A&P 139 Chapter 19

lower higher

During inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is ______than atmospheric pressure. During expiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is _______ than atmospheric pressure.

Vital capacity

Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume?

false

Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin.

deoxygenated venous blood is 75% saturated.

Oxygen plays a minor role in control of normal respiration because

increased respiratory rate.

Peripheral receptors stimulate the respiratory areas resulting in

bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Pneumonia can be caused by

the thinness of his respiratory membranes.

Police stop Richard for driving erratically at 3 AM and give him a breathalyzer test, which he fails miserably because of

The ventral part of the medulla oblongata near the origin of the vagus nerve has

central chemoreceptors

During an asthma attack, the patient usually finds it most difficult to

exhale.

The forces responsible for normal quiet expiration comes from the contraction of muscles in the lungs.

false

A mother and two young children are found passed out in their apartment, where a space heater is on. Emergency medical technicians suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, so they give the patients

highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

The chloride shift

maintains the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma.

a collapsed lung.

Atelectasis is

increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors.

"I'm going to hold my breath until I turn blue and stop breathing and die and it will be all your fault!" shrieked the 6-year-old at her father. The child was unable to carry out her threat because

partial pressure differences False True internal respiration

1. What determines the direction of gas movement? 2. Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart. 3. If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air rose higher than that of the blood, carbon dioxide would not diffuse from the blood to the lungs. 4. The net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood occurs during which phase of respiration?

the external intercostals elastic recoil of the lungs Decrease alveolar volume causes an increase alveolar pressure false

1. Which muscles could assist the diaphragm during inhalation to increase thoracic volume? 2. Which of the following best describes why thoracic volume decreases during NORMAL exhalation? 3. What happens to alveolar volume and intra-alveolar pressure during exhalation? 4. The pressure within the alveoli will never reach a pressure equal to that of atmospheric air.

the external intercostals elastic recoil of the lungs Decrease alveolar volume causes an increase alveolar pressure false

1. Which muscles could assist the diaphragm during inhalation to increase thoracic volume? 2. Which of the following best describes why thoracic volume decreases during NORMAL exhalation? 3. What happens to alveolar volume and intra-alveolar pressure during exhalation? 4. The pressure within the alveoli will never reach a pressure equal to that of atmospheric air.

COPD causes alveolar wall thickening and increased rigidity, which disrupts the gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries resulting in a buildup of CO2 in the blood. The patient probably had a respiratory infection, which exacerbated the disease process by increasing mucus production and inflammation of the bronchial airways that further decreased the uptake of oxygen into the blood for distribution to body cells accounting for the cyanosis. The inflamed bronchioles and thickened alveolar walls prevented the release of carbon dioxide from the blood. The buildup of carbon dioxide caused an increase in the number of hydrogen ions in the blood accounting for the altered pH.

A 68 year old male presented to the emergency room complaining of shortness of breath. He admitted to the doctor that he has smoked two packs of cigarettes a day for the past 40 years. The physician ordered blood work, which indicated an elevated level of carbon dioxide. With this result along with the patient's history of smoking, the doctor concluded that the patient most likely was suffering from COPD. Why did the doctor come to this conclusion? A 54 year old female with COPD presented to her doctor's office with a productive cough, fever, and chills. Upon examination, her doctor noted that her lips and nail beds were cyanotic (bluish-tint). Although he had been treating her COPD for 3 years this cyanosis was a new symptom. What might explain the cyanosis? A 74 year old chronic smoker scheduled an appointment with his doctor for a routine check-up. When asked by his physician if he had any new problems or concerns he admits to experiencing shortness of breath with any type of exercise and a chronic cough for the past 6 months. The physician ordered blood work which indicated a blood pH of 7.31 (normal = 7.35 - 7.45). What might account for this altered blood pH?

There is an increased pressure in the arteries delivering blood to the lungs due to the increased resistance (or a decrease in radius) of blood vessels perfusing the lung tissue. This causes blood to back up into the peripheral circulation and forces fluid from the vessels into the tissues resulting in edema. The increased mucus observed in patients with COPD traps microorganisms and due to the inflamed and thickened bronchioles, expectoration of the mucus is very difficult. The microorganisms multiply within the mucus and an infection ensues.

A common complication of COPD is edema of the feet and ankles. Why would COPD cause this? Why are people with chronic COPD more prone to getting respiratory infections?

extrinsic allergic alveolitis.

