A&P 2 Ch. 19

The amount of water taken in through the digestive tract matches the amount of water lost through the kidneys, lungs, digestive tract. The levels of water, proteins, and other substances are maintained with narrow limits.

Explain how plasma volume remains relatively constant.

production increases when blood oxygen decreases

Erythropoietin

eosinophils

The blood cells that protect against worm parasites are

plasmin

The chemical involved in the breakdown of a clot (fibrinolysis) is

fibrinogen

A constituent of plasma that forms the network of fibers in a clot is

will have a transfusion reaction if given type b blood

A person with type A blood

Fetal hemoglobin is composed of two α chains and two γ chains, in contrast to adult hemoglobin, which contains two α and two β chains. This difference results in fetal hemoglobin having a higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin.

Compare fetal and adult hemoglobin as to structure and affinity for oxygen.

hemopoiesis-Formed elements in the blood are produced by the process of hemocytoblasts- The stem cells that produce all the blood cells are called red bone marrow- In adults, the only site of RBC and WBC production is the platelets-Megakaryocytes are larges cells that continuously shed cytoplasm in small membrane-enclosed packets called Erythropoiesis-The term used to describe the formation of red blood cells is Leukopoiesis-The term used to describe the formation of white blood cells is Thrombopoiesis- The term used to describe the formation of platelets is

Describe the origin and production of the formed elements.

the mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind (carry) up to four oxygen molecules. Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases: It carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 20-25% of the total) as carbaminohemoglobin, in which CO2 is bound to the heme protein.

Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin and relate which gases associate with hemoglobin and how.

2.5 million rbc are destroyed every second

Discuss the life history of red blood cells.

an unlimited number of

Each hemoglobin molecule can become associated with oxygen molecule(s).

1,3,4,2

Given these chemicals: (1) activated factor XII (2) fibrinogen (3) prothrombinase (4) thrombin Choose the arrangement that lists the chemicals in the order they are used during clot formation.

1,3,2

Given these processes in platelet plug formation: (1) platelet adhesion (2) platelet aggregation (3) platelet release reaction Choose the arrangement that lists the processes in the correct order after a blood vessel is damaged.

1,2,3

Given these ways of transporting carbon dioxide in the blood: (1) bicarbonate ions (2) combined with blood proteins (3) dissolved in plasma Choose the arrangement that lists them in the correct order from largest to smallest percentage of carbon dioxide transported.

The cells and chemicals in the blood is an important part of the immune system. This protects against substances, such as microorganism and toxins. When blood vessels are damaged, blood clotting protect against excessive blood loss.

How does the blood provide protection?

Their flexible disc shape helps to increase the surface area-to-volume ratio of these extremely small cells. This enables oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across the red blood cell's plasma membrane more readily. ... This iron-containing molecule binds oxygen as oxygen molecules enter blood vessels in the lungs.

How does the shape of red blood cells enable them to exchange gases and move through blood vessels more easily?

o positive

In the United States, the most common blood type is

Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, white blood cells, or leukocytes, and cell fragments called platelets, or thrombocytes

List the three kinds of formed elements using both their common and technical names.

albumin- maintain osmotic pressure globulins- transport and antibodies fibrogen- blood clotting

List the three major plasma proteins and describe their functions.

increase in number during chronic infections

Monocytes

do not have a nucleus

Red blood cells

Thrombocytes (platelets) play an important role in hemostasis, by plugging and repairing damaged blood vessels, thus preventing blood loss. They also participate in a cascade of events that leads to blood clotting by triggering the release of a series of coagulation factors.

Relate the functions of platelets in preventing blood loss.

requires Ca2+

The extrinsic pathway

neutrophils

The most numerous type of white blood cell, whose primary function is phagocytosis, is

lymphocytes

The smallest white blood cells, which include B cells and T cells, are

Kidney function tests (also called a renal panel) measure blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Liver function tests measure alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), bilirubin, albumin and total protein.

