A - Back and Spine
Cauda Equina
"horse tail" bundle of spinal nerves (L2-L5; S1-S5; and coccygeal nerves) Originates at Conus Medularis
Cervical Vertebrae (Distinguishing Characteristics)
Transverse Processes (Foramen Transversarium) Small bodies Spinous Processes: short and Bifid Verterbral bodies have a superior-projecting lip at the border
Superficial Back Muscles
Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid INNERVATION: Trap: Accessory n. Lats: Thoracodorsal n. Rhomboid: Doroscapular n.
Back Muscles to Know
Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid Serratus posterior superior Serratus posterior inferior Erector spinae group Multifidi Rotatores Interspinalis Intertransversali
Intervertebral Discs
cartilagenous (symphysis), not synovial parts of the intervertebral disk: i annulus fibrosis ii. Nucleus Pulposus (Center)
Directional Terms
right, left medial, lateral intermediate, superior, inferior anterior, posterior proximal, distal superficial, deep
Spinal Nerve Information
1) ANS 2) Motor 3) Sensory
Longitudinal Spinal Ligaments
Anterior Posterior Supraspinous
Filum Terminale
20cm strand of fibrous tissue that emerges from the end of the Cauda Equina and is fused to the dura matter and the coccyx to anchor the bottom of the spinal cord. Top part is continuous with Pia matter, bottom with dura matter.
Sacrum
5-6 sacral vertebrae are fused in adults articulates with hip bones and coccyx
Intervertebral Foramina
Foramen between 2 vertebrae (formed by pedicles)
Atlas
C1
Spinal Cord Proper Level
C1-L2
Axis
C2
Spinal Column Curves/Regions
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral and Coccygeal
Thoracic Vertabrae Costal Facets
Costal Facets (Superior, Inferior, Transverse)
Thoracic Vertebrae (Distinguishing Characteristics)
Costal Facets Kidney shaped body Spinous Processes: long, slender, sloping and Overlapping
Sensory Nerves stem from...
Dorsal Horn
Spinal Meninges (Superficial to Deep)
Epidural Adipose Tissue (NOT part of meninges) Epidural Space (under adipose, before dura matter - black smudge in pic) Dura Arachnoid Subarachnoid Space (location of spinal fluid) Pia Matter
Identify what layers would be passed through at the site of a lumbar puncture
Epidural Fat Epidural Space Dura Matter Arachnoid Matter Enter Subarachnoid Space to get fluid This is best done BELOW L2
Deep Back Muscles
Erector spinae group Multifidi Rotatores Interspinalis Intertransversalis INNERVATION: Dorsal Spinal Rami Nerves
Joint Type between Articular Surfaces
Facet Joint Encaspulated Movement: flexion and extension of the spine
Autonomic Motor Nerves stem from...
Intermedial Lateral Horn (Lateral) Only in T1-L2
Segmental Spinal Ligaments
Interspinous Intertransverse Ligamentumflavum
Skin
It is a tough, pliable covering for the body surface many functions epidermis dermis hypodermis
Dorsal, Lateral, and Ventral Columns of Gray Matter
Lateral horn only found in T1-L2
Sensory Ganglion
Location of cell bodies of CNS and PNS nerves clump of cell bodies
Spinal Ligamants
Longitudinal (anterior, posterior, supraspinous) Segmental (interspinous, intertransverse, ligamentumflavum)
Spinal "C" Curve
Newborn: flexed the whole extent: primary curve (this curve is called a kyphosis) Normal curves develop as infant learns to lift head (neck) and walk (thoracic and lumbar)
Surface Anatomy of the Back (Labeled Image)
See Image
Intermediate Back Muscles
Serratus posterior superior Serratus posterior inferior INNERVATION: intercostal nerves
Parts of Vertabrae
Spinous Process Transverse Process Lamina Pedicle Veterbral Body Vertebral Foramina
Vertebral Articular Surfaces
Superior and Inferior
Functions of Verterbal Column
Support and transmit weight - Head and trunk - Lower limbs below Houses and protects spinal cord Permits movements Important bony articulations - Skull - Ribs - Pelvic girdle
Conus Medularis
Tapered end of spinal cord at L1-L2 before transition to Cauda Equina Below this is where you do spinal taps and epidural blocks
Motor Nerves stem from...
Ventral Horn (Motor is in the front of the car)
Ventral vs Dorsal ROOT Nerves
Ventral: Motor and Autonomic Dorsal: Sensory Root nerves come off of spinal column and enter spinal nerve
Ventral vs Dorsal RAMI Nerves
Ventral: rest of body Dorsal: deep spinal muscles Rami nerves branch off of the spinal nerve
Lumbar Vertebrae (Distinguishing Characteristics)
Very large, kidney shaped body Pedicles and lamina short and thick Transverese Processes: long and thin Spinous Processes: short, quadrilateral shaped, horizontal
Spinal Column Cross Section
White Matter, Gray Matter with Horns Spinal Roots, Rami, Ganglion, and Chain Ganglions Meninges
Coccxy
approx 4 vertebrae, fused in adults, resembles a mini-sacrum
Muscles Groups of the Back
superficial group intermediate group deep group