A&P

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion

CNS sensory or cognitive activation increases neural stimulation of the stomach

the teniae coli are

longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall

products of fat digestion are transported initially by

lymphatic vessels

digestion refers to the

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called

mesenteries

When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as

micturition

carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the

peritubular fluid

The enzyme amylase digests

polysaccharides

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

stem cell movements

The oral mucosa has ___ epithelium?

stratified squamous

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the

Bladder

Major calyces are

Large branches of the renal pelvis

In the kidney. Identify the structure labeled "4"

Minor calyx

In the wall of the small intestine. What is the layer labeled "4"

Muscularis externa

In the wall of the small intestine. What is the name of the structure labeled "6"

Villi

Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process

a higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

In the nephron. identify the structure labeled "5".

distal convoluted tubule

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

distal convoluted tubule

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by____ large fat droplets

emulsifying

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of

fats

The process of defecation eliminates

feces

What stimulates stretch receptors in the rectum? (figure 24-26)

feces causing distention in the rectum

In the nephron. What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"

filtration

Glomerular blood flow is unique because it flows

from arteriole to capillary bed to arteriole

G cells of the stomach secrete

gastrin

which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials

large intestine

waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis

The uvula is located at the

posterior margin of the soft palate

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters

In the stomach. Which structures helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food

Rugae

In the wall of the small intestine. What type of epithelium covers the structure labeled "6"

Simple columnar

Renal columns are

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex

Name the region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus (figure 24-12)

cardia

identify the stomach region with abundant mucous glands

cardia

to which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect

cardia

a feature of the digestive tract wall that increases surface area available for absorption is the

circular folds

Why do circular muscles contract behind the bolus while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus (figure 24-4)

circular muscles contract behind the bolus to push the bolus forward while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus to shorten that segment of the digestive tract.

the gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the

entry of food into the stomach

The urinary system does all of the following except

excreting excess albumin molecules

haustra are

expansible pouches of the colon

In the stomach. Identify the stomach region labeled "12"

fundus

bile is stored in the

gallbladder

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure

parietal cells secrete

hydrochloric acid

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the

ileum

circular folds and intestinal villi

increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except

increased fluid retention

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla

it's the tip of medullary pyramid

a surgical procedure to promote rapid weight loss is removal of most of the

jejunum

The excretory functions of the urinary system are performed by the

kidneys

identify the stomach region labeled "5"

lesser curvature

Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function

lipid digestion

The basic functional units of the liver are the

lobules

In the stomach. Identify the structure labeled "3"

longitudinal muscle layer

the esophagus has several variations from the standard plan of the GI tract. These includes

muscularis externa has some skeletal muscle

In the stomach, identify the structure labeled "10"

oblique muscle layer

which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion

pancreas

the exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of

pancreatic acini

the____ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar

parotid

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ___ capillaries

peritubular

circular folds are

pleats in the lining of the small intestine

In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized called

podocytes

In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called

podocytes

Which of the following substances should not be filtered

proteins

the enzyme pepsin digests

proteins

Identify the stomach region labeled "7"

pyloric part

the region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pyloric part

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins and water

Aldosterone-sensitive portions of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct allow for the exchange which ions? (figure 26-13)

reabsorption of sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the

rectum

The filtration of plasma takes place in the

renal corpuscle

In the Kidney. Identify the region labeled 1

renal cortex

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

renal failure

In the kidney. Identify the structure labeled "9"

renal papilla

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

renal pelvis

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

renal pelvis

In the kidney. Identify the structure labeled "3"

renal pyramid

the prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called

rugae

Which structure controls the contraction of the muscularis externa?

10

The detrusor muscle

Compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

Peyer's patches are characteristic of the

Ileum

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

What factors shown result in an increased blood volume?

Increased sodium retention, increased fluid consumption, increased fluid retention, and constriction of systemic veins.

An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the

Juxtaglomerular complex

The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the:

Juxtaglomerular complex

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called---- nephrons

Juxtamedullary

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the

Myenteric plexus

What structure connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule?

Nephron loop

The ______ delivers urine to a minor calyx

Papillary duct

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by

Presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma

In the wall of the small intestine. What is the function of the structure labeled "7"

Protection from bacteria

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to

Proximal convoluted tubule

The majority of water is reabsorbed by osmosis in the

Proximal convoluted tubule

in the stomach, what is the function of the structure labeled "6"?

Regulates gastric emptying

In the nephron. Where does secretion mostly occur

5

_______ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity

three

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined__ by epithelium

transitional

At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the

transverse colon

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the

trigone

____ is the most abundant organic waste

urea

In the kidney. Identify the structure labeled 8

ureter

The urinary function of elimination occurs through the

urethra

Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the

urethra

Urine is temporarily store in the

urinary bladder

Each kidney has about___ nephrons

1.25 million

Approximately ___ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day

180

The renal threshold for glucose is approximately __ mg/dL

180 mg/dL

In the nephron. Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur.

3

In the nephron. Where would penicillin be secreted

5

In the nephron. which area is sensitive to aldosterone

5

In the nephron. Which area (s) allow variable water reabsorption and is/are sensitive to the hormone ADH?

5 and 6

Substances larger than ___ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane

albumin

Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by

bicarbonate from the pancreas

The fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystc duct forms the

bile duct

The process of filtration is driven mainly by

blood hydrostatic pressure

In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the

blood levels of secretin rise

In the nephron. Identify the structure labeled "6"

collecting duct

contraction of the muscle layer labeled "9" causes the digestive tract to

constrict

which of the following is not true of the structure labeled "5" (serosa)

contains mucus glands

Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the -- and have short nephron loops

cortex

The majority of glomeruli are located in the__of the kidney

cortex

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

cotransport

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of

countertransport

The proximal convoluted tubule cells are

cuboidal cells with microvilli

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collection duct is the

distal convoluted tubule

The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the

duodenum

The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called

secretion

the majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the

stomach

Functions of the urinary system include all of the following except

storage of fat-soluble vitamins.