A&P
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion
CNS sensory or cognitive activation increases neural stimulation of the stomach
the teniae coli are
longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall
products of fat digestion are transported initially by
lymphatic vessels
digestion refers to the
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called
mesenteries
When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as
micturition
carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth
Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the
peritubular fluid
The enzyme amylase digests
polysaccharides
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except
stem cell movements
The oral mucosa has ___ epithelium?
stratified squamous
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the
Bladder
Major calyces are
Large branches of the renal pelvis
In the kidney. Identify the structure labeled "4"
Minor calyx
In the wall of the small intestine. What is the layer labeled "4"
Muscularis externa
In the wall of the small intestine. What is the name of the structure labeled "6"
Villi
Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process
a higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.
A glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
In the nephron. identify the structure labeled "5".
distal convoluted tubule
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
distal convoluted tubule
Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by____ large fat droplets
emulsifying
Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of
fats
The process of defecation eliminates
feces
What stimulates stretch receptors in the rectum? (figure 24-26)
feces causing distention in the rectum
In the nephron. What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"
filtration
Glomerular blood flow is unique because it flows
from arteriole to capillary bed to arteriole
G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials
large intestine
waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis
The uvula is located at the
posterior margin of the soft palate
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
the ureters
In the stomach. Which structures helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food
Rugae
In the wall of the small intestine. What type of epithelium covers the structure labeled "6"
Simple columnar
Renal columns are
bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex
Name the region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus (figure 24-12)
cardia
identify the stomach region with abundant mucous glands
cardia
to which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect
cardia
a feature of the digestive tract wall that increases surface area available for absorption is the
circular folds
Why do circular muscles contract behind the bolus while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus (figure 24-4)
circular muscles contract behind the bolus to push the bolus forward while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus to shorten that segment of the digestive tract.
the gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the
entry of food into the stomach
The urinary system does all of the following except
excreting excess albumin molecules
haustra are
expansible pouches of the colon
In the stomach. Identify the stomach region labeled "12"
fundus
bile is stored in the
gallbladder
The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure
parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid
The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the
ileum
circular folds and intestinal villi
increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except
increased fluid retention
Antidiuretic hormone
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla
it's the tip of medullary pyramid
a surgical procedure to promote rapid weight loss is removal of most of the
jejunum
The excretory functions of the urinary system are performed by the
kidneys
identify the stomach region labeled "5"
lesser curvature
Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function
lipid digestion
The basic functional units of the liver are the
lobules
In the stomach. Identify the structure labeled "3"
longitudinal muscle layer
the esophagus has several variations from the standard plan of the GI tract. These includes
muscularis externa has some skeletal muscle
In the stomach, identify the structure labeled "10"
oblique muscle layer
which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion
pancreas
the exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of
pancreatic acini
the____ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar
parotid
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ___ capillaries
peritubular
circular folds are
pleats in the lining of the small intestine
In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized called
podocytes
In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called
podocytes
Which of the following substances should not be filtered
proteins
the enzyme pepsin digests
proteins
Identify the stomach region labeled "7"
pyloric part
the region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the
pyloric part
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins and water
Aldosterone-sensitive portions of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct allow for the exchange which ions? (figure 26-13)
reabsorption of sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions
Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the
rectum
The filtration of plasma takes place in the
renal corpuscle
In the Kidney. Identify the region labeled 1
renal cortex
The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is
renal failure
In the kidney. Identify the structure labeled "9"
renal papilla
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
renal pelvis
The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the
renal pelvis
In the kidney. Identify the structure labeled "3"
renal pyramid
the prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called
rugae
Which structure controls the contraction of the muscularis externa?
10
The detrusor muscle
Compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra
Peyer's patches are characteristic of the
Ileum
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex
What factors shown result in an increased blood volume?
Increased sodium retention, increased fluid consumption, increased fluid retention, and constriction of systemic veins.
An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the
Juxtaglomerular complex
The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the:
Juxtaglomerular complex
Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called---- nephrons
Juxtamedullary
Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the
Myenteric plexus
What structure connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule?
Nephron loop
The ______ delivers urine to a minor calyx
Papillary duct
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by
Presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma
In the wall of the small intestine. What is the function of the structure labeled "7"
Protection from bacteria
Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to
Proximal convoluted tubule
The majority of water is reabsorbed by osmosis in the
Proximal convoluted tubule
in the stomach, what is the function of the structure labeled "6"?
Regulates gastric emptying
In the nephron. Where does secretion mostly occur
5
_______ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity
three
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined__ by epithelium
transitional
At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the
transverse colon
The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the
trigone
____ is the most abundant organic waste
urea
In the kidney. Identify the structure labeled 8
ureter
The urinary function of elimination occurs through the
urethra
Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the
urethra
Urine is temporarily store in the
urinary bladder
Each kidney has about___ nephrons
1.25 million
Approximately ___ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day
180
The renal threshold for glucose is approximately __ mg/dL
180 mg/dL
In the nephron. Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur.
3
In the nephron. Where would penicillin be secreted
5
In the nephron. which area is sensitive to aldosterone
5
In the nephron. Which area (s) allow variable water reabsorption and is/are sensitive to the hormone ADH?
5 and 6
Substances larger than ___ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane
albumin
Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by
bicarbonate from the pancreas
The fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystc duct forms the
bile duct
The process of filtration is driven mainly by
blood hydrostatic pressure
In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the
blood levels of secretin rise
In the nephron. Identify the structure labeled "6"
collecting duct
contraction of the muscle layer labeled "9" causes the digestive tract to
constrict
which of the following is not true of the structure labeled "5" (serosa)
contains mucus glands
Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the -- and have short nephron loops
cortex
The majority of glomeruli are located in the__of the kidney
cortex
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of
cotransport
Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of
countertransport
The proximal convoluted tubule cells are
cuboidal cells with microvilli
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collection duct is the
distal convoluted tubule
The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the
duodenum
The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called
secretion
the majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the
small intestine
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the
stomach
Functions of the urinary system include all of the following except
storage of fat-soluble vitamins.