Morelos — proclaimed independence in 1821.
When did Toussaint L'Ouveture die?
April 1803
What countries was José de San Martín the liberator of?
Argentina, Chile, and Peru
Where did Simón Bolívar meet José de San Martín to discuss driving out Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru and what happened after the meeting?
Guayaquil, Ecuador in 1822 — San Martín left his army for Bolivar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolivar's army went on the defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho on December 9th of 1824.
What strategy did Bolivar use in August 1819 to surprise and win against the Spanish Army in Bogotá?
He led over 2,000 soldiers on a march through the Andes into what is now Columbia. This lead to Bolivar winning Valenzuela its independence.
What was Simón Bolívar plan for South America?
He planned to unite the Spanish colonies of South America into a single country called Gran Columbia
Who was Simón Bolívar?
He was a brilliant general, a visionary, a writer, and a fighter.
What was Toussaint L'Ouveture's background?
He was a former slave and was unfamiliar with military and diplomatic matters. However, he was able to rise up as a skilled general and diplomat. In 1801, he took control of the entire island and freed all the enslaved Africans.
Who was José de San Martín?
He was a modest man born in Argentina and spent much of hi youth in Spain as a career military officer. He also fought with Spanish forces against Napoleon.
Who is Bernando O'Higgins?
He was the son of former viceroy of Peru and helped José de San Martín free Chile from Spanish rule.
How did José de San Martín free Chile from Spain?
In 1817, San Martin led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. He was joined there by fored led by Bernardo O'Higgins, who helped José de San Martín free Chile.
How did Toussaint react to the French troops sent to Saint Domingue?
In May, Toussaint agreed to halt the revolution if the French would end slavery. Despite the agreement, the French soon accused him of planning another uprising. They seized him and sent him to prison in the French Alps.
What group of people played the leading role in the revolutionary movements in Mexico?
Indians and mestizos
What does "grito de Dolores" mean?
It means "the cry of Dolores." It signifies when Hidalgo rang the bells of his village church on September 16th, 1810 to issue a call for rebellion against the Spanish.
Where was Saint Domingue?
It occupied the western third of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea.
What event involving Napoleon triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies?
Napoleon's conquest of Spain in 1808 and the replacement of King Ferdinand VII with Napoleon's bother Joseph king of Spain triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies. Many creoles supported a Spanish king, however they felt no loyalty to a king imposed by the French.
What countries would develop in the United Provinces of Central America?
Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica
What privileges did peninsulares have but creoles did not?
Peninsulares could hold a high office in Spanish colonial government, but creoles could not. Creoles, however, could rise as officers in Spanish colonial armies.
What countries did Central America want to be independent from?
They wanted to be independent from both Spain and Mexico, who had formerly governed them.
Who emerged as a leader during the revolts at Saint Domingue?
Toussaint L'Ouveture
What was Jean-Jacques Dessalines relationship to Toussaint?
Toussaint's lieutenant
What did Central America declare itself after declaring itself independent from Mexico?
United Provinces of Central America
What countries were united into a country called Gran Colombia?
Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, And Ecuador
How did Brazil become independent from Portugal?
When Napoleon's armies invaded Spain and Portugal to comply with the Continental System, Prince John and the royal family fled to Brazil. The Portugese ran their empire from Brazil for 14 years. After Napoleon's defeat Prince John and the royal family returned to Portugal 6 years later, but Dom Pedro, King John's son, stayed behind. Brazil was originally going to return to its colonial status, but 8,000 Brazilians signed a petition to have Dom Pedro their king and Brazil was declared independent.
What social class was the most educated in the Spanish colonies?
creoles — many young creoles traveled to Europe for their education, where they read about and adopted Enlightenment ideas, bringing ideas of revolution to Latin America as well
Who are the peninsulares?
people who had been born in Spain (which is on the Iberian peninsula), they had only formed a tiny percentage of the population of Latin America
Who were the mulattos?
persons of mixed European and African ancestry