Modern Italy
Nazi Fascime
1937-1943 Mussolini comes under Hitler's influence after the failed international reaction to the invasion of Ethiopia 1937 hitler mussolini alliance- pact of steel if there is a war they will fight together 1938 mussolini introduces racist laws
Salò Fascism
1943-1945 Mussolini runs a german puppet state in northern Italy 1943 allied troops land in Sicily- two weeks later the regime collapsed and Mussolini was arrested, Hitler breaks him out of prison to lead the puppet state Salò Fascists fight till the end based on the premise they will be martyrs they know they will loose first fascists were the last ones fighting - many small villages got caught in the middle of this aka Republic Sociale Italiana (RSI Fascism)
democratic republic
1945- presnet
population impact
30-35% of the male population of a single generation was wiped out regional and class biases- no or low skill workers, upper middle class who were the commissioned officers
New Technology
Airplanes, Gas, Machine Guns, Submarines
main figure of the fascists, granddaughter of Mussolini, former model, aggressive fascist
Alessandra Mussolini
leader of the 5 Star movement- was a comedian, wont run for office because he has a criminal record and thinks no one should serve who has a criminal record kicked off of the air as a comedian over a joke about the socialists then became a blogger
Beppe Grillo
1921 elections
Mussolini only gets 35 reps. in the parliament- 5% of the seats then decides to make a show of force to show the strength of his party- the march on rome Mussolini is then declared the parliamentary ryler
Entente Cordial
UK, France, Italy, Russia, US
Who enters last?
US 1917
founder of Lega Nord, radical, racists, independence driven
Umberto Bossi
Germany after the war
Weimar Republic, weak democracy, no economic security, inflation, ruse of communism and nazism
1918
World War I ends the war ends badly (mutilated victory). on the wining side Italy gains the most land out of any country yet they spoil it for themselves saying the got short changed. the US screws up their demands at the treaty of London- denies areas of Europe to them- their anger leads to fascisim
1940
World War II Fascist Italy joins World War II on the side of Germany as they seemed to be winning. Entered thinking it would be a short war and that this would give them a seat at the table at the end. lost horribly- had more man power yet always lost.
President of the Consiglio
actual power, Matteo Renzi
communism
authoritarian and egalitarian
Fascism
authoritarian and nationalist
Nazism
authoritarian and racist
Campanilismo
bell towerism, your city is the best and you will fight for it no matter what
education reforms
brought in Gentile to reform the system the system is still used today
Papal states
central Italy, creation of papal dynasty in the late renaissance, ruled by the Pope (bishop of rome), different cities were run by strong oligarchs- power was limited from rome, government was corrupt, latin was the official language, very reactionary
Fiume
city in modern day Slovenia, was called Rijeka, on the coast with a large Italian population in the city but not the rural areas, was not promised in the treaty of London but there was an argument for self-determination
Who had the most deaths
civilians
Partito Democratico
coalition of left parties- republicans, radical, socialist, communist, green, christian democrats, consumers
Apennines
cover much of Italy, split in half
Forza Italia
cult of personality around Silvio Berlusconi, created in the 2nd republic to save Italy from the communists
Milan
economic capital, richest city
Blackshirts
founded in 1919, mainly ex-soldiers and Fiume veterans
corsica
french "stole it"
Parlamentary Fascism
from 1921-1926 Mussolini woks with the parliament- ignored them, physical threats on his enemies, fixed elections small democratic opposition when one insulted him in parliament said on the record that he would be dead in two days- Matteotti was found dead two weeks later
Bella Figuria
good image, always make sure that you are putting off the best image
President of the Republic
head of state, figure head, Giorgio Napolitano (just resigned)
northern italy
horizontal line where the Apennines go diagonal as you get south it gets poorer
Austria-Hungary after the war
implodes, is divided into lots of smaller nations
Fascist
important figure is Alessandra Mussolini, more accurately called Post Fascists, party's roots are in Italian fascism, most prominent party is Fratelli gel Italia, many parties which combine in a coalition
Lega Nord
important figure is Umberto Bossi- founder, now it is Matteo Salvini wants independence for the north of Italy (includes Perugia and the alps) call the nation Padania
Austrian ruled Italy
in the northeast, ruled by Austria-Hungary, official language was german, empire was reactionary, did not give up the land because of the value of the coast
