A&P 2 exam 1

The tissue shown here is a composite organ called what?

Pituitary

What is the name of the structure shown in red highlight (retro-orbital) in this image?

Pituitary

Which of the following ions pass through neuronal cell membrane most readily?

Potassium

In this image, what organ/feature is being highlighted with orange color?

Spinal cord

In the diagram above "B" indicates what?

The circulatory component of the blood brain barrier

(True or False) Convergence involves two or more incoming fibers converging on a single neuron, whereas divergence involves impulses leaving a neuron and passing into several output fibers to multiple target cells.

True

In the extra reading paper entitled "cell communication", the authors describe how chemical messengers communicate information across the cell membrane through receptors on the cell surface in order to effect the function of a cell. The cross-membrane signal transmission often involves what kind of receptor?

Tyrosine kinase

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear

White

The major source of leptin in the body is which tissue

White adipose tissue

In this micrograph, which is the layer of the organ called which is highlighted with blue?

Zona reticularis

In the diagram above "C" indicates what?

a neuronal process called an axon in cross-section

Which of the following is (are) a type of neuroglial cell?

all of the above

What structure is labeled with "D" in this image?

central canal

In this image, the "A" labels what feature/ region?

cortex

If a resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is said to be....

hyperpolaring

During an action potential, calcium ions cause....

sodium channels to close

The structure highlighted with orange in this image is called what?

temporal lobe/s

(true or false) The hormone leptin is associated with bone metabolism, among other things.

true

Oxytocin is sometimes administered to women following childbirth to stimulate

uterine contractions

In the paper, "Sculpting the brain", the authors indicate that the cerebral cortex is approximately how thick in humans?

2-4 mm

In the paper "sculpting the brain," the authors show that the cerebral cortex contains layers of neurons. Commonly, how many such layers are seen?

6 (all gray)

Growth hormone

All of the above

In this highlighted (orange) portion of the brain is made up of what type of cells?

All of the above (interneurons, astrocytes, and microglia)

Which of the following neurotransmitters functions to relieve pain sensation?

Beta-endorphin

In this image the feature marked with orange is called

Caudate nucleus

In this image the highlighted (green) portion of the CNS is referred to as what?

Dura mater

(True or False) Myelin is composed largely of carbohydrates.

False

In this image, the orange highlighted (arrows) indicates what portion of the CNS?

Fourth Ventricle

The structure highlighted with orange in this image is called what?

Frontal lobe/s

In this image the highlighted (orange) portion of the brain is referred to as what?

Gray matter

The area of the brain that is highlighted here with orange color is called what?

Hypothalamus

Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?

In the hypothalamus

The area of cerebral cortex indicated in this image with the orange highlight is called what?

Insula

The lobe indicated here with the "C" is significantly involved in which of the following processes of the CNS?

Long term memory

In the diagram above "D" indicates what?

Microglial cell

In the diagram above "E" indicates what?

Oligodendrocyte

The process of transmitting a nerve impulse from one neuron to another involves a...

Nerve impulse stimulating presynaptic axons to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft.

In this image, the red arrows is pointing at what feature of this overall structure?

Node of Ranvier

In this image, what organ/feature is being highlighted with purple color?

Pancreas

The structure highlighted with orange in this image is called what?

Parietal lobe/s

In this image what do the round circles within the darker (black) rings represent?

Peripheral nerve axons

In this image the feature marked with orange is called what?

Putamen

In the extra reading paper entitled "cell communication", the authors describe how chemical messengers communicate information across the cell membrane through receptors on the cell surface in order to effect the function of a cell. Once a chemical messenger binds to the receptors conformational changes occur and other end of the receptor can bind to the molecules which contain what type of coupling domain/s?

SH2

In the diagram above, which type of glial cell is not shown?

Schwann cell

What is the first event that follows a threshold potential being established in a post-synatic neuron?

Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward.

A nerve cell membrane may become depolarized as a result of...

Some ion channels being opened while others are closed.

A nerve cell membrane may become depolarized as a results of....

Some ion channels being opened while others are closed.

In this image, what organ/feature is being highlighted with yellow color?

Spinal nerve rootlets

The paper, "sculpting the Brain", raises many interesting examples of what single fundamental principle for the design of brain architecture? The particularly applies to the forces which generate the in-folding of the sulci.

