A+ Hardware Chapter 6

What physical sizes of hard drives are installed in laptops? (2)

1. 2.5" 2. 1.8" size for low-end laptops

SATA I data transfer rate

1.5 Gb/sec

How much data can an LTO Ultrium 5 tape hold, native and compressed? 1.5TB native 3.0TB native 1.5TB compressed 3.0TB compressed

1.5TB native 3.0TB compressed

How much data can a double-sided, dual-layer DVD hold?

15.9 GB

What is the current maximum storage capacity limit of a magnetic tape? 500GB 15TB 185TB 300TB

185TB

How many layers of data can exist on a single side of a Blu-ray disc? 1 2 3 4

2

How much data can a double-sided, single-layer BD hold?

25 GB

SATA II data transfer rate

3.0 Gb/sec

A hard disk drive (HDD) comes in three sizes:

3.5" for desktop computers and 2.5" and 1.8" for laptops.

Which rotation speed is not a typical spindle rotation speed for magnetic hard drives? 3100 5400 7200 10000

3100

How much data can a DVD single layer hold?

4.7 GB

How much data can a BD double-side dual layer hold?

50 GB

At what three speeds in revolutions per minute might the spindle inside a hard drive rotate?

5400, 7200, or 10,000 RPM

SATA III data transfer rate

6.0 Gb/sec

A SATA data cable has how many pins? 4 pins 7 pins 10 pins 15 pins

7 pins

How much data can a CD hold?

700 mb

How much data can a DVD single-side dual layer hold?

8.5 GB

How much data can a DVD double-side single layer hold?

9.4 GB

Stands for Blue-ray Disc recordable.

BD-R

Stands for Blue-ray Disc rewriteable.

BD-RE

When implementing RAID on a motherboard, where do you enable the feature?

BIOS setup

An optical disc technology that uses the UDF version 2.5 file system and a blue laser beam, which is shorter than any red beam used by DVD or CD discs. Allows discs to store more data than a DVD.

Blue-Ray (BD)

A small Windows database structured the same as a registry file and contains configuration information about how Windows is started. Replaces the Boot.ini file used in Windows 2000/XP.

Boot Configuration Data (BCD)

An optical disc technology that uses a red laser beam and can hold up to 700 MB of data.

CD (compact disk)

Stands for CD-read-only memory.

CD-ROM

Stands for CD rewriteable.

CD-RW

Which costs more, a CD-R or a CD-RW disc?

CD-RW, because it can be rewritten

What two different file systems can be used on a Compact Disc (CD)? EXT-FS UFS CDFS UDF

CDFS UDF

The 32-bit file system for CD discs and some CD-R and CD-RW discs. AKA Universal Disk Format (UDF)

CDFS (Compact Disc File System)

A flash memory device that allows for sizes up to 137 GB, although current sizes range up to 32 GB.

CompactFlash (CF) card

A DAT72 tape is also known by what term? DDS-2 DDS-3 DDS-4 DDS-5

DDS-5

A technology used by optical discs that uses a red laser beam and can hold up to 17 GB of data.

DVD

What two optical disc drive standards support writing discs with a total capacity of 8.5GB? DVD-R DVD-R DL DVD+R DL DVD-RAM

DVD-R DL DVD+R DL

What two optical disc drive standards allow for rewritable discs? DVD-ROM DVD-RAM BD-ROM BD-RE

DVD-RAM BD-RE

Stands for DVD read-only memory

DVD-ROM

Stands for DVD rewriteable memory.

DVD-RW

Stands for DVD rewriteable memory, dual layers. Dual layers almost double the storage capacity of DVD-RW discs

DVD-RW DL

Hard drives that can be used for hot-swapping cost significantly less than regular hard drives. True or False

False

The 2.5" size hard drive is typically used in devices such as MP3 players. True or False

False

How many hard drives are necessary to implement RAID 10?

Four

Problems caused by the hard drive during the boot can be caused by:

Hard Drive subsystem file system on the drive files required by Windows

____ RAID is implemented using the motherboard UEFI/BIOS or a RAID controller card.

Hardware

Best practice is to use ____ RAID rather than _____ RAID.

Hardware, Software

What term describes the technology that allows you to exchange a hard drive without powering down the system?

Hot-swapping

hard drives plug directly into a SATA connection on the system board.

Laptop

When the OS addresses the sectors on a hard drive as one long list of sequential sectors, what is this technology called?

Logical Block Addressing

Which type of flash memory card is currently the smallest type of card?

MicroSD card

A compact storage card that looks like an SD card, but the technology is different and they are not interchangeable.

MultiMediaCard (MMC)

The type of memory used in solid-state drives (SSD). _____ stands for "Not AND" and refers to the logic used when storing a 1 or 0 in the grid of rows and columns on the memory chips.

