9/11 Law
Col John Boyd, USAF
"40 Second Boyd" "Genghis John" Korean War era fighter pilot Program manager of F-16 Falcon Strategic planner of Persian Gulf War Developed the "OODA Loop" which revolutionized maneuver warfare
USA PATRIOT ACT October 26, 2001 Timeline
"Sunset" provisions began December 31, 2005 PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011 (May 26, 2011) USA FREEDOM Act of 2015 (June 2, 2015)
islam
"Surrend to the will of god"
Al Qaeda
"The Base"
Ramzi Yousef
"The Government in its summations and opening statement said that I was a terrorist. Yes, I am a terrorist and I am proud of it. And I support terrorism so long as it was against the United States Government and against Israel, because you are more than terrorists; you are the one who invented terrorism and using it every day. You are liars, butchers, and hypocrites."
Col John Boyd, USAF quote
"The Iraqi army collapsed morally and intellectually under the onslaught of American and Coalition forces. John Boyd was an architect of that victory as surely as if he'd commanded a fighter wing or a maneuver division in the desert." General Charles C. Krulak Commandant of the Marine Corps
1996 Declaration of War August 23, 1996
"The people of Islam had suffered from aggression, iniquity, and injustice imposed on them by the Zionist-Crusaders alliance and their collaborators. ... There is no more important duty than pushing the American enemy out of the holy land... [Concentrate on] destroying, fighting and killing the enemy until, by the Grace of Allah, it is completely defeated. ... Take part in fighting against the enemy -- your enemy and their enemy -- the Americans and the Israelis. They are asking you to do whatever you can, with one's own means and ability, to expel the enemy, humiliated and defeated, out of the sanctities of Islam."
Shahada
"There is no god but God." "Muhammad is the messenger of God."
Col John Boyd, USAF quote 2
"Time is the dominant parameter. The pilot who goes through the OODA cycle in the shortest time prevails because his opponent is caught responding to situations that have already changed."
Col John Boyd, USAF on OODA loops
"Without OODA loops embracing all of the above and without the ability to get inside other OODA loops (or other environments), we will find it impossible to comprehend, shape, adapt to and in turn be shaped by an unfolding evolving reality that is uncertain, everchanging, and unpredictable."
Habeas Corpus
"You may have the body" "The Great Writ" Unlawful detention or punishment Civil challenge to (usually) criminal case Respondent is the custodian of the body Means for a prisoner to get into court before a judge Suspension Clause (Art. I, Sect. 9, cl. 2)
War Powers Resolution of 1973 50 U.S.C. §§ 1541-1548
(b) Termination of use of United States Armed Forces; exceptions; extension period Within sixty calendar days after a report is submitted or is required to be submitted pursuant to section 1543(a)(1) of this title, whichever is earlier, the President shall terminate any use of United States Armed Forces with respect to which such report was submitted (or required to be submitted), unless the Congress (1) has declared war or has enacted a specific authorization for such use of United States Armed Forces, (2) has extended by law such sixty-day period, or (3) is physically unable to meet as a result of an armed attack upon the United States.
Geneva Conventions of 1949
(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
Article 1 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
. For the purposes of this Convention, torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions. 2. This article is without prejudice to any international instrument or national legislation which does or may contain provisions of wider application
AQ Ideology Sayyid Qutb
1. Humans have a choice between ignorance (jahiliyyah) and Islam. 2. More people are attracted to ignorance than belief in Islam. 3. Inherent struggle between Allah and Satan, thus all true believers must participate in jihad ("holy war").
Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
Abdullah Yusuf Azzam started Maktab al-Khadamat mentor to bin Laden co-founder of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LET) helped bin Laden form Al Qaeda believed jihad begun in AF should move to Palestine assassinated by car bomb in Peshawar 11/24/1989
Separation of powers
Act 1: Congress (Makes Laws) Act 2: Executive (Implements laws) Act 3: Supreme Court (Interprets laws)
President George W. Bush September 20, 2001 Continued Important
Al Qaeda is to terror what the Mafia is to crime.
