NEP 2340- Ch 15. Trace Minerals

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What are good animal-based food sources of zinc?

Beef Pork Lamb

Select the best food source of copper.

Beef liver

Select the best food source of copper?

Beef liver

Which tumor type is noncancerous because it is enclosed in a membrane that prevents it from spreading?

Benign tumor

During cancer development, a cancer gene (oncogene)

makes hundreds of copies of itself

Which of the following are sites that the body maintains as exchangeable pools of zinc?

Bone Liver Pancreas Kidneys

What is the Upper Level of fluoride for infants and children up to 8 years of age?

0.1mg/kg body weight/ day

In which of the following areas are people still at risk of developing an iodine deficiency?

Africa Middle East

Why may fluoride not be an essential nutrient?

All basic body functions can occur without it.

Manganese functions in many processes including

Antioxidant defense Collagen formation Gluconeogenesis

Select the Upper Level for iodine.

1100 micrograms/day

The average Westernized diet that contains 2000kcal provides approximately _____ of iron.

12 mg

The adult RDA for iodine is

150 micrograms/day

Most adults consume from ______ to 300 micrograms of iodine each day.

190 micrograms

What is the Adequate Intake for manganese for adult men?

2.3mg/day

What is the Upper Level for molybdenum?

2000 micrograms per day

Select the Adequate Intake level of fluoride for adults.

3-4 mg/day

Select the higher end of the range of the amount of iodine adults consume.

300 micrograms

Select the Adequate Intake (AI) for chromium in men 19-50 years old.

35 micrograms per day

Select the Upper Level for selenium.

400 micrograms/day

Select the Upper Level for zinc.

40mg/day

The RDA for zinc for women is

8 milligrams

Select the adult RDA for copper

900 micrograms/day

Zinc deficiencies were first observed in which human population?

Adolescent boys

A persons genetic makeup may contribute to the risk of certain cancers, including

Breast Colorectal Prostate

In the United States, iron supplements are regulated and must

Carry a warning Be individually wrapped if 30mg or greater

Which of the following food items are the best sources of selenium?

Cereal Seafood Meats

Selenium was first recognized as an essential nutrient by preventing Keshan disease in

China

What is a symptom of a copper deficiency?

Cirrhosis of the liver

Which of the following are good sources of iron?

Clams Liverwurst Fortified cereal

Which three of the following micronutrient deficiencies may lead to anemia?

Copper Folate Vitamin E

In the early 1930's, it was observed that individuals in the southwestern U.S., where the water was high in fluoride, had fewer of these.

Dental caries

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Depressed immunity Fatigue

Someone with a high zinc intake may experience

Diarrhea Vomiting Loss of appetite

Which of the following is a function of chromium?

Enhancing insulin action

Which behavior would increase your risk of developing a copper deficiency?

Excessive intake of zinc

What is the name of the iron-binding protein that binds and stores mucosal iron?

Ferritin

Select food sources for chromium.

Fish Liver Mushrooms

Selenium acts as an antioxidant as part of what group of enzymes?

Glutathione peroxidase

When iron stores are high, this protein is released from the liver to aid in iron regulation.

Hepcidin

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that

Increase absorption of iron

When is the greatest amount of fluoride deposited in the teeth and bones?

Infancy Adolescence Childhood

What is the best food source of iodine?

Iodized salt

Which mineral deficiency is considered one of the greatest global health risks by the World Health Organization

Iron

Which of the following minerals has decreased absorption when a person increases their use of antacids?

Iron

_____ deficiency anemia can result from a copper deficiency.

Iron

_____ deficiency is the most wide spread trace mineral deficiency in the U.S.

Iron

What may increase the absorption of manganese?

Iron deficiency

How does zinc play a possible role in the progression of the common cold?

It may shorten the duration of the cold.

what is true regarding copper?

It was fully recognized as an essential nutrient in 1964. It has been used to treat diseases for at least 2000 years.

Recall that selenium has numerous functions, including

Keshan disease prevention Cell membrane damage prevention Glutathione peroxidase activity

How can the body override the mucosal block and develop iron toxicity?

Large doses of iron supplements

Which of the following are good plant sources of iron?

Leafy greens Spinach Navy beans

What is the most nutrient-dense source of manganese?

Legumes

Where will iron be stored in the body?

Liver

What appears to increase absorption of chromium?

Low intake of chromium Vitamin C

What are the functions of iodine as a component of T3?

Macronutrient metabolism Brain development Regulation of body metabolism

Although recognized as an essential trace mineral since the early 1930's, we know very little about this nutrient.

