a&p 21 - blood vessels & circulation
Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart? (1) arterial dilation (2) valves in the veins (3) sympathetic stimulation (4) compression of veins by muscular movements
2, 3, 4
If someone has a blood pressure reading of 110/70 mm Hg, their pulse pressure would be
40 mm Hg
Which of the following is NOT a vasodilator substance produced in the extracellular fluid?
ATP
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the body reacts immediately by way of the
baroreceptor mechanism
When blood pressure increases, a number of events occur that return blood pressure to normal. Which of the following is one of the events that occurs after an increase in blood pressure?
baroreceptors are stimulated
which of the following would occur as a person goes into shock
baroreceptors are stimulated
Baron von Quacko, famous tag-team wrestler, has a famous "sleeper hold" that he uses on his opponents. Using only a single digit on each hand, he presses on his opponent's neck until his opponent passes out. What are the structures on which he is pressing and what is the effect?
baroreceptors in carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rate
Fill in the missing blood vessel. vertebral artery; _____________; posterior cerebral artery
basilar artery
formed when the right and left vertebral arteries unite
basilar artery
Which of the following veins is a superficial vein?
basilic vein
A force that attracts fluid into the capillary from the tissue spaces is
blood colloid osmotic pressure
A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is
blood pressure
_______ _________ is a measure of the force exerted by blood against the blood vessel walls.
blood pressure
Which of the following are components of the hepatic portal system?
both the gastric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein
a thrombus in the first branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch might affect the flow of blood to which of the following structures?
both the right arm and the right side of the brain
Tracing the blood from the heart to the right hand, blood leaves the heart, passes through the ascending aorta, aortic arch, right subclavian artery, axillary and brachial arteries, either the radial or ulnar arteries and palmar arches to arrive at the hand. Which artery is missing in this sequence?
brachiocephalic
which of the following arteries branches directly from the aortic arch
brachiocephalic artery
Fill in the missing blood vessel. ext. jugular vein; _____________; superior vena cava
brachiocephalic vein
formed by the union of the internal jugular and the subclavian veins
brachiocephalic vein
the internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form the
brachiocephalic veins
In which of the following clinical situations would you expect edema?
burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins)
Edema can occur when there is
a blockage of the lymphatics
arteriosclerosis
a characteristic of aging arteries
Which of the following would increase resistance to blood flow?
a decrease in the radius of the vessel
When blood pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is
a net movement of fluid out of the capillary
An obstruction in the inferior vena cava would hamper the return of blood from the
abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs
Which of the following happens when a person stands in one place for a long period of time?
all of these - Gravity causes an increased accumulation of blood in the veins in the feet and legs. - Blood pressure rises in the venules of the feet. - Without muscular movement the pressure at the venous end of the capillaries increases. - Edema may occur in the lower extremities.
the hepatic portal system
all of these - begins and ends with capillary beds. - transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver. - allows the liver to detoxify substances entering the body through the digestive tract. - has no pumping mechanism between the capillary beds.
Most of the exchange of nutrients and waste products that occurs between the blood and interstitial spaces occurs across the walls of the ____
capillaries
the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of
capillaries
The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery because
capillary walls have only endothelium and a basement
sense organs that monitor blood pressure
carotid sinuses
hormones from the adrenal medulla
cause an increase in stroke volume
angiotensin II
causes vasoconstriction
epinephrine
causes vasodilation of coronary blood vessels
Fill in the missing blood vessel. abdominal aorta; _____________; splenic artery
celiac artery
which of the following arteries sends branches to the stomach and liver
celiac artery
supplies blood to the stomach, liver, and spleen
celiac trunk
the 3 unpaired arteries arising from the abdominal aorta are the
celiac trunk , superior mesenteric artery , inferior mesenteric artery
The superficial vessels typically seen in the hand and forearm are tributaries of the _____ and _____ veins.
cephalic ; basilic
A vein responsible for draining blood from the upper limb is the
cephalic vein
A circle of arteries at the base of the brain that supply blood to the brain
cerebral arterial circle
the abdominal aorta divides at L5 to form the two
common iliac arteries
Formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
common iliac artery
distributing arteries
contain a thick tunica media.
do not have fenestrae
continuous capillaries
precapillary sphincters
control the blood flow in capillary beds
the ______ arteries branch from the ascending aorta
coronary
the first blood vessels that branch from the ascending aorta are the
coronary arteries
Which of the following would lead to relaxation of the precapillary sphincter?