Tensegrity

Which of the following is secreted by nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

antidiuretic hormone

In the image, the orange highlight (arrows) indicates what portion of the CNS?

cerebral aqueduct

In this image the "B" marks what type of tissue?

exocrine

The feature shown here which is off-white and extends down from the overlying dura mater and separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called what?

falx cerebri

Three general functions of the nervous system are

integrative, motor, and sensory

Insulin causes.....

A decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

Myelin is best defined as....

A specialized lipoprotein within glial cell membranes surrounding the outside of axons.

What tissue is shown here?

Adrenal

The newly discovered hormone, leptin, is associated with which of the following functions in the body?

All of these apply ( energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine functions, and immune functions).

The feature marked with orange is associated with what aspect/s of the CNS?

All of these apply (Thalamus, Third ventricle, and hypothalamus)

In this image the highlighted (orange) portion of the brain is made up of what type of cells or cellular/ tissue components?

All of these apply (axons, Oligodendrocyte, and Node of Ranvier )

What is the nervous system structure being shown here?

All of these apply (spinal cord, Dorsal root ganglion, and peripheral nerve)

What structure is labeled with "C" in this image?

Anterior median fissure

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

Anterior pituitary gland

In the paper, "sculpting the brain", the authors discuss the complex topology or structure of the cerebral cortex and indicate that this is a common feature in all of the following EXCEPT?

Birds

A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by

Causing a second messenger to be formed.

In this image, the orange highlight indicates what portion of the CNS?

Cerebellum

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by _______ and it functions to ______.

Choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protect the brain from blows to the skull

In this image, the orange highlight indicates what portion of the CNS?

Corpus Collosum

The structure highlighted with orange in this image is called what?

Corpus collosum

In the paper, "Sculpting the brain", the authors show that the folding of the cortex produces marked changes in the relative thickness of the layers of neurons. What is the nature of this change?

Deep layers are thicker in the gryrus

The cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body., provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are.....

Dendrites

a steroid hormone acts on target cells by

Directly causing protein synthesis

The features highlighted here in yellow are called what?

Dorsal root ganglion

What structure is labeled with the "A" in this image?

Dorsal root ganglion

In this image, the blue highlight, near the top of the skull, indicates what portion of the CNS?

Dural Sinus

(True or False) A mixed nerve composed of a mixture of different neuroglial cells.

False

(True or False) Collectively, this diagram shows the entire nervous system.

False

(True or False) Interneurons are specialized to carry impulses from receptor cells into the brain or spinal cord.

False

(True or False) Nerve impulses are amplified as a result of the convergence of nerve fibers.

False

(True or False) Nodes of Ranvier occur between adjacent neurons.

False

(True or False) The secretion of pituitary hormones is largely controlled by the thalamus

False

(True or False) This image shows cells within the central nervous system.

False

(true or false) The arbor vitae is found in the cerebrum

False

The feature or structure marked with "C" is called what?

Filum terminale

This image highlights (yellow color) a feature which flanks a second major structure that is seen here passing down the centerline between the highlights. What is this centerline structure called?

Filum terminale

In this image, what area us highlighted with the orange color?

Hippocampus

The structure shown here that is labeled with red highlight (retro-orbital region) functions directly as a major portion of which endocrine subsystem?

Hypothalamic/ Pituitary axis

The structure highlighted with orange in this image is called what?

Hypothalamus

The feature or structure marked with "D" is called what?

Lumbar enlargement

In this image, the orange highlight indicates what portion of the CNS?

Medulla oblongata

In this image, the orange highlight indicates what portion of the CNS?

Mid brain

(True or False ) Releasing hormones are substance whose target cells are in the anterior pituitary gland

True

(True or False) A portion of the structure highlighted with orange in this image functions as neuroendocrine organ.

True

(True or False) Enkephalins are examples of neuropeptides

True

(True or False) In the paper, "Sculpting the brain", the authors suggest that the overall area of the human cortex, if flattened out, would be about the size of an extra-large pizza.

True

(True or False) The gray commissure of the spinal cord surrounds the central canal.

True

(True or False) convergence involves two or more incoming fibers converging on a single neuron, whereas divergence involves impulses leaving a neuron and passing into several output fibers to multiple target cells

True

Which of the following is(are) a type of neuroglial cell?

all of the above

The feature marked with orange is associated with what aspect/s of the CNS?

all of these apply