Alps
key- roman called them the wall of Italy, protected, view as northern natural barrier
Archduke Ferninand
killed in Serbia, heir to throne, the spark that ignites WWI, Kaiser gives a blank check to Austria-Hungary
socially
largest middle class is 20-25% in Milan and Torin, everyone is lower and rural, north is modern cities with substantial middle classes, southern feudal life with peasants, aristocracy, or the church
5 star movement
led by Beppe Grillo anti-politics party, politics is corrupt and the only way to make it work is to start over began with a political blog got 1/4 of the votes in the last election- first time anti-establishment party won this big
center
left
Partitio Democratico
left block, led by the Christian democrats
Italy after the war
low key civil war, communists and nationalists, mutilated victory
Genova and Venice
middle age enemies, important northern cities
Napels
only important southern city
xenophileia
openness to foreign influence and all outsides
Chamber of Deputies
part of the legislature
Senate
part of the legislature
components to make a nation
politics, language, religion, social structure, desire for a nation
Poland
population of 40 million, new country
Italy
population of 60 million, new country
France
population of 60 million, old country
United Kingdom
population of 60 million, old country
Germany
population of 80 million, new country
south
right for conservative social reasons
North
right parties for economic reasons, economically strong
Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
ruled by the savoy dynasty, northwest Italy, efficient well administered kingdom, small and compact, strong middle class, unfired and organized, some small french pockets, Italian was the language of government and day to day life
Woodrow Wilson's principle
self-determiniation
England and France after the war
shake up of the political spectrum- rise of leftist parties
Kingdom of Two Sicily's
southern Italy including Naples, close ally of Austria, traditional monarchy, reactionary, government used Italian and Neapolitan latin
Politics
split in 1815 between Austrian ruled Italy, kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinea, the papal states, the kingdom of two sicilies
souther italy
starts south of rome
Brava Gente
the brave people, nobel, kind compassionate, used to describe how they handled the jewish population during the war
desire for a nation
the desire was with the middle class, no middle class= no desire, the word Italy did not exist in some dialects
Biennio rosso
the red two years socialists take to the streets to push for change, the communists come out to fight them they will win because they were better equipped being ex-military there were more blackshirts than there were those who actually voted for the Fascist party
Fascist Grand COuncil
theoretically it would select the leader rarely met and always listened to mussolini in the end they stripped him of power in 1943 only real rival to power was the king and the pope
Schlifen Plan
to avoid a 2 front war attack France first then focus on Russia since it is larger initial success turns to a stalemate
1914
two clear blocks emerge with the triple alliance and the entante cordiale, originally formed to prevent war- did not stop it only made it bigger
Religion
very untied religious country, very few catholics, intollerant of other religions, Judaism was the 2nd largest now its islam, pope is the "royal family" historically unifying figure
Germany and France
wanted war- dates back to 1871 during German unification, revenge for the Rhine land
Italy's price to enter
wants to get Trento, Triste and the Adriatic coast line- the US wont agree to this
totalitarianism
was a positive the states was the master not the other way around
Power in Fascist Italy
was embodied in Mussolini he portrayed Niezche's concept of the superman- he could do everything education, after school activities everything was to benefit the state- only exception was if it was church related
pre WWI
was one of the most peaceful times in history, few deaths, few casualties
Italy
was originally on Austria-Hungry's side backs out saying they didn't honor the treaty then goes to the allies
1848
year of revolutions, first wide spread revolts in favor of a united Italy, tipping point where the public would shift in favor of a united Italy
Origins of Fascism
Mussolini mixes the authoritarian, militarist, anti-communist ideas with past socialists ideas like statist, non-conservative, corporatists
Risorgimento
1815-1861
Language
1848- 105 spoke Italian as their first language, everyone else speaks local dialects some close to Italian others very far apart several independent languages are spokes- French, German, Slavic Languages, Catalan, Greek, Albanian, Laddino
constitutional monarchy
1861-1922
Years of World War I
1914-1918
When does Russia leave?
