Unit 4 AP World History

What caused the demand for labor to intensify?

The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified.

What are some of the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750?

- Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased - The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including enslaved persons.

What were the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European state?

- Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire. - Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. - Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

Demographic changes in Africa from 1450 to 1750 are a result of what?

Demographic changes in Africa resulted from the trade of enslaved persons.

What was the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750?

New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period.

What were some of the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750?

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit'a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems

The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence:

Political, economic, and cultural institutions and organizations.

Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, what were some major changes that occurred in agricultural labor?

The systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes.

Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.

- Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia - Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires - The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa

What are some examples of the differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy?

- Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire - Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China - Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire

What are some domesticated animals and foods brought by African enslaved persons?

- Horses - Pigs - Cattle - Okra - Rice

How did political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750?

- Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred - The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including enslaved persons and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis.

What are the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750?

- State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. - Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organized resistance.

What are the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

- The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres - European colonization of the Americas - American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa - Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African enslaved persons. - Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.

What are some examples of developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time?

- The production of new tools - Innovations in ship designs - An improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

What were some of the results of the European colonization of the Americas?

- Unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats - The spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.

What is an example of the formation of new political and economic elites due to imperial conquest?

In China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system.

What are some examples of European maritime empires?

The Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British

What facilitated the new global circulation of goods?

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver.

How did social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time?

- Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects - In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups' roles in society, politics, or the economy - Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites - The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.

How did economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time?

- Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation. - The demand for labor intensified - Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. - Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world

How did rulers employ economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750?

- Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade. - Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

What are some examples of the technological developments?

- Production of new tools - Innovations in ship designs - An improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

What was the result of the new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres?

- Resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.

How did regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia

By using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.

Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants:

Existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish, this included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.

What does the development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrate?

How groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications

How did cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750?

Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.

What are the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750?

The increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.

Why did some states adopted practices similar to those of their subjects?

To accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups.