8th Grade Social Studies STAAR Review

Patrick Henry

"Give me Liberty or Give me Death" influential speech to rally American colonists to the cause of independence from British - he believed freedom was worth dying for

Albany Plan

"Join or Die"

1st Amendment

(5 freedoms) Freedom of...Speech, Religion, Assembly, Petition, Press - In a constitutional republic, Freedom of Speech and Press are of the utmost importance

Virginia Plan

(big states) proposed a government with three branches and a two house legislature; and that large states would receive more representatives than small states - based on population

New Jersey Plan

(small states) proposed a one-house legislature and that small states would receive the same number of representatives as large states

Reasons for Exploration?

1. Curiosity 2. Wealth 3. Fame 4. National Pride 5. Religion 6. Foreign Goods 7. Faster, cheaper trade routes

Crispus Attacks

African American former slave; shot and killed by British soldiers at the Boston Massacre

James Armistead

African American slave who became an American spy and helped defeat the British

Wentworth Cheswell

African American; soldier in Continental Army; helped warn New England that British were coming

Why did we need the Constitution?

Articles of Confederation were weak + Shay's Rebellion + desire for strong national government

Where does the Atlantic and Appalachian Mountains border?

Atlantic Ocean borders east side of colonies while the Appalachian Mountains border west side of the Colonies

French and Indian War (1763)

British and the colonists versus French and Indians British won the war - gained control of trade in the English colonies & portions of Canada

Who should pay for the French and Indian War?

British government decided it should be the colonists in America through TAXES!!

1861-1865

Civil War

George Washington

Commander of Continental Army during Am. Rev.; President of 2nd Continental Congress; civic virtue, showed leadership by being willing to listen to the opinions of others

Legislative (Article 1)

Congress, Bicameral (2 houses), makes laws A. Senate - each state elects 2; total = 100 B. House of Representatives - decided by population of the state, large states receive more representatives than small states, total = 435

1787/1789

Constitution is written/Constitution is ratified

McCulloch v. Maryland(1819)

Court ruling upheld federal power. This fundamentalcase established the following two principles: 1. The Constitution allows Congress to pass laws that help the national government run smoothl 2.The state may not interfere with this power.

What are the economic, political, and religious reasons for the New England Colonies?

Economic - fishing, relied on trade rather than farming because cool temperatures, short farming season Political - Mayflower Compact (1620) - established representative government and majority rule; 1620 Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts on the Mayflower, self-governing Religious - Pilgrims wanted to separate from Church of England - Puritans wanted to purify Church of England

What are the economic, political, and social reasons for the Southern Colonies?

Economic - plantation system, growth of slave trade, spread of slavery, profit on tobacco Political - Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) - first form of representative government in America Social - primary goal was to make money In the South...warm climate + cash crops + plantations + the need for cheap labor =slavery

What are the economic, political, and social/religious reasons for the the Middle Colonies?

Economic - trade, some farming (bread baskets) Political - Dutch, English, German Social/Religious - religious freedom, Quakers were against war

1877

End of Reconstruction

Which states were the Southern Colonies?

Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland

King George III

King of England before, during and after Am. Rev., refused representation of colonies in Great Britain

Unalienable Rights

LIFE, LIBERTY, and the PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS - rights that cannot be taken away by the government

Strengths of the Articles

Land Ordinance of 1785 - land split up into townships, section 16 set aside for public education Northwest Ordinance 1787 - established principles and procedures for orderly expansion of the U.S.; townships...territory...creation of new states (needed 60,000 people)

Weaknesses of the Articles

Legislative Branch - CONGRESS had... - NO power to TAX or levy TAXES - NO regulation of trade - NO power to raise an ARMY (had to gain permission from states to send troops) - Required all 13 states to approve changes to the Articles Executive Branch - NONE - NO President - did not want another King George III Judicial Branch - NONE - NO Supreme Court - States could not settle disputes between each other

1803

Louisiana Purchase, Mabury v. Madison

Which states were the New England Colonies?

New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island

Which states were the Middle Colonies?

New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey

1620

Pilgrims settle in Plymouth - they write the Mayflower Compact

Executive (Article 2)

President, enforces laws

Boston Tea Party

Sons of Liberty dumped tea from British ships into harbor - example of civil disobedience (1773)

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Supreme Court decision which stated slaves were property, and ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government, not the states, could make laws governing the Cherokees. Though the Cherokees won the case Jackson refused to honor the ruling saying "John Marshall has made hisdecision...Now let him enforce it."

Judicial (Judiciary) (Article 3)

Supreme Court, interprets laws

Marquis de Lafayette

a French officer who came to America to help fight against the British; convinced France to help

Intolerable Acts

a series of laws enacted by Parliament to punish colonists for Boston Tea Party (1774)

Proclamation of 1763

colonists could not move west of the Appalachian Mountains

"NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!"

colonists had nobody to represent them in Parliament to vote on the taxes

Declaration of Independence

colonists identified numerous grievances; all men have unalienable rights...life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness...these are rights which cannot be taken away

Saratoga

colonists won battle, French convinced to enter the American Revolution on the side of the colonists, French provided army/navy, Benjamin Franklin in France during Am. Rev. & helped to convince French to become our ally (turning point of the war)

John Adams

defended British soldiers from Boston Massacre; MA delegate to Continental Congress; patriot leader

Philadelphia Convention of 1787 (Constitutional Convention)

delegates met together to rewrite the Articles of Confederation but instead wrote the Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation (too many weaknesses)

Anti-Federalists

did not support ratification of the Constitution because they thought it gave the federal gov't too much power over the states; wanted a Bill of Rights to be included; emphasized state power rather than federal power

