a&p 21 - blood vessels & circulation

Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart? (1) arterial dilation (2) valves in the veins (3) sympathetic stimulation (4) compression of veins by muscular movements

2, 3, 4

If someone has a blood pressure reading of 110/70 mm Hg, their pulse pressure would be

40 mm Hg

Which of the following is NOT a vasodilator substance produced in the extracellular fluid?

ATP

When there is a drop in blood pressure, the body reacts immediately by way of the

baroreceptor mechanism

When blood pressure increases, a number of events occur that return blood pressure to normal. Which of the following is one of the events that occurs after an increase in blood pressure?

baroreceptors are stimulated

which of the following would occur as a person goes into shock

baroreceptors are stimulated

Baron von Quacko, famous tag-team wrestler, has a famous "sleeper hold" that he uses on his opponents. Using only a single digit on each hand, he presses on his opponent's neck until his opponent passes out. What are the structures on which he is pressing and what is the effect?

baroreceptors in carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rate

Fill in the missing blood vessel. vertebral artery; _____________; posterior cerebral artery

basilar artery

formed when the right and left vertebral arteries unite

basilar artery

Which of the following veins is a superficial vein?

basilic vein

A force that attracts fluid into the capillary from the tissue spaces is

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is

blood pressure

_______ _________ is a measure of the force exerted by blood against the blood vessel walls.

blood pressure

Which of the following are components of the hepatic portal system?

both the gastric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein

a thrombus in the first branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch might affect the flow of blood to which of the following structures?

both the right arm and the right side of the brain

Tracing the blood from the heart to the right hand, blood leaves the heart, passes through the ascending aorta, aortic arch, right subclavian artery, axillary and brachial arteries, either the radial or ulnar arteries and palmar arches to arrive at the hand. Which artery is missing in this sequence?

brachiocephalic

which of the following arteries branches directly from the aortic arch

brachiocephalic artery

Fill in the missing blood vessel. ext. jugular vein; _____________; superior vena cava

brachiocephalic vein

formed by the union of the internal jugular and the subclavian veins

brachiocephalic vein

the internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form the

brachiocephalic veins

In which of the following clinical situations would you expect edema?

burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins)

Edema can occur when there is

a blockage of the lymphatics

arteriosclerosis

a characteristic of aging arteries

Which of the following would increase resistance to blood flow?

a decrease in the radius of the vessel

When blood pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is

a net movement of fluid out of the capillary

An obstruction in the inferior vena cava would hamper the return of blood from the

abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

Which of the following happens when a person stands in one place for a long period of time?

all of these - Gravity causes an increased accumulation of blood in the veins in the feet and legs. - Blood pressure rises in the venules of the feet. - Without muscular movement the pressure at the venous end of the capillaries increases. - Edema may occur in the lower extremities.

the hepatic portal system

all of these - begins and ends with capillary beds. - transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver. - allows the liver to detoxify substances entering the body through the digestive tract. - has no pumping mechanism between the capillary beds.

Most of the exchange of nutrients and waste products that occurs between the blood and interstitial spaces occurs across the walls of the ____

capillaries

the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of

capillaries

The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery because

capillary walls have only endothelium and a basement

sense organs that monitor blood pressure

carotid sinuses

hormones from the adrenal medulla

cause an increase in stroke volume

angiotensin II

causes vasoconstriction

epinephrine

causes vasodilation of coronary blood vessels

Fill in the missing blood vessel. abdominal aorta; _____________; splenic artery

celiac artery

which of the following arteries sends branches to the stomach and liver

celiac artery

supplies blood to the stomach, liver, and spleen

celiac trunk

the 3 unpaired arteries arising from the abdominal aorta are the

celiac trunk , superior mesenteric artery , inferior mesenteric artery

The superficial vessels typically seen in the hand and forearm are tributaries of the _____ and _____ veins.

cephalic ; basilic

A vein responsible for draining blood from the upper limb is the

cephalic vein

A circle of arteries at the base of the brain that supply blood to the brain

cerebral arterial circle

the abdominal aorta divides at L5 to form the two

common iliac arteries

Formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

common iliac artery

distributing arteries

contain a thick tunica media.

do not have fenestrae

continuous capillaries

precapillary sphincters

control the blood flow in capillary beds

the ______ arteries branch from the ascending aorta

coronary

the first blood vessels that branch from the ascending aorta are the

coronary arteries

Which of the following would lead to relaxation of the precapillary sphincter?