NAND flash memory

a chip that contains grids of rows and columns with two transistors at each intersection that hold a zero or one bit

NAND flash memory

File systems a storage device might use in Windows include

NTFS, exFAT, FAT32, and FAT.

technology uses an array of hard drives to provide fault tolerance and/or improvement in performance.

RAID

Several methods of configuring multiple hard drives to store data to increase logical volume size and improve performance, or to ensure that if one hard drive fails, the data is still available from another hard drive.

RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks or redundant array of independent disks)

Using space from two or more physical disks to increase the disk space available for a single volume. Performance improves because data is written evenly across all disks. Windows calls RAID 0 a striped volume. Primary benefit is speed. Using space from two or more physical disks to increase the disk space available for a single volume.

RAID 0

Choices for RAID are:

RAID 0 (striping using two drives), RAID 1 (mirroring using two drives), RAID 5 (parity checking using three drives), and RAID 10 (striping and mirroring combined using four drives).

A type of drive imaging that duplicates data on one drive to another drive and is used for fault tolerance. Windows calls _____ a mirrored volume.

RAID 1

Which RAID level mirrors one hard drive with a second drive so that the same data is written to both drives?

RAID 1

A combination of RAID 1 and RAID 0 that requires at least four disks to work as an array of drives and provides the best redundancy and performance. Primary benefit is the data is always backed up. 100% redundancy.

RAID 10 or RAID 1 + 0

A technique that stripes data across three or more drives and uses parity checking, so that if one drive fails, the other drives can re-create the data stored on the failed drive. _____ drives increase performance and provide fault tolerance. Windows calls these drives RAID -____ volumes. AKA RAID -____ volume read/write head. A blend of RAID 0 and 1 and improves speed and redundancy.

RAID 5

Which RAID level stripes data across multiple drives to improve performance and also provides fault tolerance?

RAID 5

Which type of RAID volume is used for fault tolerance and only requires two drives? RAID0 RAID1 RAID5 RAID10

RAID1

What type of RAID is a combination of mirroring and striping? RAID0 RAID1 RAID5 RAID10

RAID10

A system BIOS and hard drive feature that monitors hard drive performance, disk spin-up time, temperature, distance between the head and the disk, and other mechanical activities of the drive in order to predict when the drive is likely to fail.

S.M.A.R.T (Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology)

What hard drive technology is used to predict when a drive is likely to fail? S.S.D. S.M.A.R.T. N.A.N.D. E.E.P.R.O.M.

S.M.A.R.T.

____ is a self-monitoring technology whereby the UEFI/BIOS monitors the health of the hard drive and warns of an impending failure.

S.M.A.R.T.

______ drives require no configuration and are installed using a power cord and a single ______ data cable.

SATA

What is the transfer speed for SATA I? SATA II? SATA III?

SATA I - 1.5Gb/sec SATA II - 3Bg/sec SATA III - 6Gb/sec

Most hard drives, tape drives, and optical drives use the ____ standards.

SATA interface

How many pins does a SATA internal data cable have? How many pins does a SATA power cable have?

SATA internal data cable - 7 pins SATA power cable - 15 pins

What SATA standard provides a transfer rate of 3 Gb/sec? SATA1 SATA2 SATA3 SATA4

SATA2

The SATA/600 standard is also known by what other name? SATAI SATAII SATAIII SATA revision 4

SATAIII

What two SD standards utilize the FAT file system? SD SDXC SDHE SDHC

SD SDHC

A type of memory card used in digital cameras, tablets, cell phones, MP3 players, digital camcorders, and other portable devices. The three standards used by __ cards are 1.x (regular __), 2.x (__ High Capacity or __HC), and 3.x (___ eXtended Capacity or ___XC).

Secure Digital (SD) card

What three types of technologies are used inside hard drives?

Solid State Drive, Magnetic Hard Drive, and Hybrid Hard Drive.

A Windows utility that restores many of the Windows files needed for a successful boot.

Startup Repair

______ are an inexpensive way to back up an entire hard drive or portions of it. Are more convenient for backups than drives. The disadvantage is that data can only be accessed sequentially.

Tape drives

The SATA drive technology utilizes a serial data path. True or False

True

The faster the spindle rotates on a traditional magnetic drive, the better performance it will have. True or False

True

The read/write head on a magnetic hard drive is at both the top and bottom of each disk. True or False

True

a file system used by DVD and Blu-ray Discs

UDF

A file system for optical media used by all DVD discs and some CD-R and CD-RW discs.

UDF (Universal Disk Format) file system

What type of file system is used by Blu-ray discs?

