A&P Ch 1
The lungs are ____ to the shoulders
medial
Organelles
microscopic structures found within cells
A ________ plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves.
midsagittal
Negative feedback
most processes are controlled by this feedback, examples: body temperature, increase in blood sugar, touching a hot surface
Comparative anatomy
examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species
Reproductive physiology
studies how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation
Organismal level
the highest level of structural organization in the body
Visceral pleura
the inner layer of serous membrane that covers the external surface of each lung
Control center
the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector
Nervous tissue
tissue that conducts nerve impulses for communication
Pelvic cavity
within the ventral cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, inferior to the abdominal cavity. Wedged between two hip bones
Abdominal cavity
within the ventral cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, superior to the pelvic cavity
Urinary system
Filters the blood and removes waste from the blood
If one is studying the axillary (armpit) area of the body and its nerves, blood vessels, lymph nodes, musculature, connective tissue and skin, ______ is the type of anatomy that is being studied.
Regional Anatomy
Respiratory system
Responsible for exchange of gases
The _______ extends through the body vertically and divides structures into right and left portions.
Sagittal plane
Neurophysiology
examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system and how nervous system organs work
Microscopic anatomy
examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye
Cardiovascular physiology
examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels and blood
Positive feedback
feedback that reinforces a continuation until a climatic event occurs, examples: breast feeding
A plane that passes through the body at an angle is called a(n)______.
oblique plane
Visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the serous membrane, covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs
Visceral pericardium
the innermost layer of the pericardium serous membrane, forms the heart's external surface
Mediastinum
the median space in the thoracic cavity, contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
Parietal pleura
the outer layer of the serous membrane, lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
Parietal pericardium
the outermost layer of the pericardium serous membrane, forms a sac around the heart
Pericardial cavity
the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardium, contains serous fluid
Serous cavity
the potential space between the parietal and visceral serous membranes. It secretes serous fluid
Physiology
the study of function of the body parts
Anatomy
the study of structure and form
Histology
the study of tissues
Metabolism
the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body
Pericardium
(Heart) within the mediastinum, encloses the heart in a two layer serous membrane
Peritoneum
(digestive organs) the two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominalpelvic cavity
Which term describes the relationship of the stomach to the spinal cord?
Anterior
examples of negative feedback regulation
Changes in blood pressure Changing breathing rate
Cardiovascular system
Moves blood containing hormones, nutrients and gases
Lymphatic system
Participates in immune response
Scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how their functions may change with disease are called
Physiologists
Homeostasis is involved with the ______ of living things.
Regulation
Endocrine system
Secretes hormones to regulate growth and chemical levels in blood
Organism
a living being
The correct anatomic directional term for "at the rear or tail end" is ______.
caudal
Stimuli
changes in the external or internal environment
Macromolecule
complex molecules, proteins and DNA
Organs
contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions
Posterior aspect
contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity, contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
The _______ plane would divide the chest from the back?
coronal (frontal)
Pathologic anatomy
examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease
Regional anatomy
examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit
Surface anatomy
focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the sin covering them
Cranial cavity
formed by the bones of the cranium, houses the brain
Vertebral canal
formed by the bones of the vertebral column, houses the spinal cord
Tissues
groups of similar cells that perform common functions
The correct anatomic directional term for "closer to the feet" is ______.
inferior
Abdominopelvic cavity
inferior to the thoracic cavity, houses the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Pathophysiology
investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system
Radiographic anatomy
investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures (x-ray, ultrasound, MRI)
Gross anatomy
investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye
Macroscopic anatomy
investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye
Catabolism
large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
Ventral cavity
larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body. It's partitioned by the diaphragm into superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity
Pleura
lungs
The heart is ________ to the lungs.
medial
the wrist is _____ to the hand
proximal
The correct anatomic directional term meaning "toward the nose" is ______.
rostral
Serous fluid
secreted by the serous cavity, has the consistency of oil and serves as a lubricant
Visceral layer
serous membrane that covers the external surface of the organs (inner)
Parietal layer
serous membrane that typically lines the internal surface of the body wall (outer)
Anabolism
small molecules are joined to form larger molecules
Respiratory physiology
studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels supplying the lungs
Systemic anatomy
studies the anatomy of each functional body system
Serous membranes
subdivisions in the ventral cavity are lines with a thin ___
Thoracic cavity
superior to the abdominopelvic cavity, houses the mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity (heart and lungs)
Homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady state"
Responsiveness
the ability to sense and react to stimuli
Receptor
the body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated
Stimulus
the change in the variable
Embryology
the discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth
Parietal peritoneum
the outer layer of serous membrane, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneal cavity
the potential space between the serous membrane layers in the abdominopelvic cavity, secretes serous fluid
Pleural cavity
the potential space between these parietal and visceral layers in the thoracic cavity, contains serous fluid
Chemical level
the simplest level, involves atoms and molecules
Cells
the smallest living structures that serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms
Atom
the smallest units of matter
Diagnosis
the specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance
Effector
the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus
Cytology
the study of body cells and their internal structure
Cellular level
this level consists of cells
Tissue level
this level consists of tissues
Organ system level
this level contains related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function
Organ level
this level is composed of organs
Epithelial tissue
tissue that covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities
Muscle tissue
tissue that produces movement
Connective tissue
tissue that protects, supports, and binds structures and organs
A ____ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
transverse
Molecule
two or more atoms combined together
The correct anatomic directional term for "at the belly side of the human body" is ______.
ventral
Set point
when a variable is maintained at a "normal level" or _____
Pleura
within the thoracic cavity, a two-layered serous membrane that covers the lungs