A & P ch.13
The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex. A) primary sensory B) primary motor C) visual D) olfactory E) auditory
A
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the A) longitudinal fissure. B) central sulcus. C) transverse fissure. D) parieto-occipital sulcus. E) postcentral sulcus.
A
Tracts of the lateral and medial pathways include all of the following except ________ tracts. A) corticospinal B) tectospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal
A
What effect would damage to the left postcentral gyrus produce? A) Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with sensory information awareness from the right side of the body. B) Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with sensory information awareness from the left side of the body. C) Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with voluntary movement of the right side of the body. D) Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with voluntary movement of the left side of the body. E) Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with both sensory information awareness and voluntary movement of the left side of the body.
A
Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called ________ neurons. A) upper motor B) lower motor C) preganglionic D) postganglionic E) somesthetic
B
The primary motor cortex is the surface of the A) insula. B) precentral gyrus. C) postcentral gyrus. D) arcuate gyrus. E) corpus callosum.
B
Which of the following is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain? A) cerebrum B) diencephalon C) prosencephalon D) midbrain E) pons
C
The CNS interprets the ________ of stimulus entirely on the basis of the labeled line over which it arrives. A) duration B) intensity C) location D) type E) adaptation
D
The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories. A) amygdaloid body B) cingulate gyrus C) mammillary bodies D) hippocampus E) fornix
D
The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue. A) 15 percent B) 25 percent C) 68 percent D) 97 percent E) 100 percent
D
Mechanoreceptors might detect all of the following sensations except A) pressure. B) touch. C) vibration. D) muscle length. E) muscle pain.
E
Sensory information that arrives at the CNS is routed according to the ________ of the stimulus. A) type B) intensity C) location D) speed E) type and location
E
The neural tissue is isolated from the general circulation by the A) dura mater. B) choroid plexuses. C) arachnoid granulations. D) meninges. E) blood-brain barrier.
E
What is the function of the nerve labeled "5"? A) movement of the tongue B) facial expression C) vision D) taste E) visceral sensation and motor control
E
What part of the midbrain influences the activity of the entire nervous system? A) cerebral peduncles B) substantia nigra C) superior colliculi and inferior colliculi D) red nuclei E) reticular activating system (RAS), a part of the reticular formation
E
Only about ________ percent of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex and our awareness. A) 1 B) 10 C) 25 D) 50 E) 95
A
The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.
A
Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of cranial nerve A) I. B) II. C) X. D) IV. E) IX.
E
The choroid plexuses produces CSF at a rate of about A) 500 mL/day. B) 250 mL/day. C) 50 mL/day. D) 1000 mL/day. E) 150 mL/day.
A
The shallow folds of the surface of the cerebellum are called A) folia. B) fissures. C) gyri. D) sulci. E) arbor vitae.
A
A receptor that contains many mechanically gated ion channels would function best as a A) tactile receptor. B) chemoreceptor. C) nociceptor. D) thermoreceptor. E) light receptor.
A
As the size of the receptor field gets smaller, the ability to localize a specific stimulus A) improves. B) diminishes. C) is not affected. D) cannot be determined.
A
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) diencephalon. E) cerebellum.
A
Cerebrospinal fluid A) is secreted by ependymal cells. B) is formed by a passive process. C) is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed. D) has almost the same composition as blood plasma. E) is formed by a passive process and has almost the same composition as blood plasma.
A
Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of A) Parkinsons disease. B) rabies. C) Alzheimers disease. D) myasthenia gravis. E) tetanus.
A
Describe the three classes of mechanoreceptors. A) proprioceptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles; baroreceptors, which detect changes in pressure; and tactile receptors, which respond to the sense of touch B) proprioceptors, which respond to the sense of touch; baroreceptors, which detect changes in pressure; and tactile receptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles C) proprioceptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles; baroreceptors, which respond to the sense of touch; and tactile receptors, which detect changes in pressure D) proprioceptors, which detect changes in pressure; baroreceptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles; and tactile receptors, which respond to the sense of touch E) proprioceptors, which respond to the sense of touch; baroreceptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles; and tactile receptors, which detect changes in pressure
A
Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to A) the prefrontal cortex. B) the general interpretive area. C) Brocas area. D) Wernickes area. E) the temporal lobe.
A
During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum? A) telencephalon B) diencephalon C) midbrain D) metencephalon E) myelencephalon
A
Excitation of neurons in the basal nuclei would lead to A) increased muscle tone. B) loss of consciousness. C) inability to sense pain. D) sexual arousal. E) involuntary speech production.
A
From superficial to deep, name the layers that make up the cranial meninges. A) outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, inner pia mater B) outer pia mater, middle arachnoid mater, inner dura mater C) outer dura mater, middle pia mater, inner arachnoid mater D) outer arachnoid mater, middle dura mater, inner pia mater E) outer pia mater, middle dura mater, inner arachnoid mater
A
Give the functions of the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi. A) The superior colliculi control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli. The inferior colliculi control the reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. B) The superior colliculi control the reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. The inferior colliculi control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli. C) The superior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the head, neck, and trunk. The inferior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the limbs. D) The superior colliculi provide subconscious control of upper limb position and background muscle tone. The inferior colliculi processes incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands automatically and helps maintain consciousness. E) The superior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the limbs. The inferior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the head, neck, and trunk.
A
Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to A) receptor specificity. B) accessory cells. C) the fact that they are interoceptors. D) receptor potentials. E) both accessory cells and the fact that they are interoceptors.
A
Identify the structure labeled "5." A) thalamus B) cerebral cortex C) primary motor cortex D) primary sensory cortex E) dorsal root ganglion
A
Identify the structure labeled "5." A) ventral root B) upper motor neuron C) first-order neuron D) second-order neuron E) dorsal root
A
Identify the structure labeled "7." A) dura mater B) lateral ventricle C) fourth ventricle D) subarachnoid space E) filum terminale
A
Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "4." A) motor commands to skeletal muscles B) proprioception to the cerebral cortex C) fine touch to the cerebral cortex D) pain and crude touch sensations E) visceral motor commands to smooth muscle
A
In order for a sensation to become a perception, A) it must be received by the somatosensory cortex. B) the individual must vocalize about it. C) it must arrive over fast-conducting nerve fibers. D) the other senses must be silent. E) it must be received by the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus.
A
Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains. A) larger B) smaller C) the same size D) very smooth E) more convoluted
A
Name the three primary brain vesicles. A) prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon B) prosencephalon, diencephalon, triencephalon C) diencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon D) diencephalon, telencephalon, metencephalon E) mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
A
Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________. A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors; nociceptors D) chemoreceptors; nociceptors E) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors
A
Peripheral adaptation ________ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS. A) decreases B) increases C) stabilizes D) neutralizes
A
Sensory neurons that are normally inactive but can become active for a short time are called ________. A) phasic receptors B) tonic receptors C) myelinated D) proprioceptors E) nociceptors
A
Stimulation of a neuron that terminates close to the longitudinal fissure of the left postcentral gyrus would produce A) a sensation in the right leg. B) a sensation in the lips. C) a muscle twitch in the right leg. D) a muscle twitch in the lips. E) both sensations and muscle twitches in the right leg.