Article I, Section 1 of the constitution
All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
US Military History 1775-2001
American Revolution War of 1812 Mexican-American War Civil War "Indian Wars" Spanish-American War "Banana Wars" World War I World War II Korean War Vietnam War Beirut Grenada Persian Gulf War
President George W. Bush September 20, 2001 Continued
Americans have many questions tonight. Americans are asking, ``Who attacked our country?'' The evidence we have gathered all points to a collection of loosely affiliated terrorist organizations known as al Qaeda. They are some of the murderers indicted for bombing American embassies in Tanzania and Kenya and responsible for bombing the USS Cole. Al Qaeda is to terror what the Mafia is to crime. But its goal is not making money, its goal is remaking the world and imposing its radical beliefs on people everywhere. The terrorists practice a fringe form of Islamic extremism that has been rejected by Muslim scholars and the vast majority of Muslim clerics; a fringe movement that perverts the peaceful teachings of Islam. The terrorists' directive commands them to kill Christians and Jews, to kill all Americans and make no distinctions among military and civilians, including women and children. This group and its leader, a person named Osama bin Laden, are linked to many other organizations in different countries, including the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan.
Shia
Any leader of the Ummah must be descended from the Prophet.
Department of defense 101
Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force Coast Guard (sometimes) National Guard Active Duty and Reserve Civilian leadership Officers and Enlisted
President George W. Bush September 20, 2001 Continued part 2 Important
By aiding and abetting murder, the Taliban regime is committing murder. And tonight the United States of America makes the following demands on the Taliban. Deliver to United States authorities all of the leaders of Al Qaeda who hide in your land. Release all foreign nationals, including American citizens you have unjustly imprisoned. Protect foreign journalists, diplomats and aid workers in your country. Close immediately and permanently every terrorist training camp in Afghanistan. And hand over every terrorist and every person and their support structure to appropriate authorities. They will hand over the terrorists or they will share in their fate.
CIA attack at langley Mir Qazi Criminal proceedings
Captured in Pakistan 6/15/1997 Tried in Fairfax County, VA , convicted 2/4/1998 Executed by lethal injection 11/14/2002
Homeland Security Act November 25, 2002
Created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Largest executive branch reorganization since the National Defense Authorization Act of 1947 Established directorates to ensure border security, immigration, cyber security, and emergency preparedness Enhanced airline security through creation of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), use of air marshals, and arming airline pilots in the cockpit Reassignment of Secret Service, U.S. Coast Guard, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States November 27, 2002 - August 21, 2004
Created to investigate the facts and circumstances related to the attacks of September 11, 2001 Expansive overview of intelligence, law enforcement, border security, military preparedness, and other relevant inquiries Bi-partisan participation
AF Training Camps
Darunta Khalden Farouq ("Tarnak Farms")
National security council Advisors
Director of National Intelligence Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
Article 15 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Each State Party shall ensure that any statement which is established to have been made as a result of torture shall not be invoked as evidence in any proceedings, except against a person accused of torture as evidence that the statement was made.
Article 2 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Each State Party shall take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction. 2. No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat or war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture. 3. An order from a superior officer or a public authority may not be invoked as a justification of torture.
Habeas Corpus cases
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004) Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004) Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008)
"Battlespace" important
Individual kill, capture, interrogate, detain Information electronic surveillance intelligence gathering and sharing Ideological prosecution of criminal acts
Detainee Treatment Act of 2005
It prohibits the "cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment" of detainees and provides for "uniform standards" for interrogation. The Act also removed the federal courts' jurisdiction over detainees wishing to challenge the legality of their detention, stating that "no court, justice or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider" applications on behalf of Guantanamo detainees.
Principles of LOAC Military Necessity
Justifies all measures not forbidden under international law for securing the complete submission of the enemy as soon as possible. Justifies the use of force required to accomplish a lawful mission.