decreased oxygen levels in tissue cells served by the capillary
atherosclerosis is the
deposition of plaques in the arterial walls
What is the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs?
diffusion
the anterior tibial artery becomes the
dorsalis pedis artery
According to Poiseuille's law, a small decrease in the diameter of a vessel will
dramatically decrease blood flow
The viscosity of blood is influenced largely by __________, which is the percentage of the total blood volume composed of red blood cells.
hematocrit
Which vein drains blood from the left side of the thorax and esophagus into the left brachiocephalic vein?
hemiazygos vein
in which of the following would you detect a weak pulse
hemorrhagic shock
The _____ begins with capillaries in the abdominal viscera and ends with capillaries in the liver.
hepatic portal system
According to Poiseuille's law,
if resistance increases, flow decreases.
systemic circulation
includes the aorta and all of its branches
Arteriosclerosis results in decreased compliance, which in turn causes the pulse pressure to
increase
Which of the following is LESS likely to result in edema?
increased mean arterial pressure
Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause
increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
Urine output usually decreases when a person is in shock. This is the result of
increased renin secretion
Fill in the missing blood vessel. aortic arch; _____________; left axillary artery
left subclavian artery
During exchange at the capillaries, what can cross the endothelial cells, diffusing through the plasma membranes?
lipid-soluble substances
Which of the following sequences is correct?
liver sinusoid, central vein, hepatic vein
veins
may contain valves and are lined with endothelium
blood pressure is the
measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.
which vessel is often used to draw blood from a patient
medial cubital vein
the _____ vein connects the basilic vein and the cephalic vein
median cubital
Which of the following veins is NOT involved in draining blood from the arm?
median cubital vein
supplies large portions of the lateral cerebral cortex
middle cerebral artery
the greater the compliance the
more easily the vessel wall stretches.
a dead tissue
necrotic tissue
which is NOT a pericapillary cell found in capillaries
neurons
in a capillary be, relaxation of the precapillary sphincter
occurs when the tissue in the area needs more oxygen
All of the following can serve as vasodilators, except
oxygen
Which of the following is NOT a long-term regulator of blood pressure?
oxygen tension response
inflammation of the veins
phlebitis
the central nervous system ischemic response
plays an important role in controlling blood pressure under emergency conditions.
blood flow is directly proportional to pressure differences and inversely proportional to resistance
poiseuilles law
Where is the vasomotor center located?
pons and medulla oblongata
Fill in the missing blood vessel. femoral artery; _____________; posterior tibial artery
popliteal artery
the continuation of the femoral artery
popliteal artery
the posterior tibial artery is a continuation of the
popliteal artery
Which type of veins connect two primary capillary networks?
portal veins
which of the following arteries is not part of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis)
posterior cerebellar artery
supplies the posterior portion of the cerebrum
posterior cerebral artery
regulate blood flow into capillaries
precapillary sphincters
blood is moved through the vascular system by
pressure gradients created by the heart
Capillary walls serve as effective permeability barriers for
proteins
in the pulmonary circulation, the _______ carry blood to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
Blood flow into the deep and superficial palmar arches originates from the ______ and ____ arteries.
radial ; ulnar
When vasodilation doubles the vessel diameter, what is the change in resistance?
reduced to 1/16 of the original value
which function does the circulatory system share with the heart
regulates blood pressure
Which of the following events would cause a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure?
release of atrial natriuretic factor
The auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure
relies on hearing Korotkoff sounds through a stethoscope.
the kidneys are supplied by the
renal arteries
Fill in the missing blood vessel. innominate artery; _____________; right external carotid artery
right common carotid artery
the vasomotor center
sends low frequency action potentials to blood vessels to maintain tone
The largest fenestrae are seen in _____ capillaries while the smallest fenestrae are seen in ____ capillaries.
sinusoidal ; fenestrated
which type of capillaries have large fenestra and are found in endocrine glands
sinusoidal capillaries
sudden decreased blood supply to a part of the brain
stroke
which of the following best describes arteries
strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure
supplies blood to the arm and shoulder regions
subclavian artery
drains blood from the arm
subclavian vein
the three major arteries of the upper limb that form a continuum are the
subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries
The major types of veins are ____________, ____________, and ______
superficial veins, deep veins, and sinuses
Which artery supplies the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon?