A
Stimulation of the reticular formation results in A) increased consciousness. B) sleep. C) coma. D) decreased cerebral function. E) All of the above.
A
Tactile receptors composed of capsules that surround a core of collagen fibers intertwined with dendrites are called A) Ruffini corpuscles. B) lamellar corpuscles. C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscles. D) tactile discs. E) root hair plexuses.
A
The Roman numeral V indicates the ________ nerve. A) trigeminal B) trochlear C) abduces D) oculomotor E) vestibulocochlear
A
The ________ is located at the tip of the tail of the caudate nucleus. A) amygdaloid body B) thalamus C) lentiform nucleus D) globus pallidus E) putamen
A
The anterior nuclei of the thalamus A) are part of the limbic system. B) secrete pituitary hormones. C) secrete melatonin. D) receive axon collaterals from the optic nerve. E) control feeding reflexes like licking and swallowing.
A
The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the pyramids of the medulla oblongata is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal
A
The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) brainstem. D) midbrain. E) myelencephalon.
A
The general senses A) involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure. B) are located in specialized structures called sense organs. C) are localized to specific areas of the body. D) cannot generate action potentials. E) are limited to the skin.
A
The highest levels of information processing occur in the A) cerebrum. B) diencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) medulla oblongata. E) corpus callosum.
A
The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the A) pia mater. B) dura mater. C) arachnoid mater. D) subarachnoid space. E) subarachnoid mater.
A
The pyramidal system provides A) voluntary control over skeletal muscles. B) voluntary control over smooth muscles. C) involuntary control over skeletal muscles. D) involuntary control over smooth muscles. E) involuntary control over cardiac muscle.
A
The pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata are formed by fibers of the ________ tracts. A) corticospinal B) corticobulbar C) reticulospinal D) vestibulospinal E) tectospinal
A
The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the A) prefrontal cerebral cortex. B) occipital association cortex. C) reticular formation. D) temporal lobe. E) cerebral ganglia.
A
The sense of taste projects to the gustatory cortex located in the A) insula. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) prefrontal cortex. E) occipital lobe.
A
What effect would increased stimulation of the motor neurons of the red nucleus have on muscle tone? A) It would increase stimulation of skeletal muscles, thereby increasing their muscle tone. B) It would increase stimulation of skeletal muscles, thereby decreasing their muscle tone. C) It would decrease stimulation of skeletal muscles, thereby increasing their muscle tone. D) It would decrease stimulation of skeletal muscles, thereby decreasing their muscle tone. E) It would not affect skeletal muscle tone.
A
What is produced by the structure labeled "2"? A) cerebrospinal fluid B) neurotransmitters C) white matter D) hormones E) blood
A
What is the function of the ascending and descending tracts in the medulla oblongata? A) to link the brain with the spinal cord B) to regulate vital autonomic functions C) they contain sensory and motor nuclei of five cranial nerves D) to relay somatic information to the thalamus E) to relay information to the red nucleus
A
What signs and symptoms would be present in a person who has basal nuclei damage? A) They would exhibit decreased muscle tone and loss of coordinated movement. B) They would be unable to move any skeletal muscle. C) They would be unable to taste and smell. D) They would be unable to recognize sounds, such as spoken words. E) They would be unable to control autonomic functions, such as controlling heart rate and blood pressure.
A
What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain? A) pia mater B) arachnoid mater C) dura mater D) falx cerebelli E) choroid plexus
A
Which cerebral hemisphere receives impulses conducted by the right gracile fasciculus? A) left cerebral hemisphere B) right cerebral hemisphere
A
Which cranial nerves have motor functions only? A) oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves B) olfactory, optic, oculomotor, and trochlear nerves C) vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves D) trochlear, trigeminal, and facial nerves E) oculomotor, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vagus, and accessory nerves
A
Which of the following hypothalamic functions is incorrect? A) regulate lactation — preoptic region B) secrete oxytocin — paraventricular nucleus C) control feeding reflexes — mammillary bodies D) control heart rate and blood pressure — autonomic centers E) secrete antidiuretic hormone — supra-optic nucleus
A
Which of the following is a property of the mammillary bodies? A) controls feeding reflexes like swallowing and licking B) responsible for auditory reflexes C) located posterior to the pons D) connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland E) secretes melatonin
A
Which structure conducts action potentials directly from a sensory receptor? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 7
A
White matter fibers that pass from one gyrus to the adjacent gyrus are called A) arcuate fibers. B) longitudinal fasciculi. C) association fibers. D) commissural fibers. E) projection fibers.
A
You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to A) smell his food. B) smile. C) blink his eyes. D) nod his head. E) see.
A
Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of ________ pain. A) referred B) phantom C) psychogenic D) somatic E) neurogenic
A
A receptor that responds to chemicals dissolved in solution is a A) tactile receptor. B) chemoreceptor. C) nociceptor. D) thermoreceptor. E) light receptor.
B
A labeled line is a(n) A) translation of complex sensory information. B) link between a receptor and the CNS processing center. C) reduction in sensitivity. D) stimulation that produces action potentials. E) adjustment for sensitivity adaptation.
B
A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected? A) glossopharyngeal B) hypoglossal C) vagus D) spinal accessory E) trigeminal
B
A very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a A) Ruffini corpuscle. B) lamellar corpuscle. C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. D) tactile (Merkel) disc. E) root hair plexus.
B
A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brains electrical activity over a period of time. A) electrocardiogram B) electroencephalogram C) X-ray D) MRI E) CT scan
B
After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe. A) right frontal B) left frontal C) right temporal D) left temporal E) occipital
B
Axons that decussate between the pyramids of the medulla oblongata belong to the ________ tracts. A) anterior corticospinal B) lateral corticospinal C) vestibulospinal D) reticulospinal E) rubrospinal
B
Bladder fullness is to ________ as blood pH is to ________. A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors; nociceptors D) chemoreceptors; nociceptors E) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors
B
Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his A) vestibulocochlear nerve. B) Wernickes area. C) speech center. D) prefrontal lobe. E) temporal lobe.
B
Damage to the ________ nerve would result in near paralysis of the eye. A) optic B) oculomotor C) trochlear D) olfactory E) abducens
B
Descending (motor) pathways always involve at least ________ motor neuron(s). A) one B) two C) three D) four E) spinal
B
Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called A) nociceptors. B) baroreceptors. C) chemoreceptors. D) proprioceptors. E) thermoreceptors.
B
Describe amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A) ALS is a progressive disorder characterized by loss of higher-order cerebral functions and is the most common cause of senile dementia. B) ALS is a progressive degeneration of the motor neurons of the CNS, leading to muscle atrophy and eventual paralysis. C) ALS is a disease of the CNS characterized by recurrent incidents of demyelination that affects axons in the optic nerve, brain, and spinal cord. D) ALS results when the neurons of the substantia nigra are damaged or secrete less dopamine and the basal nuclei become more active causing muscle rigidity and stiffness. E) ALS is a nonprogressive loss of motor function that appears during infancy or childhood and persists throughout the person's lifetime.
