A&P 2: Blood
Does an Rh+ mother carrying an Rh- fetus require a RhoGAM injection? Explain your answer.
An Rh+ mother carrying an Rh- fetus does not require a RhoGAM injection because the fetus is not at risk of Rh incompatibility. The fetus is not at risk because its RBCs lack Rh surface antigens, and the mother's plasma lacks anti-Rh antibodies.
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A sera but not with the anti-B or anti-D sera. What do you know about Bill's Rh Antibody?
Bills RH antibody is negative bills plasma contains B antibodies
What is hematology?
Hematology is the study of blood and its components, fluids and cells. Also includes the study of blood forming organs and blood disease
Define hemocytoblasts
Hemocytoblasts form from hematopoietic stem cells and divide into lymphoid stem cellsand myeloid stem cells.
________ transport(s) oxygen and CO2in the RBCs.
Hemoglobin molecules
Compare the types of cells that lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells produce.
Lymphoid cells originate in the red bone marrow and give rise to lymphocytes; these stem cells also produce lymphocytes in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Myeloid stem cells are cells in red bone marrow that give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes.
Which blood type(s) can be safely transfused into a person with type O-blood?
Only O blood can be safely transfused into a person whose blood type is O.
Compare pernicious anemia with iron deficiency anemia.
Pernicious anemia is insufficient red blood cell production caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12, whereas iron deficiency anemia is impaired hemoglobin synthesis caused by a deficiency in dietary intake or absorption of iron
The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of mature erythrocytes.
RBC count
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.
Sickle cell anemia
Identify the 5 types of white blood cells
The five types of white blood cells are neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, basophils, and lymphocytes.
Define hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
The mother's antibodies attack the RBC of the newborn/fetus Newborn's RBCs are being attacked by antibodies from the mother. Attack beings in the womb and is caused by an incompatibility between the mother's and baby's blood. symptom: Jaundice
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by
Thrombin
Which of the followingvitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?
Vitamin K
When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, what would youexpectin his/ her blood?
a drop in oxygen levels, the release of erythropoietin, and a rise in hematocrit. a drop in oxygen levels. B) the release of erythropoietin. C) a rise in hematocrit. D) an increase in red blood cell production.
The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.
differential count
The process of red blood cell production is called
erythropoiesis
Red blood cell production is regulated by thehormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________.
erythropoietin ; kidneys
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is
fibrinogen
A person with Type A blood has .......type of antibody on RBCs and .........type of antibody in plasma?
has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is called
hematocrit
Which specific plasma proteins would you expect to be elevated during an infection?
immunoglobins (antibodies) would be elevated during infection
) Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the
immunoglobulins
Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by
injections of vitamin B12
Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?
iron deficiency anemia Vitamin B12 deficiency
Describe hemoglobin
is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.
RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for this short lifespan in RBCs is due to ............
lack of nucleus
A cancer involving neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils is called a.
myleiod lukemia
Duringa bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of........
neutrophils
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
neutrophils
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term eosinophils?
often elevated in allergic individuals
The function of red blood cells is to carry.........
oxygen
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
oxygen levels in the blood decrease. blood flow to the kidney declines.
In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in
red bone marrow
The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as
reticulocytes.
A condition where pathogens are present and multiplying in the blood is called
septicemia.
Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?
45% red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately ________ liters.
5.6
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.
55 ; 92
The normal pH of blood is
7.35-7.45
Identify the two types of leukemia.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) - the most common type of leukemia in adultsChronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - the 2nd most common type of leukemia
________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
Coagulation
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if
an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.
Which condition would a patient have if she had a depressed hematocrit level?
anemia
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
basophils
Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive bloodfrom a person with type B blood?
because the anti-B antibodies in the plasma of the type A recipient would bind to B antigens on the donor's RBCs, causing the transfused RBCs to clump or agglutinate, which could block blood flow to various organs and tissues.
Hormones called ________ areinvolved in regulation of white blood cell populations.
colony stimulating factor
Define hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding stopping flow of blood
Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from......artery/vein?
superficial vein
What is determined by the surface antigens on RBCs?
the genetic inheritance from each parent determines which antigens are expressed on the surface of an individual's red blood cells.
Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by
the liver
Define hematocrit
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
their blood lacks A or B antibodies.
If the blood types of a donor and recipient are compatible, then
there is no reaction between antibodies and antigens.
The most abundant component of plasma is........
water
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
whole blood