superior mesenteric artery
supplies blood to the pancreas and small intestine
superior mesenteric artery
The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the
superior mesenteric vein
supplies blood to the diaphragm
superior phrenic artery
which of the following blood vessels supplies blood to the diaphragm
superior phrenic artery
Veins that return blood directly to the heart include the
superior vena cava
Vasoconstriction is caused by ______ stimulation of vascular smooth muscle; ______ stimulation of vascular smooth muscle causes vasodilation.
sympathetic ; parasympathetic
Resistance in the cardiovascular system
tends to increase if blood viscosity increases.
in the aorta
the blood pressure and blood velocity are both high
which of the following thoracic organs is supplied by a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta
the intercostal muscles
as viscosity of the blood increases
the pressure required to force it to flow increases.
In response to circulatory shock,
the renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated
which of the following enhances the exchange between capillary walls and the interstitial spaces
the thinness of the capillary wall
Capillaries have the slowest velocity because
the total cross-sectional area is the largest
Which of the following statements concerning blood vessel walls is true?
the tunica intimacy is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall
which of the following acts as a storage area for blood
the veins
when the blood pressure of a vessel drops below the critical closing pressure for that vessel,
the vessel collapses
Which of the following functions is associated with vessels that carry blood directly from arterioles to veins without passing through capillaries?
thermoregulation
which statement about precapillary sphincters is correct
they can close of the capillaries by contracting
arteriosclerosis is characterized by
thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica media
supplies blood to the thoracic wall
thoracic parietal artery
supplies blood to the esophagus
thoracic visceral artery
the azygos vein drains blood from the ________ into the superior vena cava
thorax
which kind of vessel provides a bypass for a capillary bed
thoroughfare channel
bypass capillary beds
thoroughfare channels
a stationary clot
thrombosis
Why does nutrient-rich blood of the hepatic portal vein pass first through the liver before this blood is returned to the heart?
to allow the liver to store or modify the nutrients
When baroreceptors sense a drop in blood pressure, the vasomotor center responds by:
triggering peripheral vasoconstriction
which coat of artery contains endothelium
tunica intima
Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in the
tunica media
sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood vessel wall are found primarily in the
tunica media
Which of the following is NOT a major point where the pulse can be monitored?
ulnar artery
the visceral branches of the internal iliac arteries supply blood to the
urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs
an overstretching of the veins of the lower extremities
varicose veins
small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries
vasa vasorum
a characteristic of the venous system
vascular compliance
Valves similar to the semilunar valves of the heart are found in medium and large
veins
which type of vessel has the greatest compliance
veins
which statement is correct
veins contain valves and arteries do not
Select the answer that is not true when comparing veins and arteries of the same diameter.
veins have more elastic tissue
In which type of blood vessels is the blood pressure the lowest?
vena cavas
which type of capillary has the largest diameter
venous sinuses
drain capillary networks
venules
If a person develops high blood pressure, one of the compensatory mechanisms that comes into play is the fluid shift mechanism. This mechanism causes
water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces
the chemoreceptor reflexes help maintain hemostasis
when carbon dioxide levels increase
When measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, which of the following best describes when blood flow in the brachial artery is turbulent?
when pressure in the brachial artery is greater than in the blood pressure cuff and greater than the diastolic pressure
Describe the relationship between pulse pressure, aging and compliance.
with increasing age, compliance decreases and pulse pressure increases
the maintenance of blood flow by tissues is called _____
auto regulation
Venous drainage from the posterior thoracic wall enters the superior vena cava via the ______ vein.
azygos
the posterior intercostals veins join this vein on the right side of the body
azygos vein
The longest vein in the body is the
great saphenous vein
which of the following hormones does NOT influence blood pressure
growth hormone
continuous capillaries
have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together.
increased venous tone will
help return blood to the heart
Compensatory shock is characterized by a narrowed pulse pressure. Which of the following blood pressure readings is an example of a narrowed pulse pressure?
92/64
what are vasa vasorum
Blood vessels that nourish the tunica adventitia and tunica media.
Which of the following statements regarding regulation of local blood flow is true?
Increased metabolic rate in a tissue increases capillary blood flow into the tissue.
The relationship between the force holding open a vessel and the vessels diameter (Force = diameter x pressure; or F = D x P) is called:
Laplace's law
In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true?
Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.
the vertebral arteries arise from the
Right and left subclavian arteries
select the description that describes pulmonary circulation
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.
Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true?
The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow
describe the critical closing pressure
The pressure below which a vessel collapses.
Explain the drop in blood pressure that occurs when one goes from lying down to standing up.
Venous compliance allows blood to pool in the legs, decreasing venous return. This causes a drop in cardiac output and blood pressure.
Art is 75. He has advanced arteriosclerosis. He is suffering from a number of manifestations, which are consistent with his arteriosclerosis. Over the past several years he has developed hypertension and he is beginning to show signs of renal failure. Which of the following are consistent with his condition?
all of these - increased resistance to blood flow - increased renin secretion from the kidneys - increased aldosterone secretion form the adrenal cortex - increased angiotensiogen formation
which of the following is NOT involved involved in the short-term regulation of blood pressure
alteration in blood volume
which of the following would occur as a result of increased renin release by the kidneys
an increase in blood volume
When a person rises quickly from a lying position, there is
an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction.
a bulge (weak spot) in the artery wall
aneurysm
supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain
anterior cerebral artery
peripheral chemoreceptors
are located in the aortic and carotid bodies.
the vasa vasorum
are special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins.
When contrasting arteries and veins, which of the following statements is true?
arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins
Resistance to blood flow is greatest in
arterioles
The greatest resistance to blood flow and therefore the greatest drop in pressure occurs as blood passes through the ____
arterioles
degenerative changes in arteries
arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries results in _______ and deposition of plaques in the walls of the arteries results in ______.
arteriosclerosis ; atherosclerosis
a direct connection between an arteriole and a venue without an intervening capillary bed is a(an)
arteriovenous anastomosis
What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?
artery, arteriole, capillary, venue, vein
Blood from the posterior abdominal wall drains into the
ascending lumbar veins
Which of the following chemical substances, when released into the blood, would cause blood pressure to decrease?
atrial natriuretic hormone
The vein that ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the femoral vein is the ____ saphenous vein and the vein that ascends along the posterior aspect of the leg to the popliteal vein is the _____ saphenous vein.
great ; small
What creates the pulse?
ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta
the blood vessels that are under the greatest pressure are the
elastic arteries
From the heart to body tissues, which of the following sequences of vessels is correct?
elastic artery, muscular, arteriole, capillary
a floating clot
embolism
Vasomotor tone can be increased by
emotional excitement
simple squamous epithelium of capillaries
endothelium
the lining of a capillary is called the
endothelium
all of the following are functions of the circulatory system except
excretes wastes
supplies blood to the face, nose, and mouth
external carotid artery
extends from the common iliac artery to the thigh
external iliac artery
superficial vein of the head and neck
external jugular vein
continuation of the external iliac artery into the thigh
femoral artery
As the popliteal vein ascends the leg, it becomes the
femoral vein
One of the best ways to determine the adequacy of peripheral circulation is to check the pedal pulses. To check the pedal pulse you would check the pulse in the
foot
systemic blood vessels transport blood
from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium.
what structure helps to regulate body temperature
glomus
all of these will easily diffuse across the plasma membrane EXCEPT
glucose
According to the Laplace's Law, as the diameter of a blood vessel increases, the force applied to the wall of that vessel
increases
A blood pressure reading of 120/80 would
indicate a systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg.
a localized area of dead cells resulting from ischemia
infarct
Fill in the missing blood vessel. hepatic vein; _____________; right atrium
inferior vena cava
terminates by forming the middle cerebral arteries
internal carotid artery
which of the following arteries is part of a circulatory pathway to the brain
internal carotid artery
the pelvic area is supplied with blood from the ______ arteries
internal iliac
supplies blood to the pelvic area
internal iliac artery
deep vein that drains blood from the cranial vault
internal jugular vein
the venous sinuses in the cranial cavity drain blood into the
internal jugular vein
the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall is the tunica
intima
The velocity of blood flow inside a blood vessel
is faster in the center of the blood vessel.
atrial natriuetic factor
is released in response to elevated atrial pressure
All of the following describe the actions of the adrenal medullary mechanism, except.
is usually active for months
which of the following organs would most be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries
kidney
produced by turbulent blood flow
korotkoff sounds
how would you describe the streamlined movement of blood through a vessel
laminar flow
as pressure in a vessel decreases, the force holding it open decreases, and the vessel tends to collapse
laplaces law
A thrombus in the second branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch would affect the flow of blood to the
left side of the head and neck