B
Describe the insula. A) The insula is a collection of fasciculi that connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same cerebral hemisphere. B) The insula is an island of cerebral cortex located medial to the lateral sulcus. C) The insula is a band of commissural fibers between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. D) The insula is a region anterior to the central sulcus and contains the primary motor cortex. E) The insula is posterior to the central sulcus and contains the primary somatosensory cortex.
B
Describe the role of the corticobulbar tracts. A) Corticobulbar tracts are ascending tracts that carry information or commands from the sensory nuclei in the brainstem to the cerebral cortex. B) Corticobulbar tracts are descending tracts that carry information or commands from the cerebral cortex to motor nuclei in the brainstem. C) Corticobulbar tracts are ascending tracts that carry sensory information from the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. D) Corticobulbar tracts are descending tracts that carry motor commands from the cerebral cortex to the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord. E) Corticobulbar tracts are ascending tracts that receive sensory information from the internal ear about the position and movement of the head.
B
Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve. A) optic B) oculomotor C) trochlear D) olfactory E) abducens
B
Explain adaptation, and differentiate between peripheral adaptation and central adaptation. A) Adaptation is an increase in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulation. Peripheral adaptation reduces the amount of information sent to the CNS. In central adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus virtually disappears. B) Adaptation is a decrease in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulation. Peripheral adaptation reduces the amount of information sent to the CNS. In central adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus virtually disappears. C) Adaptation is an increase in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulation. Peripheral adaptation increases the amount of information sent to the CNS. In central adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus is enhanced. D) Adaptation is a decrease in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulation. Peripheral adaptation increases the amount of information sent to the CNS. In central adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus is enhanced. E) Adaptation is a decrease in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant simulation. In peripheral adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus virtually disappears. Central adaptation reduces the amount of information received by the CNS.
B
Identify the nerve labeled "11." A) oculomotor B) trigeminal C) trochlear D) abducens E) optic
B
Identify the origin of the axon labeled "2." A) lower motor neuron B) upper motor neuron C) decussation neuron D) second-order neuron E) ganglionic neuron
B
Identify the structure labeled "1." A) primary sensory cortex B) primary motor cortex C) thalamus D) autonomic motor center E) basal nuclei
B
Identify the structure labeled "10." A) arbor vitae B) central canal C) corpus callosum D) pons E) diencephalon
B
In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in the A) left cerebellar hemisphere. B) left cerebral hemisphere. C) right cerebellar hemisphere. D) right cerebral hemisphere. E) thalamus.
B
Increased production and release of acetylcholine by the neurons of the cerebral nuclei would result in A) flaccid paralysis. B) spastic, uncontrolled muscle contractions. C) decreased activity of upper motor neurons. D) fewer action potentials along the corticospinal tracts. E) muscular atrophy.
B
Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb? A) trochlear B) trigeminal C) facial D) glossopharyngeal E) hypoglossal
B
Neurons from the nucleus gracilis A) relay information directly to the cerebrum. B) decussate before entering the medial lemniscus. C) relay sensory information to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. D) carry both crude and fine touch. E) relay information directly to the cerebrum and carry both crude and fine touch.
B
Our perception of our environment is imperfect for all of the following reasons except that A) humans lack receptors for every possible stimulus. B) receptors respond by producing action potentials. C) not all sensations lead to a perception. D) abnormal receptor function can produce sensations that have no basis in fact. E) our receptors have limited sensitivity.
B
Relate receptive field size to stimulus localization. A) The smaller the receptive field, the harder it is to localize an area of stimulus. B) The smaller the receptive field, the easier it is to localize an area of stimulus. C) The larger the receptive field, the easier it is to localize an area of stimulus.
B
Sensory neurons that are always active are called ________ receptors. A) phasic B) tonic
B
Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus. A) astrocyte B) ependymal C) neuron D) microglia E) oligodendrocyte
B
Tactile discs are to ________ as tactile corpuscles are to ________. A) Wilms; Meissner B) Merkel; Meissner C) Meissner; Merkel D) Pacinian; Merkel E) pain; pressure
B
The ________ connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same hemisphere. A) arcuate fibers B) longitudinal fasciculi C) commissural fibers D) fibers of the corpus callosum E) fibers of the anterior commissure
B
The ________ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) pons D) medulla oblongata E) cerebellum
B
The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. A) thalamus B) infundibulum C) brain stem D) mammillary body E) anterior commissure
B
The basal nuclei A) plan and coordinate voluntary muscle activity. B) provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking. C) coordinate sensory information. D) control the secretions of the pituitary gland. E) control respiration and blood pressure.
B
The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillaries cells are the A) microglia. B) astrocytes. C) monocytes. D) leukocytes. E) lymphocytes.
B
The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are A) I, II, and III. B) III, IV, and VI. C) II, III, and IV. D) II and VI. E) III and V.
B
The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the cord is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal
B
The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the A) dural sinus. B) falx cerebri. C) tentorium cerebelli. D) falx cerebelli. E) choroid plexus.
B
The medial nuclei of the thalamus A) are part of the limbic system. B) integrate sensory information for relay to the frontal lobes. C) produce the hormone oxytocin. D) process visual information. E) receive sensory information from the cerebellum.
B
The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to bright lights and loud sounds is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) tectospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal
B
The midbrain contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention. A) cardiovascular control center B) reticular activating system C) respiratory rhythmicity center D) tectum E) tegmentum
B
The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the A) pulvinar nuclei. B) lateral geniculate nuclei. C) medial geniculate nuclei. D) preoptic area. E) suprachiasmatic nuclei.
B
The regions of the midbrain that issue subconscious motor commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone are the A) tecta. B) red nuclei. C) cerebral peduncles. D) superior colliculi. E) inferior colliculi.
B
The sensory neuron that carries a sensation to the CNS is a ________ neuron. A) receptor B) first-order C) second-order D) third-order E) fourth-order
B
The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following except A) temperature. B) taste. C) touch. D) vibration. E) pain.
B
The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem are located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) diencephalon. E) thalamus.
B
The white matter of the cerebellum forms the A) cerebellar peduncles. B) arbor vitae. C) folia. D) vermis. E) pyramid.
B
Upper motor neuron cell bodies originate in all the following except A) precentral gyrus. B) postcentral gyrus. C) vestibular nuclei. D) red nuclei of the midbrain. E) superior and inferior colliculi.
B
We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because A) sensory neurons carry only one modality. B) sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions. C) incoming sensory information is first processed by the thalamus. D) different types of sensory receptors produce action potentials of different sizes and shapes. E) of the many types of tactile receptors.
