A and P Chapter 15

Name the accessory structures of the eye.

*Eyebrows *Eyelashes *Eyelids *Lacrimal Apparatus *Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Name the extrinsic eye muscles that move the eye and the cranial nerves that control these muscles.

1. superior rectus 2. inferior rectus 3. medial rectus 4. lateral rectus (abducens) 5. superior oblique (trochlear) 6. inferior oblique

What is the name of the cranial nerve that carries action potentials generated by sound transduction?

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A. What part of the eye contains sebaceous and sweat glands? B. What is the function of the conjunctiva? C. What is the name of the gland that produces tears?

A. Caruncle B. to produce lubricating mucus that prevents the eye from drying out. C. Lacrimal gland

A. What receptor is used for detecting color? B. What receptor is used for dark vision? C. Which receptor functions best in low light? D. Which receptor functions best in high light? o The visible light spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see - it contains three main cones that are responsive to specific wavelengths and reflect specific colors red (560 nm, green (530 nm) and blue (500 nm). ▪ Therefore, our cone photoreceptors have the ability to absorb these three main colors and other colors are various blends of these wavelengths. ▪ If all three cones (red, green and blue are equally stimulated then the eye sees white.

A. Cones B. Rods C. Rods D. Cones Adapting to light takes 60 seconds. Adapting to dark takes up to hours.

A. What is the order in which light passes through the eye? B. Where does the vision signal decussate (cross-over) to the other side of the brain? C. Where is the primary visual cortex located? D. What part of the brain interprets visual form, color, depth and motion?

A. Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, viteous humor, retina B. Thalamus? C. posterior pole of the occipital lobe. D. Thalamus?

A. What are the names of the layers of proteins found in the lens? B. What is the purpose of the lens? C. _______ is the molecule in the retina that absorbs light. D. The photopigment of rods is called ______. Bleaching of these photopigments occurs using the _____ phase. E. ________ is a protein that binds and releases from retinal due to light.

A. Crystallins B. Bend light, to see C. Retinal D. rhodopsin, light E. Opsin

A. As we age, the lens of our eyes becomes ___________ - this means that we often need corrective eyewear in order to read something that we could read when we were younger. B. ___________ is normal eye with light focued properly Know the names of these disorders and the type of corrective lens that must be used: D. ________ is referred to as nearsightedness and a _________ lens must be used so the light is refracted outward so that it hits the fovea at the precise place to forma a clear image. E. ________ is referred to as farsightedness and a _______ lens must be used so the light is refracted inward so that it hits the fovea at the precise place to form a clear image. F. ____________ is commonly referred to as "old eyes" and is the inability of the lens to accommodate to focus on an image.

A. Less elastic B. Emmetropic D. Myopia, concave E. Hyperopia, convex F. Presbyopia

A. What is the difference between binocular and monocular vision? B. Which provides for greater depth perception?

A. Monocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used separately, like in animals. By using the eyes in this way, as opposed by binocular vision, the field of view is increased, while depth perception is limited. B. Binocular vision.

A What is the name of the receptor that senses hearing? B What part of the ear contains this receptor? C What is the name of the cranial nerve that takes this sensory information into the ear and where does it travel to next? D Where is the primary auditory cortex located? E What is the name of the receptor senses changes in rotational acceleration of the head in order to maintain dynamic equilibrium? F What is the name of the receptor that contains equilibrium receptors that respond in changes to the position of the head? G What is the name of the receptor that senses rapid rotation of the head (HINT: it senses static equilibrium)? H What part of the ear contains these receptors?

A. Organ of Corti. B. inner ear C. Vestibulocochlear D. Temporal lobe E. Crista ampullaris which contains the mechanoreceptors (Hair cells) F.Utricular Receptor cells G.Maculae are the sensory receptors for static equilibrium (linear movement &/or acceleration only) H. center of retina

A. _______________ consist of the cones and rods located in the retina. B. Visual transduction begins when _______________ are absorbed at the retina C. ______________ (remember, these neurons are only in the special senses) receive local signals from photoreceptors and transmit them to the ganglion cells

A. Photoreceptors B. Photopigments C. Bipolar cells

A. Where is the macula lutea and the fovea centralis (or central fovea)? B. Know which of these two areas has the greatest visual acuity and be able to explain the difference between the two areas.

A. The fovea centralis is located in the center of the macula lutea of the retina. B. The fovea centralis is a small, central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye. It is located in the center of the macula lutea of the retina. The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision such as reading and driving.

