NEP 2340- Ch 15. Trace Minerals
What are good animal-based food sources of zinc?
Beef Pork Lamb
Select the best food source of copper.
Beef liver
Select the best food source of copper?
Beef liver
Which tumor type is noncancerous because it is enclosed in a membrane that prevents it from spreading?
Benign tumor
During cancer development, a cancer gene (oncogene)
makes hundreds of copies of itself
Which of the following are sites that the body maintains as exchangeable pools of zinc?
Bone Liver Pancreas Kidneys
What is the Upper Level of fluoride for infants and children up to 8 years of age?
0.1mg/kg body weight/ day
In which of the following areas are people still at risk of developing an iodine deficiency?
Africa Middle East
Why may fluoride not be an essential nutrient?
All basic body functions can occur without it.
Manganese functions in many processes including
Antioxidant defense Collagen formation Gluconeogenesis
Select the Upper Level for iodine.
1100 micrograms/day
The average Westernized diet that contains 2000kcal provides approximately _____ of iron.
12 mg
The adult RDA for iodine is
150 micrograms/day
Most adults consume from ______ to 300 micrograms of iodine each day.
190 micrograms
What is the Adequate Intake for manganese for adult men?
2.3mg/day
What is the Upper Level for molybdenum?
2000 micrograms per day
Select the Adequate Intake level of fluoride for adults.
3-4 mg/day
Select the higher end of the range of the amount of iodine adults consume.
300 micrograms
Select the Adequate Intake (AI) for chromium in men 19-50 years old.
35 micrograms per day
Select the Upper Level for selenium.
400 micrograms/day
Select the Upper Level for zinc.
40mg/day
The RDA for zinc for women is
8 milligrams
Select the adult RDA for copper
900 micrograms/day
Zinc deficiencies were first observed in which human population?
Adolescent boys
A persons genetic makeup may contribute to the risk of certain cancers, including
Breast Colorectal Prostate
In the United States, iron supplements are regulated and must
Carry a warning Be individually wrapped if 30mg or greater
Which of the following food items are the best sources of selenium?
Cereal Seafood Meats
Selenium was first recognized as an essential nutrient by preventing Keshan disease in
China
What is a symptom of a copper deficiency?
Cirrhosis of the liver
Which of the following are good sources of iron?
Clams Liverwurst Fortified cereal
Which three of the following micronutrient deficiencies may lead to anemia?
Copper Folate Vitamin E
In the early 1930's, it was observed that individuals in the southwestern U.S., where the water was high in fluoride, had fewer of these.
Dental caries
What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?
Depressed immunity Fatigue
Someone with a high zinc intake may experience
Diarrhea Vomiting Loss of appetite
Which of the following is a function of chromium?
Enhancing insulin action
Which behavior would increase your risk of developing a copper deficiency?
Excessive intake of zinc
What is the name of the iron-binding protein that binds and stores mucosal iron?
Ferritin
Select food sources for chromium.
Fish Liver Mushrooms
Selenium acts as an antioxidant as part of what group of enzymes?
Glutathione peroxidase
When iron stores are high, this protein is released from the liver to aid in iron regulation.
Hepcidin
Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that
Increase absorption of iron
When is the greatest amount of fluoride deposited in the teeth and bones?
Infancy Adolescence Childhood
What is the best food source of iodine?
Iodized salt
Which mineral deficiency is considered one of the greatest global health risks by the World Health Organization
Iron
Which of the following minerals has decreased absorption when a person increases their use of antacids?
Iron
_____ deficiency anemia can result from a copper deficiency.
Iron
_____ deficiency is the most wide spread trace mineral deficiency in the U.S.
Iron
What may increase the absorption of manganese?
Iron deficiency
How does zinc play a possible role in the progression of the common cold?
It may shorten the duration of the cold.
what is true regarding copper?
It was fully recognized as an essential nutrient in 1964. It has been used to treat diseases for at least 2000 years.
Recall that selenium has numerous functions, including
Keshan disease prevention Cell membrane damage prevention Glutathione peroxidase activity
How can the body override the mucosal block and develop iron toxicity?
Large doses of iron supplements
Which of the following are good plant sources of iron?
Leafy greens Spinach Navy beans
What is the most nutrient-dense source of manganese?
Legumes
Where will iron be stored in the body?
Liver
What appears to increase absorption of chromium?
Low intake of chromium Vitamin C
What are the functions of iodine as a component of T3?
Macronutrient metabolism Brain development Regulation of body metabolism
Although recognized as an essential trace mineral since the early 1930's, we know very little about this nutrient.