B
What are some functions of the amygdaloid body? A) The amygdaloid body produces oxytocin and ADH and helps control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. B) The amygdaloid body plays a role in regulating heart rate, controlling the "fight or flight" response, and in linking emotions with specific memories. C) The amygdaloid body plays a role in learning, especially in the storage and retrieval of long-term memories. D) The amygdaloid body is a tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus. E) The amygdaloid body is responsible for heightened alertness and generalized excitement or generalized lethargy and sleep.
B
Which of the following is not a property of thermoreceptors? A) They are free nerve endings. B) Warm receptors outnumber cold receptors. C) They are found in skeletal muscle. D) They are found in the hypothalamus. E) Cold receptors outnumber warm receptors.
B
What is the function of the longitudinal fasciculi? A) connect one gyrus to another B) connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same hemisphere C) connect the cerebral hemispheres D) connect the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord E) connect the cerebral cortex to the cerebellar cortex
B
What is the function of the structure labeled "7"? A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) auditory E) eye movement
B
Which embryonic brain vesicle develops into the largest region of the adult brain? A) diencephalon B) telencephalon C) myelencephalon D) metencephalon E) mesencephalon
B
Which is likely to be more sensitive to continuous deep pressure: a lamellar corpuscle or a bulbous corpuscle? A) lamellar corpuscle B) bulbous corpuscle
B
Which medulla oblongata components relay somatic sensory information to the thalamus? A) inferior olivary complex B) gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus C) reticular formation D) ascending tracts within the funiculi E) descending tracts within the funiculi
B
Which of the following is improperly paired? A) telencephalon — will form the cerebrum B) diencephalon — becomes the ventricle C) mesencephalon — also called the midbrain D) metencephalon — will form the cerebellum and pons E) myelencephalon — will form the medullar oblongata
B
Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system? A) contains cerebral and diencephalic components B) functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather C) located between the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon D) links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brainstem E) functions in emotions, learning, and memory
B
Which part(s) of the following statement is/are true?Somatic sensory axons enter the ventral root and usually decussate before ascending to the thalamus. A) The first part of the statement is true, and the second part of the statement is false. B) The first part of the statement is false, and the second part of the statement is true. C) Both parts of the statements are true. D) Both parts of the statements are false.
B
Which receptor(s) always send(s) a signal, but the rate of action potentials changes as a result of stimulation? A) phasic B) tonic C) both phasic and tonic
B
Which region of the brain is enclosed or hidden by the cerebrum? A) cerebellum B) diencephalon C) midbrain D) pons E) medulla oblongata
B
Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the A) anterior commissures. B) basal nuclei. C) motor association areas. D) visual cortex. E) auditory cortex.
B
________ are chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. A) Lobes B) Ventricles C) Nuclei D) Fissures E) Gyri
B
________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech. A) Frontal B) Integrative C) Communication D) Terminal E) Vocal
B
________ is a conscious awareness of a sensation. A) Association B) Perception C) Integration D) Reception E) Stimulation
B
A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a A) lamellar corpuscle. B) Ruffini corpuscle. C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. D) tactile (Merkel) disc. E) root hair plexus.
C
Absorption at the arachnoid granulations returns CSF to the A) third ventricle. B) arterial circulation. C) venous circulation. D) fourth ventricle. E) central canal.
C
All of the following are properly paired except A) reticular formation - located in the medulla oblongata. B) gracile nucleus - relays somatic sensory information to the thalamus. C) ascending tracts - carry motor information to the thalamus. D) cuneate nucleus - relays somatic sensory information to the thalamus. E) inferior olivary complex - relays information from the red nucleus.
C
All of the following are true of a prickling pain sensation except that they A) are carried by type A fibers. B) reach the CNS quickly. C) cannot be localized to a small area. D) receive conscious attention. E) often trigger somatic reflexes.
C
Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system? A) amygdaloid body B) cingulate gyrus C) globus pallidus D) hippocampus E) fornix
C
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it A) is the most common cause of senile dementia. B) is characterized by a progressive loss of memory. C) has a clear genetic basis. D) is associated with the formation of plaques. E) may be associated with damage to the hippocampus.
C
As CSF circulates, ________ between it and the interstitial fluid of the CNS is unrestricted between and across the ependymal cells. A) osmosis B) perfusion C) diffusion D) convection E) conduction
C
Central adaptation refers to A) the decline in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated. B) a characteristic of phasic receptors. C) inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway. D) increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus. E) a change in motor receptivity of a neuron.
C
Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the A) jugular veins. B) dural drain. C) superior sagittal sinus. D) tentorium cerebelli. E) frontal sinus.
C
Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle A) only require neural processing at the level of the cerebrum. B) with practice, involve little input from the brain. C) require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain. D) are largely controlled at the level of the spinal cord. E) usually escape notice by the cerebellum.
C
Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas. A) commissural B) sensory C) association D) somesthetic E) processing
C
Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with A) control of muscle tone. B) regulation of body temperature. C) visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck. D) subconscious control of skeletal muscles of the upper limbs. E) control of breathing.
C
Damage to the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus would interfere with what particular function? A) Damage would interfere with the flow of somatic sensations and thus affect the sense of touch. B) Damage would interfere with the flow of auditory information and thus affect the sense of hearing. C) Damage would interfere with the flow of visual information and thus affect the sense of sight. D) Damage would interfere with the limbic system and thus affect emotional processing. E) Damage would interfere with the release of melatonin and thus affect circadian rhythms.
C
Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem? A) an intense thirst B) an uncontrolled sex drive C) reduced ability to regulate body temperature D) an insatiable appetite E) production of a large volume of urine
C
Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect A) perception of pain. B) sight. C) voluntary motor activity. D) hearing. E) both perception of pain and voluntary motor activity.
C
Damage to the superior colliculi would interfere with the reflex ability to A) express rage. B) voluntarily move the arm. C) react to a bright light. D) react to loud noises. E) maintain proper posture.
C
Damage to the tectospinal tracts would interfere with one's ability to A) position the arms. B) monitor body position. C) make reflex responses of the head and neck in response to sudden movements or loud noises. D) control motor units located in the leg. E) coordinate eating and swallowing movements.
C
Define basal nuclei. A) The basal nuclei produce oxytocin and ADH and help control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. B) The basal nuclei play a role in regulating heart rate, controlling the "fight or flight" response, and in linking emotions with specific memories. C) The basal nuclei are masses of cerebral gray matter that function in the subconscious control of skeletal muscle activity and help coordinate learned movement patterns. D) The basal nuclei are masses of cerebral gray matter that processes sensory information and influences emotional states. E) The basal nuclei are responsible for heightened alertness and generalized excitement or generalized lethargy and sleep.
C
Descending nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the midbrain are the A) tegmenta. B) corpora quadrigemina. C) cerebral peduncles. D) superior colliculi. E) inferior colliculi.
C
Describe how rabies is contracted. A) Rabies is contracted by touching a rabid animal. B) Rabies is contracted by eating the meat of a rabid animal. C) Rabies is contracted by the bite of a rabid animal. D) Rabies is contracted by drinking water contaminated by the feces of a rabid animal. E) Rabies is contracted by breathing air that has droplets of the rabies virus in it.