Be sure to know the functions of each area of the eye including: A. The most anterior clear membrane that goes in front of the part of the eyeball that we see is the ________. B. Cornea doesn't have a good supply so it can be easily donated _____________________. C. The _____ regulates the amount of light entering through the pupil D. _______ is an opening in the iris controlled by involuntary muscles of the iris

A. cornea B. without fear of rejection from the immune system C. Iris D. Pupil E. Iris F. Ciliary muscles G. Ciliary process

A. Name the structures of the eye that the tears pass through as the tears leave the lacrimal gland and then eventually end up exiting through the nasal cavity. B. Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A. excretory duct, crosses eye medially, lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canalicula, drain into nasolacrimalF duct B. Lacrimal gland is found on lateral part of the eye.

A. Name the layers (tunics) of the eye and be able to put these layers of the eye in order. B. Which layer of the eye is vascular layer? C. Which layer is the outermost tough layer? D. Which layer is the neural layer of the eye?

A. fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina B. Middle layer (choroid layer) C. Fibrous tunic D. Retina

Where is the anterior cavity? Where is the posterior cavity? Which cavity contains the aqueous humor and which cavity contains the vitreous humor?

A. front of eye B. back of eye C. Anterior segment for aqueous humor, Posterior segment for vitreous humor.

E. the ______ acts as a diaphragm that opens and closes like the shutter of acamera F. ________ __________ are attached to the lens and are responsible for altering the shape of the lens so that light is bent towards the retina for image formation G. The __________ makes the aqueous humor

E. Iris F. Ciliary muscles G. Ciliary process

E. Where is the optic disc and why is it referred to as the blind spot of the eye? F. ________________ (cranial nerve II begins right at the optic disc)

E. Retina, no cones or rods in optic disk causes blind spot F. The optic nerve

Name the 3 cranial nerves that transmit sensory information from the tongue into the brain. Which cranial nerve is activated by taste bud receptors on the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue? Which cranial nerve is activated by taste bud receptors from the posterior1/3rd of the tongue? Which cranial nerve is activated by taste bud receptors in the epiglottis and pharynx?

Facial (VII), Glossopharyngea (IX), and Vagus (X) Facial nerve Glossopharyngea vagus

Name the anatomy of the ear and the significance of each region. Where is the auricle and what type of cartilage is it made up of?

INNER ear Middle ear Outer ear The auricle or auricula is the visible part of the ear that resides outside the head. ELASTIC CARTILAGE.

Which structure allows light to pass through?

IRIS

Name the ossicles from outer to inner.

Malleus hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear One end is attached to the tympanic membrane; the other is connected to the Incus. Incus anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear --passes vibrations from the malleus to the stapes --between the malleus and the stapes Stapes --transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea,( transmitting vibrations to fluid in the inner ear)

What is the order in which the sound wave passes through the ear? What structure does sound first strike as it enters into the external auditory canal?

Pinna Ear canal Eardrum Hammer Anvil Stirrup Cochlea Pinna

What is the technical term for the bending of light? What two structures of the eye are responsible for bending of the light?

Refraction cornea and lens

The aqueous humor contains a venous sinus called the Canal of Schlemm - what is its purpose? How can this relate to glaucoma?

Schlemm's canal, is a channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the eye and moves it into the bloodstream (it drains the canal). when pressure increases in this area, it can cause glaucoma (related to increased pressure in the aquous humor)

Name the main parts of the eye that are responsible for the transmission of light through the eye.

The cornea

When axons of the ganglion cells from the retina leave the eye, what nerve do they form?

The optic nerve

Smell accounts for 80% of the taste we are sensing so this explains why what ?

We have a very small appetite when we can't smell very well.

Special senses involve more ____________ _____________ and are vision, gustation, olfaction, hearing and balance.

complex receptors

Touch is technically a ________ sense because it uses the simple receptors as summarized in chapter the peripheral nervous system chapter.

general

What are the names of the receptor cells that provide for the sense of taste? Where is the gustatory cortex located?

gustatory cells The gustatory cortex is located in cerebral cortex

Sound is pressure disturbances from vibrating objects and measure in the following ways:

o Hertz (Hz) is the frequency of sound waves o Amplitude is the height of pressure waves, which represents the loudness of sounds o Different sound pitches stimulate different areas of hair cells in the inner ear o Loudness of sound causes and increase in frequency of the action potential rate

What are the names of the smell receptors in the roof of the nasal cavity where transduction of the odorant molecule occurs? What are the names of the cells that secrete mucous and are + receptor cells? What is the pathway of the olfactory tract? Be able to name the parts of the brain that the olfactory tract goes through as it eventually makes its way to the primary olfactory cortex.

olfactory receptors

Name the tube that equalizes the pressure in the middle ear from the outside of the ear.

pharynogotympanic tube (eustachian tube or auditory tube)

Name the five taste receptors and what chemicals activate these taste receptors.

sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami chemoreceptors