Manganese
What are the challenges of trace mineral research?
Measuring the amount of trace minerals in the body is difficult. Evaluating the amount of trace minerals in food is difficult.
What is the main source of heme?
Meat
The typical daily intake for molybdenum in North America
Meets the RDA Exceeds the RDA
Most of the selenium in foods is bound to the amino acid
Methionine Cysteine
In the 1960's zinc deficiency became apparent from studies in what area of the world?
Middle East
Symptoms of acute fluoride toxicity include
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea
What are the symptoms of a copper toxicity?
Nausea and vomiting Neurological damage
What are symptoms of a chromium deficiency?
Nerve damage Weight loss
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy, can lead to an infant born with
Neurological disorders Low birth weight Poor physical development
What are functions of iron within the human body?
Neurotransmitter synthesis Energy metabolism Immune function
Good food sources of molybdenum include
Nuts Beans
Why is iodine unique among trace minerals?
Only has 1 function Heaviest element needed for human health
What are the symptoms of a copper deficiency?
Osteopenia Impaired immune function Leukopenia
The majority of the world's population lives in countries where more deaths are attributed to
Overweight Obesity
Select the food source that is the best source of selenium.
Oysters
What may decrease the absorption of manganese?
Phytates Copper Fiber
What factors decrease iron's bioavailability?
Phytic acid Oxalic acid
What are the symptoms of a manganese deficiency?
Poor growth Impaired lipid metabolism Weight loss
What is a symptom of a zinc deficiency?
Poor wound healing
Who is at the highest risk of developing an iron deficiency anemia?
Premature infants Young children
Why is the Upper Level for manganese set at 11 mg/day?
Prevent possible damage to the nervous system
What is the function of fluoride?
Prevention of dental caries
The selenium _____ in adults is 55 micrograms/day.
RDA
Which of the following foods contain goitrogens?
Raw cauliflower, brussels sprouts, turnips
Select the functions of copper in the human body
Regulates iron transport Part of enzymes Prevent oxidative damage to cell membranes
Select the sources of fluoride
Seaweed Tea Fluoridated water
Molybdenum's main function involves
Several human enzyme systems
Which of the following are good sources of copper?
Shellfish Soy milk Dark chocolate
What is a symptom of a manganese deficiency?
Skin rash
Which of the following are functions of zinc in the human body?
Taste acuity and wound healing Cell membrane structure and function
How does the RDA for iron for adult premenopausal women compare to the RDA for adult men?
The RDA is higher for adult premenopausal women compared to adult men.
How can zinc supplements cause toxicity?
They override the mucosal block.
What are the possible consequences of an iodine toxicity?
Thyroid cancer Autoimmune thyroid disease
A deficiency in selenium can lead to
Thyroid disorders Increased cancer risk
Which gland "traps" iodine?
Thyroid gland
Zinc aids in stabilizing receptor proteins for
Thyroid hormone Vitamin A
What type of food can aide in increasing the amount of iron transferred from iron cookware into the food?
Tomato- based
The _____ for copper is 10 mg/day.
UL
The _____ for iron is 45mg/day.
UL
How can iron toxicity be treated?
Utilize a chelator drug Periodic blood removal
Consuming what nutrient with meals will increase iron absorption?
Vitamin C
Which of the following vitamins aids in the absorption of nonheme iron?
Vitamin C
What factors increase iron's bioavailability?
Vitamin C Meat protein factor Heme iron
For which vitamin does zinc aid in stabilizing receptor proteins?
Vitamins A and D
Good food sources of manganese are
Whole grain cereal Nuts Leafy greens
When have copper toxicities been reported?
Wilson Disease Accidental overdoses
This genetic disorder results in excessive copper storage in the body.
Wilson disease
Do North Americans adults generally consume adequate copper in their diet?
Yes
Who is most at risk for a marginal zinc deficiency in the United States?
Young children
Fried foods may increase the risk of cancer due to the production _____ when foods are fried.
acrylamide
Copper is absorbed by simple diffusion and _____ transport into intestinal cells.
active
The enlargement of the thyroid gland that is seen with an iodine deficiency is called a
goiter
When the thyroid gland enlarges to absorb more iodine, this enlargement is termed a
goiter
Lung, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers account for _____ percent of all cancers in North America.
half
There is no Upper Level set for chromium because toxicity
has not been reported from food intake
One of the proteins that aids in the regulation of iron absorption and balance is called
hepcidin
A side effect of fluorosis is that the teeth will be able to
resist cavities
Excess supplementation of selenium can result in
toxicity
Chromium is a _____ mineral.
trace