What are some examples of blood chemistry tests?

increased erythropoietin production and increased concentration of reticulocytes

What changes occur(s) in the blood in response to the initiation of a vigorous exercise program?

The three major plasma proteins are: Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen. Albumin is important and regulating the movement of water between tissues and blood.

What are the three major plasma proteins, and what roles do they play in the blood?

The major components are the Plasma and Formed Elements. The plasma is composed of 55 percent. The Formed Elements are are 45 percent.

What are the two major components of blood? What portion of the total blood volume does each compose?

globin- broken down into amino acids

What components of hemoglobin is correctly matched with its fate following the destruction of a red blood cell?

clot formation, protection against foreign substances, maintenance of body temperature, regulation of pH and osmosis

What is a function of blood?

A hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production

What is hematopoiesis?

platelets

What is not a component of plasma?

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood which is pale yellow. The plasma consist of 91 percent water and 9 percent other substances.

What is plasma, and what does it consist of? Why is plasma a colloid?

The total blood volume for males are 5-6 L, females is 4-5 L.

What is the average total blood volume for females and for males?

The main job of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs. Hemoglobin (Hgb) is an important protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of our body.

What is the main component of a red blood cell? What is the primary function of red blood cells?

-The normal amount of red blood cells in males are 5.4 million. The amount of red blood cells in females are 4.8 million.

What is the normal amount of red blood cells in a male? In a female?

The normal range is 7.35 - 7.45.

What is the normal pH range of the blood?

Crossmatching is a way for your healthcare provider to test your blood against a donor's blood to make sure they are fully compatible. Crossmatching takes 45 minutes to an hour. It's essentially a trial transfusion done in test tubes to see exactly how your blood will react with potential donor blood.

What occurs in a type and crossmatch?

albumin

What proteins is normally found in the plasma and plays an important role in maintaining the osmotic concentration of the blood?

Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen

What substances are transported by the blood?

Myeloid stem cells can differentiate in proerythroblasts where red blood cells can develop. In myeloblasts, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils develop.

What types of formed elements develop from each of the following cells: proerythroblasts, myeloblasts, lymphoblasts, monoblasts, and megakaryocytes?

The process occurs in tissues prior to given birth. After birth, hematopoiesis is located in the bone marrow.

Where does the process occur before birth? After birth? What type of stem cell are all formed elements derived from? Distinguish between myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.

Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are membrane-bound cell fragments derived from the fragmentation of larger precursor cells called megakaryocytes, which are derived from stem cells in the bone marrow. Platelets are important for the blood clotting process, making them essential for wound healing.

describe the origin and structure of platelets.

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

list the components of blood.

Blood helps maintain homeostasis by: transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products, transport of processed molecules, transport of regulatory molecules, regulation of Ph and osmosis, maintenance of body temperature, protection against foreign substance, and clot formation.

list the ways that blood helps maintain homeostasis in the body.

neutrophils- stain light purple, 2-5 lobes in nucleus, makes up 54-62% wbcs, mobile and phagocytic, eating small invaders eosinophils- stain deep red, 2 lobed nucleus, makes up 1-3% wbcs, slightly phagocytic, attracted to parasites, helps reduced inflammation and allergic reactions by removing the chemicals causing them basophils- stain deep blue, makes up less than 1 %wbcs, secrete heparin which helps prevent blood clots, secrete histamine which increases blood flow to injured areas monocytes- largest of blood cells, 2-3 times the diameter of rbc, nuclei may be round, oval, kidney shaped or lobed, makes up 3-9% of wbcs, have a lifespan ranging from weeks to months, mobile and phagocytic eating large particles lymphocytes- slightly larger than rbcs, contains a large round nucleus, makes up 25-33% of wbc, may live for years, produce antibodies necessary for immunity

Compare the structures and functions of the five types of white blood cells.

Derived from megakaryocytes cell fragments surface molecules that attach to collagen play an important role in clot formation

Platelets