decreased oxygen levels in tissue cells served by the capillary

atherosclerosis is the

deposition of plaques in the arterial walls

What is the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs?

diffusion

the anterior tibial artery becomes the

dorsalis pedis artery

According to Poiseuille's law, a small decrease in the diameter of a vessel will

dramatically decrease blood flow

The viscosity of blood is influenced largely by __________, which is the percentage of the total blood volume composed of red blood cells.

hematocrit

Which vein drains blood from the left side of the thorax and esophagus into the left brachiocephalic vein?

hemiazygos vein

in which of the following would you detect a weak pulse

hemorrhagic shock

The _____ begins with capillaries in the abdominal viscera and ends with capillaries in the liver.

hepatic portal system

According to Poiseuille's law,

if resistance increases, flow decreases.

systemic circulation

includes the aorta and all of its branches

Arteriosclerosis results in decreased compliance, which in turn causes the pulse pressure to

increase

Which of the following is LESS likely to result in edema?

increased mean arterial pressure

Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause

increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

Urine output usually decreases when a person is in shock. This is the result of

increased renin secretion

Fill in the missing blood vessel. aortic arch; _____________; left axillary artery

left subclavian artery

During exchange at the capillaries, what can cross the endothelial cells, diffusing through the plasma membranes?

lipid-soluble substances

Which of the following sequences is correct?

liver sinusoid, central vein, hepatic vein

veins

may contain valves and are lined with endothelium

blood pressure is the

measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.

which vessel is often used to draw blood from a patient

medial cubital vein

the _____ vein connects the basilic vein and the cephalic vein

median cubital

Which of the following veins is NOT involved in draining blood from the arm?

median cubital vein

supplies large portions of the lateral cerebral cortex

middle cerebral artery

the greater the compliance the

more easily the vessel wall stretches.

a dead tissue

necrotic tissue

which is NOT a pericapillary cell found in capillaries

neurons

in a capillary be, relaxation of the precapillary sphincter

occurs when the tissue in the area needs more oxygen

All of the following can serve as vasodilators, except

oxygen

Which of the following is NOT a long-term regulator of blood pressure?

oxygen tension response

inflammation of the veins

phlebitis

the central nervous system ischemic response

plays an important role in controlling blood pressure under emergency conditions.

blood flow is directly proportional to pressure differences and inversely proportional to resistance

poiseuilles law

Where is the vasomotor center located?

pons and medulla oblongata

Fill in the missing blood vessel. femoral artery; _____________; posterior tibial artery

popliteal artery

the continuation of the femoral artery

popliteal artery

the posterior tibial artery is a continuation of the

popliteal artery

Which type of veins connect two primary capillary networks?

portal veins

which of the following arteries is not part of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis)

posterior cerebellar artery

supplies the posterior portion of the cerebrum

posterior cerebral artery

regulate blood flow into capillaries

precapillary sphincters

blood is moved through the vascular system by

pressure gradients created by the heart

Capillary walls serve as effective permeability barriers for

proteins

in the pulmonary circulation, the _______ carry blood to the lungs

pulmonary arteries

Blood flow into the deep and superficial palmar arches originates from the ______ and ____ arteries.

radial ; ulnar

When vasodilation doubles the vessel diameter, what is the change in resistance?

reduced to 1/16 of the original value

which function does the circulatory system share with the heart

regulates blood pressure

Which of the following events would cause a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure?

release of atrial natriuretic factor

The auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure

relies on hearing Korotkoff sounds through a stethoscope.

the kidneys are supplied by the

renal arteries

Fill in the missing blood vessel. innominate artery; _____________; right external carotid artery

right common carotid artery

the vasomotor center

sends low frequency action potentials to blood vessels to maintain tone

The largest fenestrae are seen in _____ capillaries while the smallest fenestrae are seen in ____ capillaries.

sinusoidal ; fenestrated

which type of capillaries have large fenestra and are found in endocrine glands

sinusoidal capillaries

sudden decreased blood supply to a part of the brain

stroke

which of the following best describes arteries

strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure

supplies blood to the arm and shoulder regions

subclavian artery

drains blood from the arm

subclavian vein

the three major arteries of the upper limb that form a continuum are the

subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries

The major types of veins are ____________, ____________, and ______

superficial veins, deep veins, and sinuses

Which artery supplies the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon?