C
Describe the pyramids of the medulla oblongata and a decussation. A) The pyramids contains tracts of sensory fibers that originate at the cerebral cortex. Some of the sensory fibers cross to the opposite sides of the medulla oblongata and that crossing over is called a decussation. B) The pyramids contains tracts of sensory fibers that originate at the spinal cord. Some of the sensory fibers cross to the opposite sides of the medulla oblongata and that crossing over is called a decussation. C) The pyramids contains tracts of motor fibers that originate at the cerebral cortex. Some of the motor fibers cross to the opposite sides of the medulla oblongata and that crossing over is called a decussation. D) The pyramids contains tracts of motor fibers that originate at the spinal cord. Some of the motor fibers cross to the opposite sides of the medulla oblongata and that crossing over is called a decussation. E) The pyramids contains tracts of motor fibers that originate at the spinal cord. All of the motor fibers stay on the same side of the medulla oblongata and that is called a decussation.
C
Describe the role of the medulla oblongata. A) The medulla oblongata functions in conscious thought, memory storage and processing, and regulating skeletal muscle contractions. B) The medulla oblongata contains centers involved with emotions, autonomic function, and hormone production. C) The medulla oblongata relays sensory information to other parts of the brainstem and to the thalamus. It also contains centers that regulate autonomic functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure. D) The medulla oblongata coordinates and modulates motor commands coming from the cerebral cortex. E) The medulla oblongata processes visual and auditory information and controls reflexes triggered by those stimuli.
C
Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are A) fissures. B) sinuses. C) lobes. D) sulci. E) gyri.
C
How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles? A) Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would decrease the volume of CSF in the ventricles because less CSF would reenter the bloodstream. B) Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would decrease the volume of CSF in the ventricles because more CSF would reenter the bloodstream. C) Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would increase the volume of CSF in the ventricles because less CSF would reenter the bloodstream. D) Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would increase the volume of CSF in the ventricles because more CSF would reenter the bloodstream. E) Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would not change the volume of CSF because the amount of CSF reentering the bloodstream can accommodate for the changes.
C
Identify the components of the cerebellar gray matter. A) arbor vitae B) cerebellar nuclei C) cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei D) cerebellar peduncles E) transverse pontine fibers
C
Identify the neuron labeled "1." A) lower motor neuron B) upper motor neuron C) first-order neuron D) second-order neuron E) third-order neuron
C
Identify the sensory nuclei contained within the corpora quadrigemina. A) cerebral peduncles B) anterior colliculi and posterior colliculi C) superior colliculi and inferior colliculi D) red nuclei and substantia nigra E) reticular formation and red nuclei
C
Identify the structure labeled "3." A) arbor vitae B) corpora quadrigemina C) cerebral aqueduct D) pons E) diencephalon
C
Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to A) speak. B) move her left arm. C) analyze by touch an object in her right hand. D) recognize written words. E) touch her nose with her eyes closed.
C
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the A) cerebrum. B) midbrain. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) medulla oblongata.
C
The basal nuclei A) initiate conscious motor activity. B) activate spinal reflexes C) adjust and refine learned motor activities. D) exert direct control over lower motor neurons. E) act as gatekeepers, filtering out unnecessary sensory input.
C
Parkinson's disease is the result of A) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei. B) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra. C) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons. D) hyperactivity of the limbic system. E) weak response of the red nuclei of the midbrain.
C
Sensations of burning or aching pain A) are carried by type A fibers. B) reach the CNS quickly. C) cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus. D) are well localized. E) are fast adapting.
C
Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on A) the frequency of action potentials. B) which labeled line is active. C) the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated. D) the specific sensitivity of the peripheral receptor. E) both the frequency of action potentials and which labeled line is active.
C
Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ nerve. A) ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal B) maxillary branch of the trigeminal C) mandibular branch of the trigeminal D) glossopharyngeal E) hypoglossal
C
Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged? A) the prefrontal lobe B) the general interpretive area C) the limbic system D) the thalamus E) the putamen
C
The ________ relay(s) auditory information to the auditory cortex. A) pulvinar nuclei B) lateral geniculate nuclei C) medial geniculate nuclei D) preoptic area E) suprachiasmatic nuclei
C
The area of the motor cortex that is devoted to a particular region of the body is proportional to the A) size of the body area. B) distance of the body area from the brain. C) number of motor units in that region. D) number of sensory receptors in the area of the body. E) size of the nerves that serve the area of the body.
C
The auditory cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.
C
The link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron is called a A) receptor. B) receptive field. C) labeled line. D) sensation. E) transduction.
C
The putamen and globus pallidus are considered subdivisions of the A) caudate nucleus. B) claustrum C) lentiform nucleus. D) corpus striatum. E) limbic system.
C
The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in the A) reticular formation of the pons. B) left cerebral hemisphere. C) reflex centers of the medulla oblongata. D) arbor vitae of the cerebellum. E) substantia nigra of the midbrain.
C
The spinal tract that carries sensations from proprioceptors to the CNS is the A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) spinocerebellar. D) lateral spinothalamic. E) anterior spinothalamic.
C
The spinal tract that normally plays a minor role in the control of the distal muscles of the arms is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal
C
The tectum of the midbrain contains the A) substantia nigra. B) red nuclei. C) superior and inferior colliculi. D) cerebral peduncles. E) basal ganglia.
C
The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the A) central canal. B) tentorium cerebelli. C) cerebral aqueduct. D) interventricular foramina. E) septum pellucidum.
C
The tract that links the cerebellum with the pons is the A) superior cerebellar peduncle. B) inferior cerebellar peduncle. C) middle cerebellar peduncle. D) longitudinal fibers. E) obverse fibers.
C
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves. A) 2 B) 6 C) 12 D) 22 E) 31
C
Tickle is to ________ as ache is to ________. A) pressure; heat B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) touch; pain D) stretch; temperature E) thermoreceptors; nociceptors
C
What brain tissues have tight junctions? A) microglial cells B) astrocyte processes around the pia matter C) ependymal cells of each choroid plexus D) Schwann cells around each neuron E) oligodendrocytes around each neuron
C
What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side? A) loss of pain sensation on the left side of the body B) loss of pain sensation on the right side of the body C) loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body D) loss of fine touch sensation on the right side of the body E) complete hemiplegia (paralysis) on the left side of the body
C
Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration? A) corticobulbar B) corticospinal C) posterior (dorsal) column D) spinothalamic E) both posterior (dorsal) column and spinothalamic
C
Which brain regions control reflexes in response to visual and auditory stimuli that are experienced while viewing a movie? A) cerebral cortex and basal nuclei B) basal nuclei and hypothalamus C) thalamus and midbrain D) pons and medulla oblongata E) brainstem and spinal cord
C
Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it wanders, that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen? A) VIII B) IX C) X D) XI E) XII
C
Which of the following is a function of the thalamus? A) secretes cerebrospinal fluid B) secretes melatonin C) processes sensory information and relays it to the cerebrum D) stores memories E) regulates food intake
C
Which of the following is improperly paired? A) falx cerebri — a fold of dura mater between the cerebral hemispheres B) septum pellucidum — a thin partition that separates the two lateral ventricles C) corpus callosum — thick tract of gray matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres D) interventricular foramen - the opening between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle E) cerebral aqueduct — slender canal that connects the third and fourth ventricle
C
Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve? A) loss of the sense of taste B) tooth pain C) weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle D) lack of facial expression E) dry mouth from lack of saliva
C
Which part(s) of the following statement is/are true? If the primary motor cortex is destroyed, fine control of movement will be lost, but movement may not be lost completely because the medial and lateral pathways can still provide coarse motor control. A) The first part of the statement is true, and the second part of the statement is false. B) The first part of the statement is false, and the second part of the statement is true. C) Both parts of the statements are true. D) Both parts of the statements are false.