Manganese

What are the challenges of trace mineral research?

Measuring the amount of trace minerals in the body is difficult. Evaluating the amount of trace minerals in food is difficult.

What is the main source of heme?

Meat

The typical daily intake for molybdenum in North America

Meets the RDA Exceeds the RDA

Most of the selenium in foods is bound to the amino acid

Methionine Cysteine

In the 1960's zinc deficiency became apparent from studies in what area of the world?

Middle East

Symptoms of acute fluoride toxicity include

Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea

What are the symptoms of a copper toxicity?

Nausea and vomiting Neurological damage

What are symptoms of a chromium deficiency?

Nerve damage Weight loss

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy, can lead to an infant born with

Neurological disorders Low birth weight Poor physical development

What are functions of iron within the human body?

Neurotransmitter synthesis Energy metabolism Immune function

Good food sources of molybdenum include

Nuts Beans

Why is iodine unique among trace minerals?

Only has 1 function Heaviest element needed for human health

What are the symptoms of a copper deficiency?

Osteopenia Impaired immune function Leukopenia

The majority of the world's population lives in countries where more deaths are attributed to

Overweight Obesity

Select the food source that is the best source of selenium.

Oysters

What may decrease the absorption of manganese?

Phytates Copper Fiber

What factors decrease iron's bioavailability?

Phytic acid Oxalic acid

What are the symptoms of a manganese deficiency?

Poor growth Impaired lipid metabolism Weight loss

What is a symptom of a zinc deficiency?

Poor wound healing

Who is at the highest risk of developing an iron deficiency anemia?

Premature infants Young children

Why is the Upper Level for manganese set at 11 mg/day?

Prevent possible damage to the nervous system

What is the function of fluoride?

Prevention of dental caries

The selenium _____ in adults is 55 micrograms/day.

RDA

Which of the following foods contain goitrogens?

Raw cauliflower, brussels sprouts, turnips

Select the functions of copper in the human body

Regulates iron transport Part of enzymes Prevent oxidative damage to cell membranes

Select the sources of fluoride

Seaweed Tea Fluoridated water

Molybdenum's main function involves

Several human enzyme systems

Which of the following are good sources of copper?

Shellfish Soy milk Dark chocolate

What is a symptom of a manganese deficiency?

Skin rash

Which of the following are functions of zinc in the human body?

Taste acuity and wound healing Cell membrane structure and function

How does the RDA for iron for adult premenopausal women compare to the RDA for adult men?

The RDA is higher for adult premenopausal women compared to adult men.

How can zinc supplements cause toxicity?

They override the mucosal block.

What are the possible consequences of an iodine toxicity?

Thyroid cancer Autoimmune thyroid disease

A deficiency in selenium can lead to

Thyroid disorders Increased cancer risk

Which gland "traps" iodine?

Thyroid gland

Zinc aids in stabilizing receptor proteins for

Thyroid hormone Vitamin A

What type of food can aide in increasing the amount of iron transferred from iron cookware into the food?

Tomato- based

The _____ for copper is 10 mg/day.

UL

The _____ for iron is 45mg/day.

UL

How can iron toxicity be treated?

Utilize a chelator drug Periodic blood removal

Consuming what nutrient with meals will increase iron absorption?

Vitamin C

Which of the following vitamins aids in the absorption of nonheme iron?

Vitamin C

What factors increase iron's bioavailability?

Vitamin C Meat protein factor Heme iron

For which vitamin does zinc aid in stabilizing receptor proteins?

Vitamins A and D

Good food sources of manganese are

Whole grain cereal Nuts Leafy greens

When have copper toxicities been reported?

Wilson Disease Accidental overdoses

This genetic disorder results in excessive copper storage in the body.

Wilson disease

Do North Americans adults generally consume adequate copper in their diet?

Yes

Who is most at risk for a marginal zinc deficiency in the United States?

Young children

Fried foods may increase the risk of cancer due to the production _____ when foods are fried.

acrylamide

Copper is absorbed by simple diffusion and _____ transport into intestinal cells.

active

The enlargement of the thyroid gland that is seen with an iodine deficiency is called a

goiter

When the thyroid gland enlarges to absorb more iodine, this enlargement is termed a

goiter

Lung, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers account for _____ percent of all cancers in North America.

half

There is no Upper Level set for chromium because toxicity

has not been reported from food intake

One of the proteins that aids in the regulation of iron absorption and balance is called

hepcidin

A side effect of fluorosis is that the teeth will be able to

resist cavities

Excess supplementation of selenium can result in

toxicity

Chromium is a _____ mineral.

trace


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