superior mesenteric artery

supplies blood to the pancreas and small intestine

superior mesenteric artery

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the

superior mesenteric vein

supplies blood to the diaphragm

superior phrenic artery

which of the following blood vessels supplies blood to the diaphragm

superior phrenic artery

Veins that return blood directly to the heart include the

superior vena cava

Vasoconstriction is caused by ______ stimulation of vascular smooth muscle; ______ stimulation of vascular smooth muscle causes vasodilation.

sympathetic ; parasympathetic

Resistance in the cardiovascular system

tends to increase if blood viscosity increases.

in the aorta

the blood pressure and blood velocity are both high

which of the following thoracic organs is supplied by a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta

the intercostal muscles

as viscosity of the blood increases

the pressure required to force it to flow increases.

In response to circulatory shock,

the renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated

which of the following enhances the exchange between capillary walls and the interstitial spaces

the thinness of the capillary wall

Capillaries have the slowest velocity because

the total cross-sectional area is the largest

Which of the following statements concerning blood vessel walls is true?

the tunica intimacy is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall

which of the following acts as a storage area for blood

the veins

when the blood pressure of a vessel drops below the critical closing pressure for that vessel,

the vessel collapses

Which of the following functions is associated with vessels that carry blood directly from arterioles to veins without passing through capillaries?

thermoregulation

which statement about precapillary sphincters is correct

they can close of the capillaries by contracting

arteriosclerosis is characterized by

thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica media

supplies blood to the thoracic wall

thoracic parietal artery

supplies blood to the esophagus

thoracic visceral artery

the azygos vein drains blood from the ________ into the superior vena cava

thorax

which kind of vessel provides a bypass for a capillary bed

thoroughfare channel

bypass capillary beds

thoroughfare channels

a stationary clot

thrombosis

Why does nutrient-rich blood of the hepatic portal vein pass first through the liver before this blood is returned to the heart?

to allow the liver to store or modify the nutrients

When baroreceptors sense a drop in blood pressure, the vasomotor center responds by:

triggering peripheral vasoconstriction

which coat of artery contains endothelium

tunica intima

Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in the

tunica media

sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood vessel wall are found primarily in the

tunica media

Which of the following is NOT a major point where the pulse can be monitored?

ulnar artery

the visceral branches of the internal iliac arteries supply blood to the

urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs

an overstretching of the veins of the lower extremities

varicose veins

small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries

vasa vasorum

a characteristic of the venous system

vascular compliance

Valves similar to the semilunar valves of the heart are found in medium and large

veins

which type of vessel has the greatest compliance

veins

which statement is correct

veins contain valves and arteries do not

Select the answer that is not true when comparing veins and arteries of the same diameter.

veins have more elastic tissue

In which type of blood vessels is the blood pressure the lowest?

vena cavas

which type of capillary has the largest diameter

venous sinuses

drain capillary networks

venules

If a person develops high blood pressure, one of the compensatory mechanisms that comes into play is the fluid shift mechanism. This mechanism causes

water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces

the chemoreceptor reflexes help maintain hemostasis

when carbon dioxide levels increase

When measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, which of the following best describes when blood flow in the brachial artery is turbulent?

when pressure in the brachial artery is greater than in the blood pressure cuff and greater than the diastolic pressure

Describe the relationship between pulse pressure, aging and compliance.

with increasing age, compliance decreases and pulse pressure increases

the maintenance of blood flow by tissues is called _____

auto regulation

Venous drainage from the posterior thoracic wall enters the superior vena cava via the ______ vein.

azygos

the posterior intercostals veins join this vein on the right side of the body

azygos vein

The longest vein in the body is the

great saphenous vein

which of the following hormones does NOT influence blood pressure

growth hormone

continuous capillaries

have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together.

increased venous tone will

help return blood to the heart

Compensatory shock is characterized by a narrowed pulse pressure. Which of the following blood pressure readings is an example of a narrowed pulse pressure?

92/64

what are vasa vasorum

Blood vessels that nourish the tunica adventitia and tunica media.

Which of the following statements regarding regulation of local blood flow is true?

Increased metabolic rate in a tissue increases capillary blood flow into the tissue.

The relationship between the force holding open a vessel and the vessels diameter (Force = diameter x pressure; or F = D x P) is called:

Laplace's law

In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true?

Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.

the vertebral arteries arise from the

Right and left subclavian arteries

select the description that describes pulmonary circulation

System of blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.

Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true?

The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow

describe the critical closing pressure

The pressure below which a vessel collapses.

Explain the drop in blood pressure that occurs when one goes from lying down to standing up.

Venous compliance allows blood to pool in the legs, decreasing venous return. This causes a drop in cardiac output and blood pressure.

Art is 75. He has advanced arteriosclerosis. He is suffering from a number of manifestations, which are consistent with his arteriosclerosis. Over the past several years he has developed hypertension and he is beginning to show signs of renal failure. Which of the following are consistent with his condition?

all of these - increased resistance to blood flow - increased renin secretion from the kidneys - increased aldosterone secretion form the adrenal cortex - increased angiotensiogen formation

which of the following is NOT involved involved in the short-term regulation of blood pressure

alteration in blood volume

which of the following would occur as a result of increased renin release by the kidneys

an increase in blood volume

When a person rises quickly from a lying position, there is

an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction.

a bulge (weak spot) in the artery wall

aneurysm

supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain

anterior cerebral artery

peripheral chemoreceptors

are located in the aortic and carotid bodies.

the vasa vasorum

are special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins.

When contrasting arteries and veins, which of the following statements is true?

arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins

Resistance to blood flow is greatest in

arterioles

The greatest resistance to blood flow and therefore the greatest drop in pressure occurs as blood passes through the ____

arterioles

degenerative changes in arteries

arteriosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries results in _______ and deposition of plaques in the walls of the arteries results in ______.

arteriosclerosis ; atherosclerosis

a direct connection between an arteriole and a venue without an intervening capillary bed is a(an)

arteriovenous anastomosis

What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?

artery, arteriole, capillary, venue, vein

Blood from the posterior abdominal wall drains into the

ascending lumbar veins

Which of the following chemical substances, when released into the blood, would cause blood pressure to decrease?

atrial natriuretic hormone

The vein that ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the femoral vein is the ____ saphenous vein and the vein that ascends along the posterior aspect of the leg to the popliteal vein is the _____ saphenous vein.

great ; small

What creates the pulse?

ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta

the blood vessels that are under the greatest pressure are the

elastic arteries

From the heart to body tissues, which of the following sequences of vessels is correct?

elastic artery, muscular, arteriole, capillary

a floating clot

embolism

Vasomotor tone can be increased by

emotional excitement

simple squamous epithelium of capillaries

endothelium

the lining of a capillary is called the

endothelium

all of the following are functions of the circulatory system except

excretes wastes

supplies blood to the face, nose, and mouth

external carotid artery

extends from the common iliac artery to the thigh

external iliac artery

superficial vein of the head and neck

external jugular vein

continuation of the external iliac artery into the thigh

femoral artery

As the popliteal vein ascends the leg, it becomes the

femoral vein

One of the best ways to determine the adequacy of peripheral circulation is to check the pedal pulses. To check the pedal pulse you would check the pulse in the

foot

systemic blood vessels transport blood

from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium.

what structure helps to regulate body temperature

glomus

all of these will easily diffuse across the plasma membrane EXCEPT

glucose

According to the Laplace's Law, as the diameter of a blood vessel increases, the force applied to the wall of that vessel

increases

A blood pressure reading of 120/80 would

indicate a systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg.

a localized area of dead cells resulting from ischemia

infarct

Fill in the missing blood vessel. hepatic vein; _____________; right atrium

inferior vena cava

terminates by forming the middle cerebral arteries

internal carotid artery

which of the following arteries is part of a circulatory pathway to the brain

internal carotid artery

the pelvic area is supplied with blood from the ______ arteries

internal iliac

supplies blood to the pelvic area

internal iliac artery

deep vein that drains blood from the cranial vault

internal jugular vein

the venous sinuses in the cranial cavity drain blood into the

internal jugular vein

the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall is the tunica

intima

The velocity of blood flow inside a blood vessel

is faster in the center of the blood vessel.

atrial natriuetic factor

is released in response to elevated atrial pressure

All of the following describe the actions of the adrenal medullary mechanism, except.

is usually active for months

which of the following organs would most be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries

kidney

produced by turbulent blood flow

korotkoff sounds

how would you describe the streamlined movement of blood through a vessel

laminar flow

as pressure in a vessel decreases, the force holding it open decreases, and the vessel tends to collapse

laplaces law

A thrombus in the second branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch would affect the flow of blood to the

left side of the head and neck