9.1 & 9.3 Origins of Progressiveness & Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal

how long was Roosevelt in office?

7 years

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States -1901, he became the youngest president ever at 42 y/o -His leadership and publicity campaigns helped create the modern presidency

16th amendment -who introduced this?

Allows the federal government to collect income tax -Woodrow Wilson -required the rich to pay more and the poor to pay less.

Who was the first African American to be formally invited to the White House?

Booker T. Washington

Florence Kelly

advocate for improving the lives of women & children -was appointed chief inspector of factories for Illinois after she had helped to win passage of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893, which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours

initiative

a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers

Payne-Aldrich Tariff -(significance)who signed it & why was it controversial?

a bill that raised tarrifs(taxes on imported goods) -signed by Taft. Progressives of the Republican party & Roosevelt felt betrayed. It was in contrast to campaign promises: was supposed to lower tariff rates

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

a federal agency empowered(that had the power) to prevent business mergers that would make corporations too big -they could investigate firms for evidence of regulatory violation & sue business in court if they did not comply w/ these laws -their power includes approving mergers only if they are healthy for our markets -firms are supposed to self regulate-they report any of their own law violations

Federal Reserve Act

a law that set up a system of federal banks & gave government the power to control the money supply -created the modern banking system

referendum

a vote by the people(not the legislatures) on an initiative

progressive movement

aimed to restore economic opportunities & correct injustices in American life

Seventeenth Amendment

allowing direct(by the people) election of senators -before, each state's legislature had chosen its own United States senators, which put even more power in the hands of party bosses

The Newlands Act (PDL)

established the precedent that the federal government would manage the precious water resources of the West

the main focus of Wilson's reforms

finance & economics

what was Roosevelt's opinions on big corporations & trusts?

he felt that big businesses were essential to society, but corrupt & evil trusts have hurt the people -he sued 44 trusts during his years in office -he killed the good trusts & the bad trusts were done away with

What party did Woodrow Wilson belong to & what did he support?

he was a democrat & a progressive

Thomas Nast's cartoons led to Tweed's downfall mostly because

his cartoons had an impact on people that the written word did not

what did conservation mean to Roosevelt?

some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good -while Muir advocated complete preservation of the wilderness

scientific management

the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace

Prohibition

the banning of alcoholic beverages -some reformers felt that morality, not the workplace, held the key to improving the lives of poor people -some feared that alcohol was undermining American morals

Bull Moose

the nickname given to the Progressive Party which nominated Roosevelt as their candidate for President (in 1912)

With Woodrow Wilson(democratic party) & Teddy Roosevelt(progressive party) coming in ahead of Taft(republican party) in the election of 1912, what was clear about Americans who voted?

they wanted a progressive candidate to win

What was Roosevelt's nickname because of his hard stance on bad businesses?

trust buster

Upton Sinclair

who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions(in 1906) - wrote The Jungle -what shocked readers the most was the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry

the 4 goals of preogressiveness

• protecting social welfare • promoting moral improvement • creating economic reform • fostering efficiency

Interstate Commerce Act

(1887) required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates; granted congress the power to regulate railroad rates -was set up to enforce the new law but had little power -Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was set up to enforce the new law but had little power

Elkins Act (PDL)

(1903)made it illegal for railroad officials to give, & shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads -also railroads could not change set rates without notifying the public

muckrakers

(1906) Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Hepburn Act

(1906) gave power to the ICC that allowed them to monitor railroad shipping rates;limited the distribution of free railroad passes, a common form of bribery -it also gave the ICC(interstate commerce commision) power to set maximum railroad rates

Meat Inspection Act

(1906)dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers & created the program of federal meat inspection

Keating-Owen Act (PDL)

(1916) prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor -2 years later the Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional due to interference with states' rights to regulate labor. -reformers did succeed in nearly every state by effecting legislation that banned child labor and set maximum hours

Improving working conditions(PDL)

-Brandeis convinced the Court to uphold an Oregon law limiting women to a ten-hour workday. Other states responded by enacting or strengthening laws to reduce women's hours of work -Bunting v. Oregon in 1917 persuaded the Court to uphold a tenhour workday for men

areas that Roosevelt was most successful in as a "Progressive President"

-Creating a more powerful national government. -The health and welfare of consumers. -Conservation of natural resources. -Regulation of the nation's railroads. -Breaking up monopolies and trusts that were harmful to competition and the public's well-being

creating economic reform (PDL)

-Labor leader Eugene V. Debs, who helped organize the American Socialist Party in 1901, commented on the uneven balance among big business, government, and ordinary people under the free-market system of capitalism -Though most progressives distanced themselves from socialism, they saw the truth of many of Debs's criticisms

