A&P 1: Lab Practical 1
magnification of the low-power objective lens is usually
4x
midsagittal plane
A section that divides a body part into equal right and left halves
what organ(s) are in the abdominal cavity
Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and kidneys
which of the following is/are components of anatomical position a. palms facing forward b. feet together c. palms facing backwards d. body facing forward e. feet shoulder-width apart f. upper limbs raised over the head
a, d, e
which of the following body cavities is located within a double-layered serous membrane? a. peritoneal cavity b. mediastinum c. cranial cavity d. all of the above are located within a double-layered serous membrane
a. peritoneal cavity
which of the following organs belong to the endocrine system? a. thyroid gland b. adrenal gland c. trachea d. liver e. pancreas
a. thyroid gland, b. adrenal gland, e. pancreas
membrane: visceral peritoneum (give cavity and structure(s) its attached to)
abdominal organs
the abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, and peritoneal cavity are located in the
abdominopelvic cavity
iris diaphragm
an adjustable wheel that controls the amount of light that passes through a slide
oil-immersion lens
an objective lens with 100x magnification; requires a drop of oil to be placed between the slide and the lens
the nose is on the ___ side of the body
anterior
an oil-immersion lens requires a. oil to be placed on the ocular lens b. oil to be placed between the slide and the objective c. oil to be placed between the slide and the condenser d. oil to be placed between the ocular and objective lenses
b. oil to be placed between the slide and the objective
medial is defined as a. away from the surface or towards the body's interior b. toward the front of the body or body part c. toward the body's midline d. away from the head/toward the tail
c. toward the body's midline
membrane: parietal peritoneum (give cavity and structure(s) its attached to)
cavity: pericardial cavity structure(s): abdominal wall
membrane: parietal pericardium (give cavity and structure(s) its attached to)
cavity: pericardial cavity structure(s): great vessels, diaphragm
membrane: visceral pericardium (give cavity and structure(s) its attached to)
cavity: pericardial cavity structure(s): heart
membrane: visceral pleura (give cavity and structure(s) its attached to)
cavity: pleural cavity structure(s): lungs
membrane: parietal pleura (give cavity and structure(s) its attached to)
cavity: pleural cavity structure(s): thoracic wall, diaphragm
medial
closer to the midline of the body or body part
proximal
closer to the point of origin, generally of a limb
nucleus
control center of the cell; contains the cells DNA
what is the main function of the nervous system?
control system of the body, maintains homeostasis through production of nerve impulses
when you finish with the microscope, you should turn the nosepiece to the a. oil-immersion lens b. highest-power objective c. middle-power objective d. lowest-power objective
d. lowest power objective
the bone is ___ to the skin
deep
the wrist is ___ to the elbow
distal
serous membrane (parietal and visceral layers)
double-layered membrane that produces serous fluid to lubricate the organs in the cavity; the parietal later is attached to the body wall, and the inner visceral later is attached to the organ
digestive system (major organs)
esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
lateral
farther away from the midline of the body or body part
what is the main function of the urinary system?
filter the blood to form urine, store and transport urine, regulate fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance
what are two strategies you can use if you're having trouble making out details on your slide?
first, adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob. if that doesn't help, reduce the amount of light illuminating the specimen with the iris diaphragm, which will increase the contrast
what organ(s) are in the mediastinum?
great vessels, esophagus, trachea, bronchi
what organ(s) are in the pericardial cavity?
heart
cardiovascular system (major organs)
heart, blood vessels
endocrine system (major organs)
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, ovaries, testes, pancreas, thymus, adrenal glands
the mouth is _____ to the forehead
inferior
will depth of field be more relevant for thick specimens or for thin specimens? explain
it will be more relevant for thick sections. the deeper depth of field means you are more likely to have to more the focus up and down to appreciate all levels of the specimen
urinary system (major organs)
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
the ears are __ to the cheeks
lateral
the scapula is ___ to the spine
lateral
objective lenses
lenses with different powers of magnification that provide additional magnification in addition to that provided by the ocular lens
what organ(s) are in the right upper quadrant?
liver, pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, transverse colon, right adrenal gland, right kidney
what organ(s) are in the peritoneal cavity?
liver, stomach, spleen, most of small intestine, much of the colon, part of the pancreas
what organ(s) are in the left upper quadrant?
liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, transverse colon, left adrenal gland, left kidney
what organ(s) are in the pleural cavity?
lungs
respiratory system (major organs)
lungs, respiratory tract
lymphatic system (major organs)
lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
what is the main function of the endocrine system?
maintains homeostasis through the production of hormones
why should you compare the slide you're viewing to the images in your lab manual?
many slides contain more than one tissue or they are sectioned at a different angle. comparing your slide to the imagines in your book ensures that you are looking at the right tissue
the sternum is ____ to the shoulder
medial
what is the main function of the muscular system?