A disorder seen in people who work in factories that package buttered popcorn, caused by inhaling organic dust, is

frontal sinus.

A flashlight placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room illuminates the

Residual volume

A simple spirometer cannot measure which of the following air volumes?

false

A sudden contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed produces a sneeze.

hiccup

A sudden inspiration caused by a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed is a

hyperventilation

A voluntary increase in the rate and depth of breathing is called ______.

macrophages.

Alveoli are kept clean by the action of

true

Another word for breathing is ventilation.

infection.

Arielle is an 8-year-old with cystic fibrosis. For 30 minutes each morning and evening, a parent holds her body in various positions and massages and kneads the areas over her lungs to dislodge the abundant, sticky mucus, which Arielle spits into a jar. She also takes medication - an enzyme - that thins the mucus. If she didn't take these measures, the mucus in her lungs would most likely increase her risk of

the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium

As the respiratory tube branches become smaller in diameter,

decrease

Based on the fact provided, will the total lung capacity of a pregnant woman increase or decrease?

deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, which maintains the pH of the internal environment.

Breathing functions to

all

Breathing rate increases during exercise due to signals from the cerebral cortex to the respiratory areas when it also signals skeletal muscles to contract. stimulation of the respiratory areas by decreasing blood concentration of oxygen and increasing blood concentration of carbon dioxide. a joint reflex. all of the above.

an allergy.

Bronchial asthma is usually caused by

epithelial cells.

Cancer that originates in the lungs is most likely to begin in

increase the rate and depth of breathing.

Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to

true

Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen.

false

Cellular respiration allows for the harnessing of energy from oxygen.

all

Changes in the respiratory system that accompany aging are thickened mucus. slowed swallowing reflex. cilia become less active or vanish. all of the above.

false

Compared to the blood carbon dioxide level and blood pH, the level of blood oxygen is the most important factor in the regulation of respiratory rate and depth.

Name the bony processes that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavities, serving to stir up the air as it is inhaled.

Conchae

false

Coughing reflexes become faster with age.

oxygen and carbon dioxide remain nearly unchanged.

Max works out about an hour every day, using aerobic machines at a gym. During his moderate physical exercise, blood concentrations of

all of the above

Emphysema results in a decrease in the total surface area of the respiratory membrane. loss of alveolar wall elasticity. diminishment in the number of respiratory capillaries. all of the above.

all

Exposure to secondhand smoke increases risk of damage to the smooth endothelial lining of blood vessels. platelet activation abnormal blood clotting. all of the above.

false

Gas exchange occurs across alveolar pores.

higher; lower blood entering pulmonary capillaries blood entering systemic capillaries

Gas molecules will move from an area of _____ partial pressure to an area of _____ partial pressure. At the lungs, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the At the tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the:

7500

Given a patient with the following values, calculate the minute ventilation. Your answer should include units of measure. Tidal volume = 500 mL Functional residual capacity = 2,000 mL Total lung capacity = 5,500 mL Respiratory rate = 15 breaths/minute Physiological dead space = 150 mL

Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin.

How is the majority of oxygen transported in the blood?

decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH.

Hyperventilation is usually accompanied by a(n)

very small particles of debris.

In October 2001 at the site of the World Trade Center in New York City, fires were still burning from the terrorist attacks that had brought down the buildings. The greatest danger to the respiratory system was

partial pressure

In a mixture of gases, each gas creates a pressure called its ______ ______.

the type II cells secrete surfactant and the type I cells form the respiratory membrane

In bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the lungs of newborns become inflamed and scarred. Most infants recover, but some die. An experimental treatment cultures stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord. The stem cells, in a lab dish, give rise to type II cells, which in turn give rise to more type I cells. In this treatment

pressure in alveoli increases and their walls burst, coalescing them and decreasing the surface area for gas exchange.

In emphysema

an increase in carbon dioxide, increasing hydrogen ions.

Increasing blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions have similar effects upon the respiratory areas due to

the contraction of the diaphragm. true false out of the lungs, called expiration

Inspiration begins with: As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases. Air moves from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure until an equilibrium is reached. Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?

false

Inspiration is a passive process, relying on tissue recoil to change thoracic volume.

obstruct the airway.

Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may

lack of surfactant.

Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is caused by

their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria.

Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections because

Boyle's law.

The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as

increases

The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin ______ as the concentration of carbon dioxide increases.

carbon dioxide concentration increases.

The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when

larynx

The anatomical name of the voice box is the:

epiglottis

The cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is the ______.

compliance

The ease with which the lungs can be expanded during breathing is called ______.

ventilation, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

The events of respiration are

the diaphragm and external intercostal respiratory muscles relax.

The first event in expiration is

elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.

The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the

atmospheric pressure.

The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the

true

The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.

false

The greatest amount of carbon dioxide transported in the blood is in the form of dissolved carbon dioxide.

true

The inflation reflex is activated when stretch receptors are stimulated during inspiration.

force of air passing over the vocal cords.

The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the

False

The left lung is larger than the right lung and is divided into three lobes.

ventilation external respiration internal respiration cellular respiration

The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called: The exchange of gases between the alveolar air and the blood is called: The exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues is called: The use of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide during the harnessing of energy from molecular bonds is called:

all

The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity warms incoming air. moistens incoming air. entraps dust. all of the above.

glottis

The opening that is found between the vocal folds is called the _______.

true

The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the thorax.

50%

The partial pressure of oxygen that stimulates the respiratory areas is ___ of normal.

f

The pectoralis minors and the sternocleidomastoid are useful in aiding forced expiration.

common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only

The pharynx functions as a ______, whereas the larynx functions as a ______.

false

The pharynx is an enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords.

tension on the vocal cords.

The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the

bronchoscopy.

The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called

pons and medulla oblongata.

The respiratory control areas are in the

two thicknesses of epithelial cells and basement membranes.

The respiratory membrane consists of

superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior

The right lung has ______ lobes; the left lung has ______ lobes.

all of the above

The trachea is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane. includes 20 C-shaped cartilage rings. is a passageway for air. is all of the above.

a thin film of serous fluid.

The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by

larynx.

The vocal cords are in the

tidal volume.

The volume of air that enters (or leaves) during a single respiratory cycle is the

simple squamous

The walls of alveoli are comprised of ______ epithelium.

cilia

This epithelium, located in the respiratory tract, is equipped with _____ on its free surface.

Blood CO2 level will drop.

What effect will hyperventilation have on the blood carbon dioxide level?

the attraction between water molecules

What is surface tension?

The movement of air in and out of the lungs.

What is the definition of the term ventilation?

A decrease in surface area and decrease in gas exchange.

What is the effect of the thinning of alveolar walls and coalescing of alveoli that occurs with aging on alveolar surface area and gas exchange?

to reduce surface tension within the fluid lining the alveoli

What is the role of surfactant?

alveolar wall, capillary wall, and basement membranes of each

What layers make up the respiratory membrane?

sneezing

What nonrespiratory air movement helps to clear the upper respiratory passageways?

peripheral chemoreceptors

What structures monitor the level of oxygen in arterial blood?

carbaminohemoglobin

When carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, the compound ______ forms.

in alveoli

Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system?

Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and the blood. Emphysema causes loss of lung elastic tissue and the destruction of the air sac walls leading to the development of fewer, larger air sacs, whereas bronchitis involves the thickening and inflammation of airway walls and an increased production of mucus. Airway inflammation, alveoli destruction, and the buildup of mucus all make inhalation and exhalation more difficult and impede appropriate gas exchange causing the symptoms. smoking These medications open the airways and reduce inflammation of the bronchial walls making breathing easier and gas exchange more efficient.

Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place? Physiologically what is the difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis? What would explain the symptoms of wheezing and shortness of breath experienced by patients suffering from COPD? What is the leading cause of COPD? Why do physicians often prescribe regular use of bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications as a treatment for COPD?

In the medulla oblongata in the brain.

Where is the ventral respiratory group located?

residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

Which lung volumes, when added together, give the functional residual capacity?

Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Maxillary bone

Which of the following bones contains paranasal sinuses? Check all that apply

pH

Which of the following factors does not directly affect breathing rate?

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following is important in maintaining the pH of blood?

Cooling exhaled air

Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages?

Hemoglobin

Which of the following proteins transports some carbon dioxide in the blood?

Cricoid

Which of these laryngeal cartilages is single?

alveolar macrophages

Which structure is highlighted?.

Which of the following bones does not house a sinus?

Zygomatic