5th Amendment

due process of law - indictment (officially charged w/ crime), no double jeopardy (cannot be tried for the same crime twice), cannot be forced to testify when testimony incriminates self (telling on yourself gets you in trouble)

Checks and Balances

each branch (legislative, judicial, executive) has separate powers but checks on each other; Example - President (executive branch) nominates Supreme Court justices while the Senate (legislative branch) confirms nomination

Mercantilism

economic policy, (more money coming in than going out) colonies provide Great Britain with raw materials (cotton, wool, etc.) and Great Britain would manufacture the products (make clothes) and ship product back to the colonists for sale; Colonists could only trade w/ British not with French, Spanish, Dutch

Republicanism

election of representatives by the people to represent the people

1700s

emphasized inner religious emotion, increased church attendance, and inspired colonists to help others

Treaty of Paris

end of Am. Rev., British signed peace treaty with America (1783)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

established judicial review; Supreme Court decides if a law is constitutional or unconstitutional; this law created a lasting balance among the three branches of government

William Blackstone

famous British lawyer who influenced American judicial system; influenced Madison and Jefferson

Mercy Otis Warren

female American patriot; wrote plays, poems and essays supporting independence

John Paul Jones

first American naval commander; won the most famous sea battle during the war, "I have not yet begun to fight."

Lexington and Concord

first battles of the American Revolution, "shot heard round the world" (Paul Revere) spread the message that "The British are coming!" (1775)

Boston Massacre

five colonists shot to death after protesting and heckling British soldiers (Crispus Attucks) (1770)

Thomas Hooker

founded Connecticut, helped write the Fund. Orders of CT, strong supporter of democracy and voting rights

William Penn

founded Pennsylvania for religious freedom (Quakers); gave PA a constitution with limited government power

Samuel Adams

founder of Sons of Liberty, organized Boston Tea Party

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

gave the federal government the power over states inregulating interstate commerce (trade) thus giving more power to the federal government as a whole.

Limited government

government does not have total control over its citizens

Magna Carta

guaranteed basic rights such as trial by jury and protection of property (1215)

Bernardo de Galvez

helped America during the Revolution; bought many important war supplies that the army needed

Haym Solomon

helped to finance the patriot cause with his own money; American spy during the Revolution

Benjamin Franklin

helped write Constitution and Dec. of Ind.; negotiated with France to become our ally during American Revolution; was an important figure during Enlightenment

Bill of Rights

included to give people individual freedoms, and they addressed colonial grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence

English Bill of Rights

individuals have rights protected by the government; was the model for the U.S. Bill of Rights

Individual Rights

it is the job of the government to protect the rights of citizens

Yorktown

last major battle w/ British in Am. Rev., colonists won w/ aid of French army/navy, British surrender (1781)

4th Amendment

no illegal search and seizure, must obtain warrant

3rd Amendment

no quartering (housing) troops

Popular Sovereignty

people hold final authority over government - "we the people"

Amending (Adding to) Constitution

proposed by Congress with 2/3 vote in both houses (Senate and House of Representatives) or ratified by legislatures of ¾ of states - The Constitution is amended to keep up with changing times

First Great Awakening

religious movement that swept through the colonies in early

2nd Amendment

right to bear arms

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

set of laws that expanded the idea of representative government in America

3/5 Compromise

slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for representative purposes -compromise between the North and South to get the South to accept and sign the Constitution

Patriots

supported independence from Britain

Federalist Papers

supported ratification (passing) the U.S. Constitution; authors Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

Federalists

supported ratification of U.S. Constitution, emphasized federal power rather than state power but said both would be equal (shared)

Loyalists

supported the British during the war;

Jamestown, VA (1607)

swampy location, many colonists died because of disease, 1st English colony

Articles of Confederation

system of government after the Am. Rev.; created strong STATE governments and a weak FEDERAL government

Sugar Act

taxes on foods containing sugar (1764)

Stamp Act

taxes on stamps which had to be posted on all types of documents (1765)

Three-Fifths Compromise

the agreement to count three-fifths of a state's slaves as population for purposes of representation and taxation

Economic Policies following French and Indian War

the war cost the British money and its government went into debt

Abigail Adams

wife of President John Adams; wrote letters to her husband during the war; wanted equal rights for women, "Remember the Ladies"

Thomas Jefferson

wrote Declaration of Independence in 1776

Thomas Paine

wrote pamphlet Common Sense, ordinary people understood this writing, promoted independence movement from Great Britain, attacked King George III, freedom of press united the colonists

Alexander Hamilton

believed in free enterprise system where the market (consumers) ecides prices (capitalism), proposed a national bank to regulate currency (money)- wanted a strong federal gov't - leading Federalist Patrick Henry and George Mason were the leading Anti-Federalists...they refused to approve the Constitution until a Bill of Rights was added

John Locke

believed in protection of individual rights (natural rights) including life, liberty, and property; inspired Jefferson

Charles de Montesquieu

believed in separation of powers and having three branches of government; he inspired J. Madison

1812

War of 1812

Separation of Powers

three branches of government have separate powers

Federalism

three levels of government - federal, state, and local; all work together but have different responsibilities; Example - Law enforcement - FBI (federal), Highway Patrol (state), Police (local)

6th Amendment

trial by jury - criminal; right to a speedy, public trial

Great Compromise

two-house legislature (House and Senate); combined VA and NJ Plan; Senate based on 2 representatives per state; House of Representatives based on a state's population

Valley Forge

where the Continental Army spent the winter of 1777-1778 and suffered through the winter with few supplies (NOT A BATTLE)