Sunni
Leader need not be descendent of the Prophet, based upon knowledge and faith. Caliphate = "kingdom"
Sun Tzu
Military strategist during the Hu dynasty Credited as author of The Art of War The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting. Supreme excellence consists of breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting. Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory. Tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat. To know your Enemy, you must become your Enemy. Keep your friends close, and your enemies closer. Cheng (orthodox) Ch'i (unorthodox)
AQ Ideology
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703 -1792) "Wahhabism," "Salafism" Considers followers of both the Christian and Jewish faiths as sorcerers who believed in devil worship, and cited a hadith of the prophet Muhammad stating that punishment for the sorcerer is "that he be struck with the sword."
AQ Ideology Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703 -1792) "Wahhabism," "Salafism" Considers followers of both the Christian and Jewish faiths as sorcerers who believed in devil worship, and cited a hadith of the prophet stating that punishment for the sorcerer is "that he be struck with the sword."
Article I, Section 10
No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
Before 9/11 what was the last attack on the US
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941. This attack kicked off WW2 for the US when the Japanese surprised attacked a US army base.
National Security Council Statutory members
President (POTUS) Vice President Secretary of State (SECSTATE) Secretary of Defense (SECDEF)
Principles of LOAC Chivalry
Prohibits armed forces from abusing LOAC principles in order to gain an advantage over their adversaries.
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ("FISA")
Provide judicial and congressional oversight of foreign intelligence surveillance activities while maintaining the secrecy necessary to effectively monitor national security threats. FISA was initially enacted in 1978 and sets out procedures for physical and electronic surveillance and collection of foreign intelligence information. FISA establishes procedures for the authorization of electronic surveillance, use of pen registers and trap and trace devices, physical searches, and business records for the purpose of gathering foreign intelligence.
Carl von Clausewitz
Prussian army officer and military theorist Developed the concepts of "fog of war" and "friction" Author of On War
"Sources of Truth"
Qur'an Hadith Sharia
Principles of LOAC Distinction (or Discrimination)
Requires belligerents to distinguish combatants from civilians and military objectives from civilian objects. Parties to a conflict must direct their operations only against combatants and military objectives.
Principles of LOAC Unnecessary Suffering
Requires forces to avoid inflicting gratuitous violence on the enemy. Includes use of certain weapons and munitions.
Principles of LOAC Proportionality
Requires that the anticipated loss of life and damage to property incidental to attacks must not be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage expected to be gained. Balancing test for commanders with military necessity.
United States v. Katz 389 U.S. 347 (1967)
Ruling that an enclosed telephone booth is an area where, like a home, and unlike a field, a person has a constitutionally protected reasonable expectation of privacy that electronic as well as physical intrusion into a place that is in this sense private may constitute a violation of the Fourth Amendment that an invasion of a constitutionally protected area by federal authorities is, as the Court has long held, presumptively unreasonable in the absence of a search warrant.
"5 Paragraph Order" or SMEAC
SITUATION where are we, what's happening, where's the bad guys, who are the good guys, how much gas/guns/ammo/money do we have MISSION what are we going to do (or supposed to do) EXECUTION how exactly are we going to do it be specific and provide timeline of events ADMIN & LOGISTICS what equipment or support do we have or will we need who will provide it COMMUNICATION & CONTROL Who's in charge of what and how do we communicate
AQ Ideology
Sayyid Qutb 1. Humans have a choice between ignorance (jahiliyyah) and Islam. 2. More people are attracted to ignorance than belief in Islam. 3. Inherent struggle between Allah and Satan, thus all true believers must participate in jihad ("holy war").
