A&P 2: Chapter 18. Nutrition.

How can basal metabolic rate be approximated?

1 calorie per hour per kg body weight

Define the term calorie

A unit of energy in food.

How many of the 20 amino acids do body cells need in order to produce proteins?

ALL 20

what must go under deamination prior to being able to supple energy to cells?

Amino acids

The *blank* is a value based on weight in relation to height.

BMI

The *BLANK* metabolic rate is the rate of energy expenditure when a person is awake and at rest, after an overnight fast, and in comfortable, controlled environment.

Basal metabolic rate

Vitamin D increases the absorption of *blank* from the diet.

Calcium

By definition, one *BLANK* is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius.

Calorie

Which 3 organs are among those whose energy requirement is included in the basal metabolic rate?

Live Brain Heart

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) includes the energy needed for activity of what structures?

Liver & kidneys Brain & heart Lungs

Which group typically has a higher basal metabolic rate than the other group?

Males have higher BMR than females.

Poor nutrition that results from lack of essential nutrients or an inability to utilize them is known as

Malnutrition

The larger portion of daily calorie expenditure is due to *BLANK*, followed by *BLANK*

basal metabolic rate; voluntary muscle function.

When does a negative energy balance occur?

caloric expenditure exceeds caloric intake

When does a positive energy balance occur?

caloric intake exceeds caloric expenditure

Energy *blank* exists when caloric intake (food ingested) equals caloris output (BMR + muscle activity)

energy balance

The class of organic compounds called *blank* include fats, oils, cholesterol.

lipids

A person who is starving has a *BLANK* nitrogen balance because the amount of nitrogen excreted as a result of amino acid oxidation exceeds the amount the diet replaces.

negative

A *blank* energy balance leads to weight loss, while a *blank* energy balance leads to weight gain.

negative ; positive

Name the hormone involved in the activation of vitamin D and, due to the activity of vitamin D, the absorption of calcium from the diet.

parathyroid hormone

3 groups of nutrients that are classified as macronutrients

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Proteins classified as being *BLANK* proteins provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance.

Complete proteins

After being *blank*, amino acids can be used to produce ATP, glucose (via gluconeogenisis), or fat molecules.

Deaminated

The amino acids classified as *BLANK* amino acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the cells of the body, so they must be supplied in the diet.

Essential amino acids

What are 2 classifications used for the vitamins?

Fat-soluble Water-soluble

Triglycerides are lipid molecules consisting of three fatty acids bound to one *blank* molecule.

Glycerol

The basal metabolic rate of an average male is *blank* than that of an average female of the same age.

Higher

Dietary proteins classified as *BLANK* proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.

Incomplete proteins

what are 3 examples of protein in the body?

Keratin Enzymes Hemoglobin

In nutrition, a unit or one thousand calories is called a large Calorie (spelled with capital C). In biochemistry, the unit or 1000 calories is called a

Kilocalorie

Nitrogen *blank* refers to a status in which the amount of nitrogen taken in equals the amount excreted.

Nitrogen balance.

A person whose weight is more than 20% above the recommended norm for their age, sex, and height is said to be *blank*

Obese

A patient has a BMI a 29. How would this patient be classified?

Overweight

what molecule is comprised of amino acids?

Protein

Within cellular membranes, name the type of macromolecule that functions as a membrane receptor, pumps, ion channels, and cell identity markers.

Proteins

Some vegetarians who don't know how to properly combine their foods become deficient in amino acids. What is the consequence of this?

Their cells cannot produce new proteins without breaking down body proteins.

Indicate 3 characteristics of fat soluble vitamins

They are not affected by cooking or food processing. Bile salts in the intestines promote their absorption. They can be stored in various tissues and excess intake can lead to overdose.

In children, a deficiency of vitamin *blank* causes rickets, a condition marked by bowing of the legs.

Vitamin D

The nutrient. group called *blank* are organic substances needed for normal metabolism. Since cells cannot synthesize them in adequate amounts, they are essential nutrients.

Vitamins

What are the Fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E, K

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

Vitamins B and C

What does body mass index (BMI) measure?

Weight relative to height