UDF file system

assures that data written onto a tape will not be deleted or overwritten

WORM drive / cartridge

Mark each statement as true or false: a. PATA hard drives are older and slower than SATA hard drives. b. SATA 1 is about 10 times faster than SATA 3. c. RAID 0 can be implemented using only a single hard drive. d. RAID 5 requires five hard drives working together at the same speed and capacity. e. You can use an internal SATA data cable with an eSATA port. f. A SATA internal data cable has 7 pins.

a. True b. False c. False d. False e. False f. True

A feature of UEFI/BIOS that detects a new drive and automatically selects the correct drive capacity and configuration, including the best possible standard supported by both the hard drive and the motherboard.

autodetection

a feature in startup BIOS that detects a new drive and selects the correct drive configuration

autodetection

You want to install an SSD drive in your desktop computer, but the drive is far too narrow to fit snugly into the bays of your computer case. Which of the following do you do? a. Install the SSD in a laptop computer. b. Buy a bay adapter that will allow you to install the narrow drive in a desktop case bay. c. This SSD is designed for a laptop. Flash UEFI/BIOS so that your system will support a laptop hard drive. d. Use a special SATA controller card that will support the

b. Buy a bay adapter that will allow you to install the narrow drive in a desktop case bay.

After the boot, _____ on a drive can cause problems with corrupted files.

bad sectors

If you are adding a hard drive to a system that already has a drive with Windows installed on it, what should you do? -you should boot from the Windows setup DVD to prepare the new drive -boot Windows and use Disk Management to prepare the new drive -use the BIOS setup screen to partition and format the new drive -check that the new hard drive must use the same standard as the Windows drive

boot Windows and use Disk Management to prepare the new drive

A Windows command used to repair the Boot Configuration Data (BCD) and boot sectors.

bootrec

The ______ command can be used to rebuild the BCD, repair the MBR, or repair the boot sector of a hard drive.

bootrec

What command line utility can be used to repair the BCD on a Windows installation? chkdsk fsutil dfrgl bootrec

bootrec

What command can you use to rebuild the BC?

bootrec/rebuildbcd

You install a SATA hard drive and then turn on the computer for the first time. You access UEFI/BIOS setup and see that the drive is not recognized. Which of the following do you do next? a. Turn off the computer, open the case, and verify that memory modules on the motherboard have not become loose. b. Turn off the computer, open the case, and verify that the data cable and power cable are connected correctly and jumpers on the drive are set correctly. c. Verify that UEFI/BIOS autodetection is enabled. d. Reboot the computer and enter UEFI/BIOS setup again to see if it now recognizes the drive.

c. Verify that UEFI/BIOS autodetection is enabled.

A Windows command to verify the hard drive does not have bad sectors that can corrupt the file system.

chkdsk

To determine if a drive has bad sectors, use the _____ command. You can run the command after booting to the System Recovery Options menu using the Windows setup DVD.

chkdsk

What command-prompt command do you use to determine if a drive has bad sector?

chkdsk/r

Field replaceable units in the hard drive subsystem are the:

data cable, optional storage card, and hard drive.

A full-sized cartridge that holds data and is used in a tape drive.

data cartridge

A utility or command to rewrite a file to a disk in one contiguous chain of clusters, thus speeding up data retrieval.

defragmentation tool

If a computer is performing slowly due to file fragmentation, what Windows tool can be utilized to rearrange fragments? Computer Management defragmentation tool defraggler Disk cleanup

defragmentation tool

A Windows command to manage hard drives, partitions, and volumes.

diskpart

Use commands within the _____ utility to completely erase a partition on a hard drive.

diskpart

External SATA ports are called

eSATA ports.

Internal storage used instead of using a solid-state drive (SSD) in inexpensive mobile devices such as cellphones, tablets, and laptops.

embedded MMC (eMMC)

What type of file system is used by SDXC memory cards

exFat

A standard for external drives based on SATA that uses a special external shielded SATA cable up to 2 meters long.

external SATA (eSATA)

A housing designed to store hard drives external from the computer.

external enclosure

The degree to which a system can tolerate failures. Adding redundant components, such as disk mirroring or disk duplexing, is a way to build in fault tolerance.

fault tolerance

a computer's ability to respond to a hardware failure

fault tolerance

The overall structure that an OS uses to name, store, and organize files on a disk. Examples of ______ are NTFS and FAT32.

file system

the overall structure an OS uses to name, store, and organize files on a drive

file system

Types of _____ standards by the SD Association include SD, MiniSD, MicroSD, SDHC, MiniSDHC, MicroSDHC, SDXC, and MicroSDXC. Other memory cards include Memory Stick PRO Duo, Memory Stick PRO, Sony Memory Stick Micro M2, CompactFlash I and II, eMMC, and xD-Picture Card.