Carl von Clausewitz ideology
Schwerpunkt (focus of effort or "commander's intent") Fingerspitezengefuhl (fingertip feel or "situational awareness")
National Security Council Non-statutory members
Secretary of the Treasury National Security Advisor
USA PATRIOT ACT October 26, 2001 Sections
Section 213: Delayed search warrant notification ("sneak and peek" provision) Section 214: Pen register and trap and trace authority Section 215: Access to records and other items under FISA ("library records" provision) Section 218: Foreign intelligence information (removes the "FISA wall") Section 225: Immunity for compliance with FISA wiretap
Divisions of Islam
Shia, sunni
National Defense Authorization Act of 1947
Signed by President Truman Established the National Security Council Created the Department of Defense out of the War Department Established the Joint Chiefs of Staff Established the U.S. Air Force out of the U.S. Army Air Corps Established the Central Intelligence Agency
Article II, Section 2
The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; ... He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties ... and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
The States Parties to this Convention, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Recognizing that those rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person, Considering the obligation of States under the Charter, in particular Article 55, to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms, Having regard to article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, both of which provide that no one may be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Having regard also to the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted by the General Assembly on 9 December 1975 (resolution 3452 (XXX)), Desiring to make more effective the struggle against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment throughout the world, Have agreed as follows:
"Battlespace"
The environment, factors, and conditions that must be understood to successfully apply combat power, protect the force, or complete the mission. This includes the air, land, sea, space, and the included enemy and friendly forces; facilities; weather; terrain; the electromagnetic spectrum; and the information environment within the operational areas and areas of interest. Marine Corps Reference Publication 5-12C
Article II, Section 1
The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected...
Article III, Section 1
The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Article III, Section 2
The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority...
OODA loop
The phrase OODA loop refers to the decision cycle of observe, orient, decide, and act, developed by military strategist and United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd. Boyd applied the concept to the combat operations process, often at the strategic level in military operations. It is now also often applied to understand commercial operations and learning processes. The approach favors agility over raw power in dealing with human opponents in any endeavor.
1998 Fatwa February 23, 1998
The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies -- civilians and military -- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque [Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. ... We -- with Allah's help -- call on every Muslim who believes in Allah and wishes to be rewarded to comply with Allah's order to kill the Americans and plunder their money wherever and whenever they find it. We also call on Muslim ulema, leaders, youths, and soldiers to launch the raid on Satan's U.S. troops and the devil's supporters allying with them, and to displace those who are behind them so that they may learn a lesson.
1998 Fatwa February 23, 1998 Important
The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies -- civilians and military -- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it. "kill the Americans and plunder their money wherever and whenever they find it."
President George W. Bush September 11, 2001
The search is underway for those who are behind these evil acts. I've directed the full resources for our intelligence and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and bring them to justice. We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them. ... America and our friends and allies join with all those who want peace and security in the world and we stand together to win the war against terrorism.
USA PATRIOT ACT October 26, 2001 Guidelines
Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous
Powers of congress
To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;
Powers of congress
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;
Powers of congress
To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
Powers of congress
To provide and maintain a navy;
Powers of congress
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;
Powers of congress
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
Powers of congress
To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;
President George W. Bush September 20, 2001
Tonight, we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom. Our grief has turned to anger and anger to resolution. Whether we bring our enemies to justice or bring justice to our enemies, justice will be done. ... On September the 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country. Americans have known wars, but for the past 136 years they have been wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941. Americans have known the casualties of war, but not at the center of a great city on a peaceful morning.
USA PATRIOT ACT October 26, 2001
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism
Structure and "Shura Council"
Usama bin Laden Ayman al Zawahiri Mohammad Atef (Abu Hafs al Masri) Saif al Adel Saeed al Masri Mafouz Ould al Wahid (Abu Hafs al Mauritani)
Carl von Clausewitz quotes
War is not an independent phenomenon, but the continuation of politics by different means. No one starts a war--or rather, no one in his sense ought to do so--without first being clear in his mind what he intends to achieve by the war and how he intends to conduct it. Tactics is the art of using troops in battle; strategy is the art of using battles to win the war. To secure peace is to prepare for war. The best form of defense is attack.
