Sociology Exam 3

According to Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas, which of the following is a reason young women of low socioeconomic status have children? a.A baby is a symbol of belonging and motherhood can lead to respect from one's community. b.They are poorly educated. c.They do not have access to adequate birth control. d.They want to gain access to welfare benefits.

a.A baby is a symbol of belonging and motherhood can lead to respect from one's community.

What does Karl Marx claim is true about class conflict? a.There have been class conflicts throughout all of human history. b.Class conflict was first experienced during the Middle Ages, and the modern society inherited it. c.Class conflict is a product of the Industrial Revolution. d.Class conflict is uniquely a feature of the Information Revolution.

a.There have been class conflicts throughout all of human history.

Why did so many people feel dissatisfied working on assembly lines? a.Workers never had the satisfaction of seeing the finished product. b.Assembly lines were not a very efficient way to produce things. c.Assembly lines made goods more expensive. d.Assembly lines forced people from different racial and ethnic groups to work together.

a.Workers never had the satisfaction of seeing the finished product.

What would you be considered, according to Herbert Gans, if you move to New York City because you love theater? a.a cosmopolite b.a student c.an ethnic villager d.single

a.a cosmopolite

How is it possible for you go to Indonesia on vacation and have a conversation with your cab driver about your favorite television program? a.cultural diffusion b.cultural lag c.technological determinism d.contagion theory

a.cultural diffusion

What kind of task is calling a family member to wish him or her a happy birthday? a.expressive b.family c.operative d.instrumental

a.expressive

Which of the following is a strategy that some middle- and upper-class women have used to balance the demands of work and home? a.hiring other women to do domestic work b.demanding the abolition of housework c.doing more of certain chores d.demanding that their husbands complete most chores

a.hiring other women to do domestic work

Under what circumstances are bystanders LESS likely to attempt to help a stranger who appears to be in danger? a.when there are lots of bystanders b.when the danger comes from a natural rather than a human source c.when the bystander could also be in danger d.when the danger might lead to legal liability for a bystander who intervenes

a.when there are lots of bystanders

How did the Industrial Revolution change the common meaning of family? a.Family no longer exclusively referred to people who shared a household. b.It shifted the meaning from extended family to nuclear family. c.It shifted the meaning from nuclear family to extended family. d.It stopped mattering whether children were present.

b.It shifted the meaning from extended family to nuclear family.

Although the federal government plans to store nuclear waste under a mountain in Nevada, many people who live in Nevada are trying their best to have it housed elsewhere. This is a classic example of a.conservation. b.NIMBY. c.mainstream environmentalism. d.human exceptionalism.

b.NIMBY.

How did Marshall McLuhan believe that the world would turn into a "global village"? a.Mass production would ensure that people all over the world were using the same products. b.Television and other media technology would link people all over the world. c.Cultural imperialism would lead to greater homogenization. d.Improvements in transportation technology would make tourism cheaper.

b.Television and other media technology would link people all over the world.

Although it might cause a great deal of harm in the long run, individual companies have an economic interest in fossil fuels. What is it called when the pursuit of individual gain leads to loss for a larger group? a.social change b.a tragedy of the commons c.a fad or fashion d.a public goods dilemma

b.a tragedy of the commons

What serious social problem might be made worse if more people were encouraged to telecommute? a.intellectual property theft b.alienation and loneliness c.poverty d.cancer and other new health problems

b.alienation and loneliness

How do people with an anthropocentric relationship with the environment perceive nature? a.as something to be preserved b.as something to be conquered c.as a place to find spiritual truth d.as something to be studied and examined before it is tainted by human activity

b.as something to be conquered

A woman in North Carolina was found guilty of "lewd and lascivious association" because she lived with her boyfriend. Her behavior is also known as a.symbolic interactionism. b.cohabitation. c.homogamy. d.noncustodial parenting.

b.cohabitation.

The fact that almost all of the small electronics used in the United States are made in Asia is an illustration of a.the Industrial Revolution. b.globalization. c.the rise of cybernetics. d.collective resistance.

b.globalization.