flash memory card

The Windows command to prepare a hard drive volume, logical drive, or USB flash drive for use by placing tracks and sectors on its surface to store information, This process erases all data on the device.

format

See format.

formatting

The main secondary storage device of a computer. Two technologies are currently used by hard drives: magnetic and solid state. AKA hard disk drive (HDD).

hard drive

The ability to plug or unplug devices without first powering down the system. USB devices are an example

hot-swapping

A hard drive that uses both magnetic and solid-state drive (SSD) technologies. The bulk of storage uses the magnetic component, and a storage buffer on the drive is made of an SSD component. Windows ReadyDrive supports _____ hard drives.

hybrid hard drive (H-HDD)

What statement best describes a RAID 5? -data from one drive is mirrored to another -it improves performance but not fault tolerance -it requires 3 or more drives and uses parity checking -it takes at least four disks and data is striped and mirrored

it requires 3 or more drives and uses parity checking

The hard drive firmware, UEFI/BIOS, and the OS address the sectors on a hard drive utilizing what technology? logical sector addressing low-level formatting logical block addressing high-level formatting

logical block addressing

A process (usually performed at the factory) that electronically creates the hard drive tracks and sectors, and tests for bad sports on the disk surface.

low-level formatting

What process writes sector markings to a hard drive? partitioning low-level formatting high-level formatting sector provisioning

low-level formatting

Which statement regarding the selection of a hard drive is accurate? -a faster spindle speed keeps the drive cooler but doesn't improve performance -PATA drives are backward compatible with SATA drives -USB drives are a good choice for fast internal drives -magnetic drives have larger capacity for the money than solid state drives

magnetic drives have larger capacity for the money than solid state drives

One of two technologies used by hard drives where data is stored as magnetic spots on disks that rotate at a high speed.

magnetic hard drive

A tape drive cartridge that is only 3.25 x 2.5 x 3/5 inches. It is small enough to allow two drives to fit into a standard 5-inch drive bay of a PC case.

minicartridge

The term used by Windows for the RAID 1 level that duplicates data on one drive to another drive and is used for fault tolerance.

mirrored volume

a storage configuration in which data is duplicated on one drive to another drive

mirrored volume

A method of data access used by tape drives, whereby data is written or read sequentially from beginning to end of the tape or until the desired data is found.

sequential access

An ATAPI interface standard for hard drives, optical drives, and other drives that uses a narrower and more reliable cable than the 80-conductor cable and is easier to configure than PATA systems.

serial ATA (SATA)

A device that can read a smart card used to authenticate a person onto a network.

smart card reader

Which statement regarding hard drives is incorrect? -the 3.5" size is typically used in desktops -a solid state drive has no moving parts -solid state drives are less expensive than magnetic hard drives -tracks on a hard drive are divided into sectors

solid state drives are less expensive than magnetic hard drives

An electronic device with no moving parts. A storage device that uses memory chips to store data instead of spinning disks (such as those used by magnetic hard drives and CD drives). Examples of ____ devices are USB flash drives, flash memory cards, and ____ disks used as hard drives.

solid-state device (SSD)

A _____ contains _____ memory and is more expensive, faster, more reliable, and uses less power than a _____ drive.

solid-state drive, flash, magnetic

A configuration of two hard drives that hold a single Windows volume to increase the size of a volume. Sometimes called JBOD (just a bunch of disks).

spanning

uses two hard drives to hold a single Windows volume

spanning

When selecting a hard drive, consider:

storage capacity, technology (solid-state or magnetic), spindle speed, interface standard, and buffer size (for hybrid drives).

An adapter card used to manage hardware RAID rather than using the firmware on the motherboard.

storage card

The term used by Windows for RAID 0. A type of dynamic volume used for two or more hard drives that writes to the disks evenly rather than filling up allotted space on one and then moving on to the next.

striped volume

a type of volume that writes data to all physical disk members evenly for the purpose of improving performance

striped volume

To determine if the hard drive is the problem when booting, try:

to boot from another media, such as the Windows setup DVD.

Why might you want to use a RAID 0 disk configuration? -to improve overall disk performance -RAID 0 drives are less expensive than other RAID drives -to prevent data loss in case of a drive failure -because RAID 0 provides an automatic disk backup

to improve overall disk performance

A technique used on a solid-state drive (SSD) that ensures the logical block addressing does not always address the same physical blocks in order to distribute write operations more evenly across the device.

wear leveling

What technology is used to assure that the logical block addressing on a solid state drive does not always address the same physical blocks, in order to distribute write operations? wear leveling bit shifting block sliding data migration

wear leveling

A type of flash memory device that has compact design and currently holds up to 8 GB of data.

xD-Picture Card