Conservation efforts(PDL)

-Roosevelt condemned the view that America's resources were endless and made conservation a primary concern -John Muir, whom Roosevelt camped with, persuaded the president to set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves -Roosevelt also set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites & another 80 million acres of land that experts from the U.S. Geological Survey would explore for mineral & water resources -established more than 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks -True to the Progressive belief in using experts, in 1905 the president named Gifford Pinchot as head of the U.S. Forest Service

DL (btw he said Do not worry about W.E.B. DuBois, Booker T. Washington)

-like most other progressives, Roosevelt failed to support civil rights for African Americans --he did, however, support a few individual African Americans -Roosevelt appointed an African American as head of the Charleston, South Carolina, customhouse -when some whites in Mississippi refused to accept the black postmistress he had appointed, he chose to close the station rather than give in -1906 he angered African Americans when he dismissed an entire regiment of African-American soldiers accused of conspiracy in protecting others charged with murder in Brownsville, Texas -As a symbolic gesture, Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dinner at the White House. Washington— head of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, an allblack training schooll—was then the African-American leader most respected by powerful whites -W. E. B. Du Bois and other advocates of equality for African Americans were deeply upset by the apparent progressive indifference to racial injustice

Roosevelt's Early life

-served 3 terms in the New York State Assembly(the New York legislature), he became New York City's police commissioner -then became assistant secretary of the U.S. Navy -returned a war hero for his role in the Spanish American War(the battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba) -elected governor of New York(bc of his fame from the war) & later won the vice-presidency

the 2 sides of the Reublicans after the Republican split

1. Progressives - supported Roosevelt's philosophies & wanted further reforms 2. Conservatives - supported Taft & sought to repeal the reforms of Roosevelt

the 2 disputes between Roosevelt & Taft

1. Taft passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff -Taft increased tarrifs 2. Conservation: Taft sold a million acres to his big business friends -angered Roosevelt b/c he had reserved this land for conservation

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled food or drugs -reflected the progressive belief that given accurate information, people would act wisely

PDL

Cleveland in 1874, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) spearheaded(lead) the crusade for prohibition -provided women with expanded public roles, which they used to justify giving women voting rights

credit mobilier scandal

Congress working with a railroad company to defraud tax payers

whiskey ring -President Grant was impacted by the Whiskey Ring because

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey & using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars -it showed that he was aloof(distant) to corruption around him and even defended his guilty assistant

GOP

Grand Old Party (aka Republican Party)

patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People that fought for total equality

What caused a split in the Republican Party & led to Teddy Roosevelt running against Taft for the presidential nomination?

Roosevelt, as a Progressive Republican, believed that a third political party offered a new choice for Americans & thus was healthy for democracy

The only thing Taft was able to continue from Roosevelt's work was the ...

TRUST BUSTING reform -he used the sherman antitrust act to bust over 90 trusts in his 4 years in office

the presidents of the progressive era

Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, & Woodrow Wilson

Who did Roosevelt choose as his successor? -did he win?

William Howard Taft -yes, he was overwhelmingly eleceted b/c Roosevelt was so immensely popular -he promised to continue all of Roosevelt's work

who won the election of 1912? -who were the candidates

Woodrow Wilson -the candidates were Woodrow Wilson, William Howard Taft, & Teddy Roosevelt

The Federal Reserve Act overhauled the -who created this

banking & monetary system -Woodrow Wilson

With Taft allowing Richard Ballinger(Secretary of the Interior) to sell land to his big business friends is an example of

corruption -The Department of the Interior is an executive department of the U.S. government

Square Deal

describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration:conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection -Theodore Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all -everyone will have an equal chance to succeed in society

Sherman Antitrust Act

law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States -won & broke up some of the trusts, so it was unable to slow the merger movement in busines

Clayton Antitrust Act

law that strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act & protected labor's right to unionize

trusts

legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies -Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies -EX: standard oil is a trust

Due to the stress of the job as President Taft...

over-ate -he's the largest president in United State history

why was Roosevelt elected vice president -why did Roosevelt have so many enemies

political bosses found Roosevelt impossible to control, so to kick him out of New York, they nominated Roosevelt as VP, taking him out of New York's office -He fought corruption & broke up political machines

recall -how

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office -by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it

Robert M. La Follette

progressive wisconsin governor whose agenda of reforms was known as the wisconsin idea -served 3 terms as governor before he entered the U.S. Senate in 1906 -wanted to drive coprporations out of politics, and then to treat them exactly the same as other people are treated."