During what era did the environmental movement focus on citizen participation and change at the local level? a.the conservation era b.grassroots environmentalism c.mainstream environmentalism d.the modern environmental movement

b.grassroots environmentalism

Which of the following groups is engaged in contingent work? a.knowledge workers b.independent contractors c.teachers d.service workers

b.independent contractors

A public goods dilemma occurs when a.an individual tries to cheat the system by getting more than his or her fair share of the commons. b.individuals must give something to a collective resource without necessarily taking anything in return. c.individual actions that may be rational by themselves lead to a collective disaster. d.individuals encourage others to participate in a social movement.

b.individuals must give something to a collective resource without necessarily taking anything in return.

The increasing number of Americans who move out of state to attend college will decrease the importance of ________, assuming that students start new romantic relationships in school. a.monogamy b.propinquity c.exogamy d.homogamy

b.propinquity

In the past, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas and small towns where it was truly shocking to encounter a genuine stranger. Today, most of us live in cities where we are constantly surrounded by total strangers. This leads directly to a.suburbanization. b.social atomization. c.a demographic transition. d.increased divorce rates.

b.social atomization.

The shift of large segments of the population away from the urban core and toward the edges of cities is called a.social ecology. b.suburbanization. c.civil inattention. d.urban deforestation.

b.suburbanization.

What term is used for the group of nonprofit organizations that are designed to run as cost-effectively as possible and to direct any earnings back into the causes they support? a.transnational corporations b.the Third Sector c.technology firms d.multinational corporations

b.the Third Sector

The economy is not only about money but also about a.the people who are most important to an individual's sense of self. b.the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. c.rituals and beliefs that divide the world into the sacred and the profane. d.encouraging cooperation over competition.

b.the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Why is the "decline" phase of social movements interesting? a.Social movements always decline quickly after they begin. b.After a movement declines, it always perishes. c.After a movement declines, it is possible that the movement changes and continues. d.The coalescence phase comes right afterward.

c.After a movement declines, it is possible that the movement changes and continues.

Which of the following statements about social change is true? a.It occurs rarely. b.It occurs exclusively during unmistakable periods in history. c.It is always happening. d.It happens quickly.

c.It is always happening.

According to Armand Mauss, what happens in the "incipient" stage of a social movement? a.The social movement begins to fade away. b.Members of the social movement begin to organize and select leaders. c.The public just begins to take notice of an issue and define it as a problem. d.The very bureaucracies and institutions that it initially challenged absorb the movement.

c.The public just begins to take notice of an issue and define it as a problem.

How do rates of intimate partner violence differ across racial groups? a.They are higher among non-English-speaking individuals than among English speakers. b.They are lower among Asian Americans than in other racial groups. c.They are about equal across racial groups. d.They are higher among whites than in other racial groups.

c.They are about equal across racial groups.

How did the Industrial Revolution create "work" in the modern sense? a.It was the first time class struggle existed in society. b.It used machines to produce more goods, more efficiently. c.Work only became possible when a variety of consumer goods were made available in the market. d.It made the worker more autonomous.

c.Work only became possible when a variety of consumer goods were made available in the market.

The study of the size, composition, distribution, and change in a human population is called a.an ecological paradigm. b.environmental sociology. c.demography. d.conservationism.

c.demography.

Factories that produce noxious levels of pollution and toxic waste dumps are often located near areas where minorities and the poor reside. Which of the following terms could be used to describe this situation? a.climate justice b.resource environmentalism c.environmental racism d.corporate welfare

c.environmental racism

According to the lowest United Nations estimates, the globe will have two billion more people living on it by the year 2050. At that point, the population may actually shrink because, though life expectancy may continue to rise, the average number of children each person gives birth to is poised to drop below 2.1. What demographic variable might make the global population drop? a.race b.immigration c.fertility d.a return to agrarianism

c.fertility

To what extent do the poorest members of American society participate in social movements? a.more than members of the upper class, but less than members of the middle class b.more than any other class c.less than any other class d.in about equal numbers as other class groups

