A&P Ch 1

The lungs are ____ to the shoulders

medial

Organelles

microscopic structures found within cells

A ________ plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves.

midsagittal

Negative feedback

most processes are controlled by this feedback, examples: body temperature, increase in blood sugar, touching a hot surface

Comparative anatomy

examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species

Reproductive physiology

studies how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation

Organismal level

the highest level of structural organization in the body

Visceral pleura

the inner layer of serous membrane that covers the external surface of each lung

Control center

the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector

Nervous tissue

tissue that conducts nerve impulses for communication

Pelvic cavity

within the ventral cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, inferior to the abdominal cavity. Wedged between two hip bones

Abdominal cavity

within the ventral cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, superior to the pelvic cavity

Urinary system

Filters the blood and removes waste from the blood

If one is studying the axillary (armpit) area of the body and its nerves, blood vessels, lymph nodes, musculature, connective tissue and skin, ______ is the type of anatomy that is being studied.

Regional Anatomy

Respiratory system

Responsible for exchange of gases

The _______ extends through the body vertically and divides structures into right and left portions.

Sagittal plane

Neurophysiology

examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system and how nervous system organs work

Microscopic anatomy

examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye

Cardiovascular physiology

examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels and blood

Positive feedback

feedback that reinforces a continuation until a climatic event occurs, examples: breast feeding

A plane that passes through the body at an angle is called a(n)______.

oblique plane

Visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the serous membrane, covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs

Visceral pericardium

the innermost layer of the pericardium serous membrane, forms the heart's external surface

Mediastinum

the median space in the thoracic cavity, contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

Parietal pleura

the outer layer of the serous membrane, lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall

Parietal pericardium

the outermost layer of the pericardium serous membrane, forms a sac around the heart

Pericardial cavity

the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardium, contains serous fluid

Serous cavity

the potential space between the parietal and visceral serous membranes. It secretes serous fluid

Physiology

the study of function of the body parts

Anatomy

the study of structure and form

Histology

the study of tissues

Metabolism

the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body

Pericardium

(Heart) within the mediastinum, encloses the heart in a two layer serous membrane

Peritoneum

(digestive organs) the two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominalpelvic cavity

Which term describes the relationship of the stomach to the spinal cord?

Anterior

examples of negative feedback regulation

Changes in blood pressure Changing breathing rate

Cardiovascular system

Moves blood containing hormones, nutrients and gases

Lymphatic system

Participates in immune response

Scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how their functions may change with disease are called

Physiologists

Homeostasis is involved with the ______ of living things.

Regulation

Endocrine system

Secretes hormones to regulate growth and chemical levels in blood

Organism

a living being

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the rear or tail end" is ______.

caudal

Stimuli

changes in the external or internal environment

Macromolecule

complex molecules, proteins and DNA

Organs

contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions

Posterior aspect

contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity, contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

The _______ plane would divide the chest from the back?

coronal (frontal)

Pathologic anatomy

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease

Regional anatomy

examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

Surface anatomy

focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the sin covering them

Cranial cavity

formed by the bones of the cranium, houses the brain

Vertebral canal

formed by the bones of the vertebral column, houses the spinal cord

Tissues

groups of similar cells that perform common functions

The correct anatomic directional term for "closer to the feet" is ______.

inferior

Abdominopelvic cavity

inferior to the thoracic cavity, houses the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Pathophysiology

investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system

Radiographic anatomy

investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures (x-ray, ultrasound, MRI)

Gross anatomy

investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye

Macroscopic anatomy

investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye

Catabolism

large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

Ventral cavity

larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body. It's partitioned by the diaphragm into superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity

Pleura

lungs

The heart is ________ to the lungs.

medial

the wrist is _____ to the hand

proximal

The correct anatomic directional term meaning "toward the nose" is ______.

rostral

Serous fluid

secreted by the serous cavity, has the consistency of oil and serves as a lubricant

Visceral layer

serous membrane that covers the external surface of the organs (inner)

Parietal layer

serous membrane that typically lines the internal surface of the body wall (outer)

Anabolism

small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

Respiratory physiology

studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels supplying the lungs

Systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

Serous membranes

subdivisions in the ventral cavity are lines with a thin ___

Thoracic cavity

superior to the abdominopelvic cavity, houses the mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity (heart and lungs)

Homeostasis

the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady state"

Responsiveness

the ability to sense and react to stimuli

Receptor

the body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated

Stimulus

the change in the variable

Embryology

the discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

Parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of serous membrane, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneal cavity

the potential space between the serous membrane layers in the abdominopelvic cavity, secretes serous fluid

Pleural cavity

the potential space between these parietal and visceral layers in the thoracic cavity, contains serous fluid

Chemical level

the simplest level, involves atoms and molecules

Cells

the smallest living structures that serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms

Atom

the smallest units of matter

Diagnosis

the specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance

Effector

the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

Cytology

the study of body cells and their internal structure

Cellular level

this level consists of cells

Tissue level

this level consists of tissues

Organ system level

this level contains related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

Organ level

this level is composed of organs

Epithelial tissue

tissue that covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

Muscle tissue

tissue that produces movement

Connective tissue

tissue that protects, supports, and binds structures and organs

A ____ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

transverse

Molecule

two or more atoms combined together

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the belly side of the human body" is ______.

ventral

Set point

when a variable is maintained at a "normal level" or _____

Pleura

within the thoracic cavity, a two-layered serous membrane that covers the lungs