President George W. Bush September 20, 2001 Continued part 3 Important
We will direct every resource at our command--every means of diplomacy, every tool of intelligence, every instrument of law enforcement, every financial influence, and every necessary weapon of war--to the destruction and to the defeat of the global terror network. ... These efforts must be coordinated at the highest level. So tonight, I announce the creation of a Cabinet-level position reporting directly to me, the Office of Homeland Security
Application of LOAC
What kind of belligerents are involved? "Combatants" are military personnel lawfully engaging in hostilities in an armed conflict on behalf of a party to the conflict. Regular forces of a State Party to the conflict; and Militia, volunteer corps, and organized resistance movements belonging to a State Party that under a responsible command wear fixed distinctive sign carry their arms openly abide by LOAC Combatants are lawful targets unless hors de combat. Combatants are privileged belligerents. May be tried for breaches of LOAC. If captured must be treated humanely and are entitled to POW status.
President George W. Bush September 20, 2001 Important
Whether we bring our enemies to justice or bring justice to our enemies, justice will be done.
Kenya Embassy Attack
Who: Al Qaeda What: suicide car bomb; 213 KIA (12 U.S.), 5000+ WIA Where: Nairobi, Kenya When: August 7, 1998, 10:35 AM Why: Attack of United States sovereign territory.
Tanzania Embassy Attack
Who: Al Qaeda What: suicide car bomb; 224 KIA, 5000+ WIA Where: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania When: August 7, 1998, 10:39 AM Why: Attack of United States sovereign territory.
"Blackhawk Down"
Who: Al Qaeda (?) What: KIA 18 (U.S.); Somali insurgents 800+ Where: Mogadishu, Somalia When: October 3, 1993 Why: Attack against United States military forces deployed in support of United Nations peacekeeping force.
Millennium Bomb Plot
Who: Al Qaeda (Ahmed Ressam) What: plot to bomb Los Angeles Airport Where: captured Port Angeles, WA When: December 14, 1999 Why: Attack against major airport of United States homeland.
M/V Limburg attack
Who: Al Qaeda (Rahim al Nashiri, Khallad bin Attash, Ahmed al Darbi) What: KIA 1, WIA 12 Where: near Port of Mukalla,Yemen When: October 6, 2002 Why: Threat to commercial shipping through the Straight of Hormuz, affecting international oil prices.
USS Cole attack
Who: Al Qaeda (Rahim al Nashiri, Khallad bin Attash, Hassan, Nibras) What: KIA 17, WIA 37 Where: Port of Aden, Yemen When: October 12, 2000 Why: Attack of U.S. warship in the region
USS The Sullivans attack plan
Who: Al Qaeda (Rahim al Nashiri, Khallad bin Attash, Hassan, Nibras) What: failed attack; explosives boat sank Where: Port of Aden, Yemen When: January 3, 2000 Why: Attack of U.S. warship in the region
World Trade Center I
Who: Al Qaeda (Ramzi Yousef) What: KIA 6, WIA 1000+ Where: New York City When: February 26, 1993 Why: First attack against United States' homeland.
Khobar Towers
Who: Hezbollah What: KIA 19 (U.S.), WIA 372 Where: Khobar, Saudi Arabia When: June 25, 1996 Why: Attack against United States military forces stationed in Saudi Arabia ("the land of the Two Holy Mosques").
CIA attack at Langley
Who: Mir Qazi ("Kansi") What: 2 KIA, 3 WIA Where: CIA Headquarters, Langley, VA When: 1/25/1993 Why: "Angry with the policy of the U.S. government in the Middle East, particularly toward the Palestinian people."
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Who: Soviets, Afghanis, Pakistanis, Saudis, Americans, and many others What: Asymmetrical warfare Where: Afghanistan When: 12/27/1979 - 2/15/1989 Why: Success of the mujahideen ("holy warriors") to defeat elements of the Soviet Army.
National Security Council
advisors, Statutory Members and non-Statutory Members
Amendment IV
against unreasonable searches and seizures
Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) September 18, 2001 Important
authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.
Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) September 18, 2001
authorizes the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on September 11, 2001 and any "associated forces".
President George W. Bush September 11, 2001 Important
full resources for our intelligence and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and bring them to justice. war against terrorism.