C
Which region of the limbic system is particularly important for the storage and retrieval of long-term memories? A) fornix B) amygdaloid body C) hippocampus D) mammillary body E) cingulate gyrus
C
Which senses are affected by damage to the temporal lobes? A) visual and auditory B) visual and olfactory C) auditory and olfactory D) visual and gustatory E) olfactory and gustatory
C
Which spinal tracts carry action potentials generated by nociceptors? A) anterior spinothalamic tracts B) posterior spinothalamic tracts C) lateral spinothalamic tracts D) posterior column pathway E) spinocerebellar pathway
C
________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure. A) Chemoreceptors B) Nociceptors C) Baroreceptors D) Proprioceptors E) Photoreceptors
C
________ is a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. A) Sensation B) Reception C) Adaptation D) Transduction E) Integration
C
________ is the term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated. A) Ascending B) Descending C) Decussation D) Relaying E) Coordinating
C
________ receptors are ________ times more numerous than ________ receptors. A) Warm; three or four; cold B) Thermoreceptors; three or four; cold C) Cold; three or four; warm D) Thermoreceptors; three or four; temperature E) Cold; ten; warm
C
A brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. Which descending tract is most likely affected? A) corticospinal tract B) tectospinal tract C) rubrospinal tract D) corticobulbar tract E) reticulospinal tract
D
A cortex is found on the surface of both the A) cerebral hemispheres and pons. B) pons and cerebellum. C) cerebellum and medulla oblongata. D) cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres. E) pons and medullar oblongata.
D
A highly sensitive tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with specialized cells of the stratum basale is a A) lamellar corpuscle. B) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. C) Ruffini corpuscle. D) tactile (Merkel) disc. E) root hair plexus.
D
A person with a damaged visual association area may be A) unable to see rows of letters. B) declared legally blind. C) unable to recognize letters but able to identify whole words and their meanings. D) able to see letters but unable to associate them into words. E) unable to understand spoken words.
D
Axons of the corticobulbar tract terminate in the A) sensory neurons. B) somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord. C) autonomic motor neurons in the spinal cord. D) motor nuclei of cranial nerves. E) nuclei in the thalamus.
D
Based on the motor homunculus, which of the following body regions has the largest motor units? A) tongue B) nose C) hands D) lower limbs E) larynx
D
Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space through the A) interventricular foramina. B) cerebral aqueduct. C) dural sinus. D) lateral and median apertures. E) falx cerebri.
D
Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called A) lobes. B) cortices. C) hemispheres. D) association areas. E) primary motor areas.
D
Damage to the somatic motor association area of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to A) understand written words. B) understand spoken words. C) understand visual images. D) play the piano. E) sense the texture of velvet.
D
Define corticospinal tracts. A) Corticospinal tracts are ascending tracts that carry information or commands from the sensory nuclei in the brainstem to the cerebral cortex. B) Corticospinal tracts are descending tracts that carry information or commands from the cerebral cortex to motor nuclei in the brainstem. C) Corticospinal tracts are ascending tracts that carry sensory information from the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. D) Corticospinal tracts are descending tracts that carry motor commands from the cerebral cortex to the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord. E) Corticospinal tracts are ascending tracts that receive sensory information from the internal ear about the position and movement of the head.
D
Define somatotopy. A) a functional map of spinothalamic tracts B) a functional map of spinocerebellar tracts C) a functional map of corticospinal tracts D) a functional map of the somatosensory cortex E) a functional map of the motor cortex
D
Define the term general senses. A) General senses are those that are localized in specific places in the body. B) General senses are those that are localized to our head, including vision and hearing. C) General senses are those that are internal such as stomach and bladder fullness. D) General senses are temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception and are distributed throughout the body. E) General senses are those with complex receptor structures.
D
Describe the function of the caudate nucleus. A) The caudate nucleus is involved with sensory input from various somatic sensory receptors. B) The caudate nucleus is involved with indirect modification of movement by output to the cerebral cortex. C) The caudate nucleus is involved with speech production. D) The caudate nucleus is involved with the subconscious adjustment and modification of skeletal muscle activity. E) The caudate nucleus is involved in the direct control of voluntary movements by controlling somatic motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord.
D
Each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through a(n) A) septum pellucidum. B) cerebral aqueduct. C) aqueduct of midbrain. D) interventricular foramen. E) medulla oblongata.
D
Each of the following is an ascending tract in the spinal cord except the A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) posterior spinocerebellar. D) reticulospinal tract. E) anterior spinothalamic.
D
Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the A) nucleus gracilis. B) nucleus cuneatus. C) motor cortex. D) substantia nigra. E) red nucleus.
D
Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "2." A) motor commands to skeletal muscles B) proprioception to the cerebral cortex C) fine touch to the cerebral cortex D) pain and crude touch sensations E) visceral motor commands to smooth muscle
D
If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention ________ because it is not a special sense. A) smell B) sight C) balance D) cold E) hearing
D
Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located? A) prefrontal cortex B) postcentral gyrus C) basal nuclei D) hypothalamus E) reticular formation
D
Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the A) medulla. B) thalamus. C) cerebral cortex. D) olfactory bulb. E) olfactory tract.
D
Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called A) nociceptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) baroreceptors. D) proprioceptors. E) thermoreceptors.
D
Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) thalamus. E) cerebellum.
D
Thalamic neurons that travel to the primary sensory cortex are ________ neurons. A) receptor B) first-order C) second-order D) third-order E) fourth-order
D
The area of the brain that performs spatial visualization and analyzing is the A) left cerebellar hemisphere. B) left cerebral hemisphere. C) right cerebellar hemisphere. D) right cerebral hemisphere. E) thalamus.
D
The basic reflex motor patterns related to eating and drinking are controlled by which region of the brain? A) thalamus B) cerebral cortex C) midbrain D) hypothalamus E) pons
D
The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the A) cerebrum. B) midbrain. C) cerebellum. D) medulla oblongata. E) spinal cord.
D
The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a worm-shaped band of cortex called the A) cerebellar peduncles. B) arbor vitae. C) folia. D) vermis. E) pyramid.
D
The cerebellum adjusts motor activity in response to all of the following except A) tactile sensations. B) visual information. C) equilibrium-related sensations. D) gustatory information. E) proprioceptor information.