1917- Russian Revolution
Gabriele D'Annuzio
1919 arrived with a militia and took control of the city, declared independence, considered a founding father of fascism, not interested in power in the party, just wanted to control the city, first of several acts to show the anger from the war
fascist dicatorship
1922-1945
High Fascism
1926-1937 not a democracy but the public did support it still Mussolini is a dictator until 1935 the people are not struggle there is food, this is when world leaders saw some attractive elements the left was hostile
1861
Constitutional Monarchy the unity of Italy is finalized. Victor Emanuel II is the king, General Garibaldi- sword, Mazzini- the thinker, Cavor- politician/ diplomat. 1860- Cavor sets up an alliance with France, Garibaldi and 1,250 soldiers sent to Sicily (was a suicide mission) succeeds and unites Italy conquering the south Cavor dies soon after miracle of 1860- when Garibaldi and Emanuel meet
1948
Democratic Republic after a close referendum and constitutional assembly the Christian Democrats are victorious CD- right of center party, defeated the Communist and socialists in the elections, would dominate the power structure for the next 40 years despite being corrupt no one knew who would win- communists were backed by Soviets and the US would do anything to stop their victory Garibaldi- was a socialists and was adopted by the communist party as a propaganda symbol communists consistently got 1/3 of the vote so everyone felt it was better to vote corrupt than communist
1978
Democratic Republic political terrorism threatens Italian democracy Italy's most important politician Aldo Moro (CD) is kidnapped and killed by red brigade on his way to parliament. kept in rome for 2 months while the government refused to negotiate. event that everyone will remember. had been a past president, big figure. Italy is one of the few states to defeat terrorism like this he was left leaning and was pushing reconciliation of the christian democrats and the communists- theory that he was killed to stop this
1992
Democratic Republic the "first" republic collapses: corruption trials, mafia attacks, disgust of voters. with the end of the cold war in 1990 and the soviet union in 1991 there was no need to vote christian democrat. mafia declares war on the state. corruption trials in Milan take down the Christian democrats and socialists. now its the second republic- some parties change, while others die from 1992-1994 Silvio Berlusconi- dominates the second republic- people either love or hate him.
1943
End of World War II Italy is "liberated" by the allies. end of fascism. they land in Sicily- once they land the government collapses even thought it was far away form the landing point. 2 groups did not feel liberated: fascists- resented the american invasion communists- wanted to be liberated by Soviets, will act as if they were the ones who liberated Italy
1915
First World War with the Treaty of London Italy joins one year in on the side of the allies- France and Britain- had made agreements in the past but thought this was the better decision 1915- both sides were even, bringing in Italy could have been the tipping point to end the war Italy could not get the job done- it was not a military power, did not have the social structure needed to win
two front war
France and Russian fronts at the same time- Germany did not want this the plan was to attack France first then focus on Russia
The Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, The Ottoman Empire
1922
March on Rome a new political group Fascists (ex-military men) takes control of Italy. Victor Emanuel III said he would use the army against the fascist, the liberal government brings him the authorization for martial law that afternoon, he changed his mind. Mussolini was in hiding in Milan, now he can come out of hiding. At first Mussolini was praised and admired by world leaders, soon they distance themselves
very young charismatic leader, effective communicator, now is the President of the Consiligio, was the Mayor of Florence
Matteo Ranzi
new leader of Lega Nord, charismatic, moved away from independence to autonomy, most racist party
Matteo Salvini
Russia after the war
Russian revolution- change to the Soviet Union