c.less than any other class

What are you asserting if you theorize that poor people join groups dedicated to keeping toxic waste dumps out of low-income communities because they want to enjoy the same standard of living and quality of life as the rest of society? a.mass society theory b.structural functionalism c.relative deprivation theory d.resource mobilization theory

c.relative deprivation theory

Which of the following seems to make people, in general, more likely to define a group as a family? a.the ages of group members b.the socioeconomic class of the people involved c.the presence of children d.the size of the group in question

c.the presence of children

Arlie Hochschild's study of two-income families found that women were much more likely than men to do the majority of the unpaid labor inside the home even after a full day's work outside the home. What term do sociologists use to describe this extra labor? a.the female burden b.the double standard c.the second shift d.women's work

c.the second shift

According to conflict theory, how does the nuclear family facilitate exploitation? a.by making geographic mobility possible b.through the use of nannies and domestic workers c.through a sexual division of labor within the home d.by exploiting the working class whose products it consumes

c.through a sexual division of labor within the home

What has happened if a blighted urban neighborhood were to suddenly develop an assortment of upscale restaurants, coffee shops, hip boutiques, and art galleries? a.It has changing patterns of gender relations. b.It is growing into an edge city. c.It is experiencing smart growth. d.It is becoming gentrified.

d.It is becoming gentrified.

How does the birth of children tend to change the gendered division of labor within the household? a.It brings the extended family into the household more. b.It has no influence on the gendered division of labor. c.It gets fathers more involved. d.It makes the division of labor more traditionally split along gender lines.

d.It makes the division of labor more traditionally split along gender lines.

Why are remarriage rates lower today than they were in the 1960s? a.People tend to divorce at later ages, so they are less likely to remarry. b.Divorce rates have dropped slightly. c.Divorced people tend to have a series of short relationships instead of getting remarried. d.There has been an increase in cohabitation among unmarried couples.

d.There has been an increase in cohabitation among unmarried couples.

Workers in large department stores usually are paid on commission, which means they are in direct competition with their fellow employees. According to Karl Marx, the workers may experience a.knowledge workers. b.premodernism. c.the Industrial Revolution. d.alienation.

d.alienation.

How are environmental sociologists understanding the environment when they study the problems of waste and consumption? a.as a place of recreation and leisure b.as a source of meaning c.as a resource to be used for development d.as a social problem

d.as a social problem

People who believe that the government is not doing enough about climate change have gotten fed up and are starting to organize, which means they are starting to a.become part of the mainstream. b.take notice of a situation, but refuse to define it as a problem. c.achieve their goals. d.coalesce.

d.coalesce.

Thousands of UCLA students used to gather several times a year for an "undie run" as a way of relieving stress during finals until it was canceled due to safety concerns in 2009. Of what is this an example? a.emergent norms b.the tragedy of the commons c.a public goods dilemma d.collective behavior

d.collective behavior

What is the process called by which societies lose their uniqueness and begin to resemble one another? a.cultural lag b.cultural imperialism c.research mobilization d.cultural leveling

d.cultural leveling

What is it an example of when office workers hang pictures in their cubicles or waste time daydreaming while on the clock? a.sticking it to the man b.slacking c.collective resistance d.individual resistance

d.individual resistance

The net migration rate is the a.number of deaths that can be expected per one thousand people in a given year. b.average age to which a person can expect to live. c.average number of births per one thousand people in the total population. d.number of emigrants subtracted from the number of immigrants.

d.number of emigrants subtracted from the number of immigrants.

In the United States today, very few people marry outside of their own socioeconomic classes, suggesting that there is a high degree of a.exogamy. b.endogamy. c.polygamy. d.polyandry.

d.polyandry.

Which of the following is one of the primary principles of capitalism? a.collective distribution of goods and services b.government regulation of industry c.a focus on meeting the basic needs of all citizens d.privatization of the means of production

d.privatization of the means of production

What is it called when nations compete to attract transnational corporations by undercutting their citizens' wages or offering tax incentives? a.postindustrial union bargaining b.collective resistance strategies c.the collective distribution of goods and services d.the race to the bottom

d.the race to the bottom