D
The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) diencephalon. D) medulla oblongata. E) heart.
D
The conversion of a sensory input to a change in membrane potential in the receptor is known as A) a labeled line. B) perception. C) an action potential. D) transduction. E) stimulation.
D
The corpus callosum is composed of A) arcuate fibers. B) longitudinal fasciculi. C) association fibers. D) commissural fibers. E) projection fibers.
D
The corticospinal system is often referred to as the A) red nucleus. B) reticular formation. C) spinothalamic tracts. D) pyramidal system. E) medullary centers.
D
The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the A) abducens. B) facial. C) vagus. D) trigeminal. E) glossopharyngeal.
D
The dural sinuses are located in the A) paranasal cavity. B) arachnoid mater. C) pia mater. D) dural folds. E) tentorium cerebelli.
D
The general interpretive area A) is the speech center of the brain. B) is responsible for predicting future consequences. C) is the site of long-term memory storage. D) allows us to interpret what is read or heard. E) may be damaged by even a small stroke.
D
The posterior nuclei of the thalamus include all of the following areas except A) pulvinar. B) lateral geniculate. C) medial geniculate. D) mammillary bodies.
D
The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the A) pons. B) medulla. C) cerebral cortex. D) cerebellar cortex. E) arbor vitae.
D
The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) posterior spinocerebellar. D) lateral spinothalamic. E) anterior spinothalamic.
D
The superior border of the temporal lobe is marked by the A) insula. B) longitudinal fissure. C) central sulcus. D) lateral sulcus. E) parieto-occipital sulcus.
D
The superior colliculi receive visual input from the lateral geniculate nuclei via the A) substantia nigra. B) red nuclei. C) cerebral peduncles. D) optic tract. E) inferior colliculi.
D
The ventral nuclei of the thalamus perform all of the following functions except A) relaying input from basal ganglia to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex. B) relaying input from cerebellum to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex. C) relaying general sensory input to the primary sensory cortex. D) projecting visual and auditory information to the visual and auditory cortices.
D
The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the A) first. B) second. C) third. D) fourth. E) lateral.
D
The visual cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.
D
Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the A) tentorium cerebelli. B) falx cerebelli. C) lateral aperture. D) falx cerebri. E) arachnoid granulations.
D
What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows? A) subdural space B) dural sinus C) falx cerebri D) subarachnoid space E) pia mater
D
What is the function of the nerve labeled "4"? A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) hearing and balance E) eye movement
D
What occurs in this neural pathway at label "3"? A) synapse B) communication between sensory and motor neurons C) amplification of motor signals D) decussation E) autonomic reflexes
D
Where is the primary motor cortex located? A) temporal lobe of the cerebrum B) occipital lobe of the cerebrum C) parietal lobe of the cerebrum D) precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum E) postcentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
D
Which component of the diencephalon is stimulated by changes in body temperature? A) choroid plexus of the epithalamus B) pineal gland C) ventral nuclei of the thalamus D) preoptic area of the hypothalamus E) paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
D
Which cranial nerves are involved with the eye? A) optic and vestibulocochlear nerves B) facial, trigeminal, and accessory nerves C) trigeminal, abducens, facial, vagus, and accessory nerves D) optic, oculomotor, abducens, and troclear nerves E) optic, trigeminal, facial, and accessory nerves
D
Which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem? A) I and II B) All the purely sensory nerves arise from the brainstem. C) All the purely motor nerves arise from the brainstem. D) III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, X, XI, XII E) All the cranial nerves arise from the brainstem.
D
Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid? A) provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues B) provides buoyant support for the brain C) acts as a transport medium for nutrients D) provides ATP for impulse transmission E) acts as a transport medium for waste products
D
Which of the following is not found in the medulla oblongata? A) reticular formation. B) respiratory rhythmicity centers. C) solitary nucleus. D) nuclei for CN V, VI, and VII. E) olivary nucleus.
D
Which of the following is not one of the basal nuclei? A) caudate nucleus B) globus pallidus C) putamen D) hippocampus E) lentiform nucleus
D
Which of the following is sometimes called "prickling pain"? A) mechanical damage B) chemicals C) extremes of temperature D) fast pain E) both chemicals and fast pain
D
Which of the following is true regarding the structure labeled "6"? 1. The synapse occurs between motor neurons. 2. The sensations may be filtered out. 3. The third-order neuron projects to the primary sensory cortex. 4. The third-order neurons axon is myelinated by oligodendrocytes A) 1 and 4 B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 3 and 4 E) 1 and 3
D
Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brainstem? A) medulla oblongata B) pons C) midbrain D) diencephalon E) cerebellum
D
Which of these is mismatched with its location? A) falx cerebri; between cerebral hemispheres B) tentorium cerebelli; between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum C) falx cerebelli; between cerebellar hemispheres D) superior sagittal sinus; runs along superior edge of the corpus callosum E) dural venous sinuses; large collecting veins located within the dural folds
D
Which region of the brain contains two ventricles? A) diencephalon B) cerebellum C) midbrain D) cerebrum E) brainstem
D
Examples of sensory modalities include all of the following except A) touch. B) warmth. C) smell. D) vibration. E) creativity.
E
A fast-adapting mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a A) tactile (Merkel) disc. B) root hair plexus. C) free nerve ending. D) Ruffini corpuscle. E) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.
E
A fast-adapting tactile receptor that monitors movements across the body surface is a A) tactile (Merkel) disc. B) lamellar corpuscle. C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. D) Ruffini corpuscle. E) root hair plexus.
E
A tract of white matter found in the limbic system that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the A) amygdaloid body. B) cingulate gyrus. C) mammillary bodies. D) hippocampus. E) fornix.
E
After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the A) prefrontal cortex. B) postcentral gyrus. C) Wernickes area. D) Brocas area. E) visual cortex.
E
All of the following are a function of the hypothalamus except A) coordinating day-night cycles of activity/inactivity. B) controlling autonomic centers. C) regulating body temperature. D) secreting hormones. E) projecting visual information to the visual cortex.
E
All of the following can contribute to receptor specificity except A) the structure of the receptor cell. B) characteristics of the receptor cell membrane. C) accessory cells that function with the receptor. D) accessory structures and tissues that shield the receptors from other stimuli. E) density of the receptors.
E
All of the following help(s) to directly protect the brain except A) the blood-brain barrier. B) the bones of the skull. C) the cranial meninges. D) the CSF. E) the neural tubes.
E
As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become A) more complex. B) simpler. C) better understood. D) less crucial to visceral functions. E) both more complex and less crucial to visceral functions.
E
Conscious and subconscious motor commands control skeletal muscles by traveling over all of the following except the A) corticospinal pathway. B) medial pathway. C) lateral pathway. D) corticobulbar pathway. E) spinothalamic pathway.
