A & P Ch.27 Blood

What is the function of a platelet?

1. Agglutination - clumping 2. Aggregation - grouping together 3. Adhesiveness - Attachment to other cells. *they also play an important role in hemostasis (the stopping of a flow of blood).

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?

1. Vasoconstriction - causes temporary closure of a damaged vessel and lessens blood loss. 2. Platelet Plug Formation - platelets adhere to damaged epithelial lining 1 - 5 seconds after injury to form a platelet plug 3. "Sticky Platelets" - form the physical plug and secrete chemicals involved in the coagulation process.

What is the average life span of a circulating red blood cell?

105-120 days

What percentage of white blood cells are considered to be Eosinophils?

2% - 5% of circulating white blood cells.

How many molecules of hemoglobin (approximately) are inside each red blood cell?

200 million - 300 million.

What is the length of the entire maturation phase of a red blood cell?

4 days.

What is the average life span of a platelet?

7 days

What is blood plasma comprised of?

90% water and 10% solutes

What happens to a patient if they receive blood that is not compatible with their blood type?

Agglutination will occur, which is coagulation of the blood.

What are the proteins found in the solutes of plasma?

Albumin, Globulin, and Fibrinogen

What happens when hemoglobin is broken down?

Amino acids, iron, and bilirubin are released.

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

Basophil, Neutrophil, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Lymphocyte

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

Biconcave disk

What is the function of Carbonic Anhydrase?

Carbonic Anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that joins carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid that generates bicarbonate ions and transfers CO2 into the blood plasma.

What is the function of Carbonic Acid?

Carbonic acid dissociates and generates bicarbonate ions, which diffuse out of the red blood cells and transports carbon dioxide in the blood plasma.

What is the name for the process of red blood cell formation?

Erythropoiesis.

What is the function of globulin?

Essential component of the immunity mechanism

True or false - A person with the Rh antigen present on the cell membrane is said to be Rh negative.

False.

Where is the RH antigen found to have originated?

From the Rhesis monkeys.

What is the function of albumin?

Helps maintain osmotic balance of blood

What type of cells are responsible for the development of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

Hematopoietic stem cells, also know in their original form as hemocytoblasts.

What is the primary component of Red blood cells?

Hemoglobin

What is hemoglobin made up of?

Hemoglobin is made up of 4 globin chains, with each attached to a heme group.

Where might you find an abundance of Eosinophils?

In the mucous lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

Where are the antibodies located?

In the plasma.

Where does Red Blood cell formation begin?

In the red bone marrow.

What is the name of the layer that separates the plasma and the erythrocytes in a tube of blood that has been run through a centrifuge, and what formed elements fall within that layer?

It is known as the Buffy coat, and it contains Leukocytes and platelets.

What does the term "blood type" refer to?

It refers to the type of cell markers or antigens present on the red blood cells membrane.

What is the function of fibrinogen?

Key role in blood clotting

What is another name for a White Blood Cell?

Leukocyte

What is the smallest of the White blood cells?

Lymphocyte.

What type of white blood cells are considered Agranular?

Lymphocytes

What type of cells create platelets?

Megakaryoblasts

What is the largest white blood cell?

Monocyte.

What percentage/fraction does Hemoglobin account for in red blood cells?

More than 1/3.

Which type of white blood cell is the most abundant, and what percentage does it make up?

Neutrophils are the most abundant and they account for 65% of white blood cells.

What types of White blood cells are considered Granulocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

T cells and B Cells

What is the difference between T Cells and B Cells?

T cells are grown/created in the thymus gland, and B cells are grown in the bone marrow.

What type of antibodies do people with Type A blood have in their plasma? Type B?

People who have type A Blood have Antibody B in their plasma, while people who have type B blood have A antibodies in their plasma. People with type AB blood have both neither antibodies present, while people with type O blood have both antibodies A and B in their plasma.

What type of antigens do people with Type A blood have on the membrane of their red blood cells? Type B?

People who have type A Blood have Antigen A on their cell membranes, while people who have type B blood have B antigens on their cell membranes. People with type AB blood have both antigens present, while people with type O blood do not have any present on their cell membranes.

What are the functions of T Cells and B cells?

T Cells attack viruses directly, while B cells take longer to take action because they need antibodies, but their reaction lasts a longer time.

What are the two lines of blood stem cells that emerge during the process of leukopoiesis, and what types of white blood cells do that create?

The Myeloid Line (or marrow line) creates granular leukocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils) and Monocytes, white the lymphoid stem cell line creates only lymphocytes.

What relationship does the spleen have in regard to red blood cells?

The Spleen is the "retirement home" for red blood cells. The Spleen will release macrophages to phagocytose abornmal/old blood cells.

What is the red pigment of heme a significant contributor to?

The brown color of poop.

What is the Hematocrit test?

The hematocrit blood test determines the percentage of red blood cells (RBC's) in the blood. Blood is composed mainly of red blood cells and white blood cells suspended in an almost clear fluid called serum. The hematocrit test indicates the percentage of blood by volume that is composed of red blood cells. (google definition)

What happens when the kidneys sense low oxygen levels in the blood ?

The kidneys will release erythropoietin to create more red blood cells.

What is the benefit of the shape of platelets?

The platelets allow for the red blood cells to move with little turbulence and therefore regulates the speed of blood.

What is hemostasis?

The stopping of a flow of blood

What percentage of white blood cells are considered to be Basophils?

They account for .5% to 1% of circulating white blood cells.

What is the function of the Neutrophil?

They are highly mobile and assist in phagocytosis, and are cabaple of diapedesis (di·a·pe·de·sis the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation).

What is the function of a Monocyte?

They are highly mobile and phagocytic cells .

What is the function of the Basophils?

They are present during alleric reactions and inflammation, and contain histamine and heparin.

Where are mature Megakaryocytes primarily found?

They are primarily found in the red bone marrow, but some are located in the lungs and the spleen.

What is the function of the Eosinophil?

They provide protection against parasitic worms and play a role in allergic reactions

What is the formation of platelets called?

Thrombopoiesis.

What is the main function of red blood cells?

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

True or False - Red Blood cells have no nucleus.

True

True or False - Only stem cells can reproduce to create more red blood cells, not mature cells.

True.

Which blood type is considered the "universal recipient"?

Type AB.

Which blood type is considered the "universal donor"?

Type O.

What percentage of white blood cells are considered lymphocytes?

approximately 25%, they are the second most abundant white blood cell.

What is a typical white blood cell cound for 1mm(3) of blood?

between 5000-9000 leukocytes.