movement, posture maintenance, heat production
what is the main function of the respiratory system?
oxygenate the blood, remove carbon dioxide from the blood
what is the main function of the male reproductive system?
production of hormones, procreation
what is the main function of the female reproductive system?
production of hormones, procreation (female)
what is the main function of the integumentary system?
protection, sensation, vitamin d production
what is the main function of the skeletal system?
protection, support, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
the knee is __ to the ankle
proximal
how do the directional terms proximal and distal differ from the terms superior and inferior in how they're used to describe locations on the body?
proximal and distal are used almost exclusively on the upper and lower limbs, and refer to the proximity or distance of a body part from its point of origin. Superior and inferior are used on the head, neck, and trunk and refer to the closeness to the head.
what is the main function of cardiovascular system?
pump and carry blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to organs, carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
cytoplasm
region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane that contains the cytosol, cytoskeleton, and organelles
what organ(s) are in the pelvic cavity?
reproductive organs, urinary bladder, part of large intestine
what is the main function of the lymphatic system?
return fluid that had leaked from the blood vessels, immunity, protection
which of the following statements is/are false? a. it reduces eye strain and headaches when you examine the slide with only 1 eye b. drawing engages more parts of the brain in the learning process, thus increasing retention c. some slides won't clearly show the structures you are seeking, and so you may need to examine more than one slide d. increasing the amount of light will increase the details visible on the slide
a and d
phospholipid bilayer
a double layer of phospholipids in which the non polar fatty acid tails line up facing one another, and the polar phosphate heads line up to face the water-containing environments of the cell
frontal (coronal) plane
a section made parallel to the body's longitudinal axis; divides the body into an anterior and posterior part
transverse plane
a section made perpendicular to the body's longitudinal axis; divides the body into a superior part and inferior part
parasagittal plane
a section that divides a body part into unequal right and left parts
nucleolus
area within the nucleus that is responsible for RNA and ribosome production, the "birthplace" of ribosomes
deep
away from the body surface; further away from the skin
inferior
away from the head or toward the tail; generally used on the head, neck, and trunk only
distal
away from the point of origin, generally of a limb
which of the following organs belong to the integumentary system? a. bone b. skin c. adrenal gland d. nails e. uterus
b. skin, d,. nails
which of the following planes of section divides the body or body part into superior and inferior (or proximal and distal) parts? a. midsagittal plane b. transverse plane c. parasagittal plane d. frontal plane
b. transverse plane
skeletal system (major organs)
bones and joints
nervous system (major organs)
brain, spinal cord, nerves
what is the main function of the digestive system?
breaks down and absorbs food, absorbs water and electrolytes, eliminated indigestible substances
muscular system (major organs)
skeletal muscles
integumentary system (major organs)
skin, hair, nails
what organ(s) are in the right lower quadrant?
small intestine, ascending colon, appendix, urinary bladder, part of the right kidney, right ureter, right ovary and uterine tube
what organ(s) are in the left lower quadrant?
small intestine, descending colon, urinary bladder, part of left kidney, left ureter, sigmoid colon, left ovary and uterine tube
the ribs are ___ to the lungs
superficial
the forehead is ____ to the nose
superior
reproductive system (major organs)
testes, ductus deferens, penis/ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes
what should you do if you make a "dirty discovery" on your slide?
the "dirt discovery" is usually dirt on top of the coverslip. in such cases, adjust the coarse focus to change the depth of field and focus on structures deeper on the slide
cranial cavity
the area encased by the skill that contains the brain and cerebrospinal fluid
vertebral cavity
the area encased by the vertebrae that contains the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid
abdominopelvic cavity
the area inferior to the diaphragm that extend into the bony pelvis
field of view
the area of the slide visible under the ocular
thoracic cavity
the area superior to the diaphragm that is encased by the ribs
coarse adjustment knob
the large knob that moves the stage up and down, adjusting the gross focus of the image
ocular lens
the lens through which a user looks to examine the slide
fine adjustment knob
the smaller knob that fine-tunes the image's focus
stage
the surface of the microscope on which the slide sits
depth of field
the thickness of specimen that is in sharp focus
the pleural cavity and mediastinum are located in the
thoracic cavity
posterior
toward or on the back of the body
anterior
toward or on the front of the body
superficial
toward the body surface; closer to the skin
superior
toward the head or away from the tail; generally used on the head, neck, and trunk only
a parasagittal plane divides the body or body part into __________________, whereas a midsagittal plane divides the body or body part into __________.
unequal right and left parts, equal right and left halves
which objective should be in place before you begin? why?
you should start with the low-power objective in place. this will allow you to scan the slide and zero in on the appropriate part. it also lowers the risk of breaking the slide and the lens.