E
Define referred pain. A) Referred pain is somatic pain sensations from the skin. B) Referred pain is visceral pain sensations that can be well localized. C) Referred pain is when thermoreceptors detect temperature extremes that cause a painful sensation. D) Referred pain is when nociceptors send impulse of pain that is not actually there. E) Referred pain is a sensation felt in a part of the body other than its actual source.
E
Describe the arbor vitae, including its makeup, location, and function. A) The arbor vitae is white matter of the cerebellum that connects the cerebellum with the midbrain, diencephalon, and cerebrum. B) The arbor vitae is white matter of the cerebellum that carries communications between the cerebellum and pons. C) The arbor vitae is white matter of the cerebellum that links the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. D) The arbor vitae is gray matter of the cerebellum that interconnects pontine nuclei with the opposite cerebellar hemisphere. E) The arbor vitae is white matter of the cerebellum that connects the cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar peduncles.
E
Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)? A) vagus B) facial C) glossopharyngeal D) trochlear E) vagus and glossopharyngeal
E
Identify the lobes of the cerebrum, and indicate the basis for their names. A) frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and occipital lobes; they are named for the overlying bones of the skull B) epicranial, nasalis, temporalis; they are named for the overlying skeletal muscles C) precentral gyrus, central sulcus, postcentral gyrus; they are named for the landmark grooves in the cerebral cortex D) anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior lobes; they are named based on directional terms in standard anatomic position E) frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; they are named for the overlying bones of the skull
E
Identify the structure labeled "8." A) pia mater B) dura mater C) corpus callosum D) ventricles E) arachnoid granulation
E
If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, which of the following is not true? A) The two cerebral hemispheres operate independently. B) Objects viewed by the left eye can be verbally identified. C) Objects touched by the left hand could be recognized but not verbally identified. D) Conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side. E) Faces seen by the left eye cannot be identified.
E
Integrative centers concerned with the performance of complex processes are restricted to either the left or the right hemisphere. These complex processes include all of the following except A) speech. B) writing. C) mathematical computation. D) understanding spatial relationships. E) vision.
E
List the four types of general sensory receptors based on function, and identify the type of stimulus that excites each type. A) nociceptors (temperature), thermoreceptors (pain), mechanoreceptors (physical distortion), and chemoreceptors (chemicals dissolved in body fluids) B) nociceptors (chemicals dissolved in body fluids), thermoreceptors (physical distortion), mechanoreceptors (pain), and chemoreceptors (temperature) C) nociceptors (physical distortion), thermoreceptors (chemicals dissolved in body fluids), mechanoreceptors (pain), and chemoreceptors (temperature) D) nociceptors (temperature), thermoreceptors (physical distortion), mechanoreceptors (temperature), and chemoreceptors (pain) E) nociceptors (pain), thermoreceptors (temperature), mechanoreceptors (physical distortion), and chemoreceptors (chemicals dissolved in body fluids)
E
Sensory pathways can receive information by all of the following except A) a stimulus altering the permeability of a receptor membrane. B) a change in the flow of ions across the sensory membrane. C) a projection over a labeled line. D) conversion of a stimulus to a change in membrane potential. E) voluntary response.
E
The Roman numeral VIII indicates the ________ nerve. A) trigeminal B) trochlear C) abducens D) oculomotor E) vestibulocochlear
E
The ________ is the area monitored by a single receptor cell. A) stimulus B) sensation C) perception D) labeled line E) receptive field
E
The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems. A) cerebellum B) medulla oblongata C) cerebrum D) pons E) hypothalamus
E
The cerebellum A) functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium. B) receives input from the motor cortex and basal nuclei. C) compares intended movement to actual movement. D) if damaged, leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements. E) All the answers are correct.
E
The cerebellum relies on information from all of the following except A) the eyes. B) the inner ear. C) proprioceptive sensations. D) upper motor neurons. E) lower motor neurons.
E
The information that is passed from a sensory receptor to the central nervous system is called a A) depolarization of a receptor. B) perception C) transducer. D) motor pathway. E) sensation.
E
The internal capsule of the cerebrum is composed of A) arcuate fibers. B) longitudinal fasciculi. C) association fibers. D) commissural fibers. E) projection fibers.
E
The medial and lateral motor pathways can modify, or direct, skeletal muscle contractions by ________ lower motor neurons. A) stimulating B) facilitating C) inhibiting D) controlling E) All of the answers are correct.
E
The medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the A) substantia nigra. B) red nuclei. C) cerebral peduncles. D) superior colliculi. E) inferior colliculi.
E
The pons contains all of the following structures except the A) sensory and motor nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII. B) nuclei concerned with the control of respiration. C) tracts that link the cerebellum with the brainstem. D) transverse fibers that link the pons with the cerebellum. E) pyramids that contain motor tracts originating in the cerebral cortex.
E
The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the midbrain. Which nuclei accomplish this? A) substantia nigra B) red nuclei C) tectum D) superior colliculi E) inferior colliculi
E
The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.
E
The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) parietal lobe and the frontal lobe.
E
The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the A) corticospinal pathway. B) posterior column pathway. C) spinocerebellar pathway. D) lateral spinothalamic tract of the spinothalamic pathway. E) anterior spinothalamic tract of the spinothalamic pathway.
E
The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone of the neck, eyes, head, and limbs is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal
E
The upper motor neurons of the medial pathway are located within any of the following except the A) vestibular nuclei. B) reticular formation. C) superior colliculi. D) inferior colliculi. E) mammillary bodies.
E
The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the A) cortex. B) medulla. C) fourth ventricle. D) vermis. E) arbor vitae.
E
What is the function of the nerve labeled "10"? A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) auditory E) eye movement
E
What special names are given to axons in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres? A) nuclei B) nerves C) ganglia D) tracts E) association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers
E
Which brain region has been affected in a stroke victim who is unable to speak? A) primary auditory cortex B) auditory association area C) Wernicke's area D) prefrontal cortex E) Broca's area
E
Which of the following is incorrect? A) pulvinar nuclei — integrates sensory information for projection to the association areas of the cerebral cortex B) lateral geniculate nuclei — projects visual information to primary visual cortex C) medial geniculate nuclei — projects auditory information to primary auditory cortex D) preoptic area — regulates body temperature E) suprachiasmatic nuclei — secretes ADH
E
Which of the following is not one of the special senses? A) hearing B) smell C) taste D) balance E) touch
E
Which of the following kinds of information do fine-touch and light-pressure mechanoreceptors provide? A) location of the stimulus B) shape of the stimulus C) texture of the stimulus D) movement of the stimulus E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Which structures form the secondary brain vesicles? A) metencephalon and myelencephalon B) diencephalon and triencephalon C) diencephalon and telencephalon D) diencephalon and prosencephalon E) prosencephalon and rhombencephalon
E
Which types of tactile receptors are located only in the dermis? A) free nerve endings and root hair plexuses B) root hair plexuses and tactile discs C) tactile discs and Merkel cells D) root hair plexuses and bulbous corpuscles E) tactile corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, and bulbous corpuscles
E
________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior. A) Dyslexia B) Apraxia C) Aphasia D) Parkinson's disease E) A seizure
E