Brain and Behavior Final
Select all regions that are a part of the limbic system.
amygdala hippocampus cingulate gyrus
An individual with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia has adrenal glands that oversecrete
androgens
The integration zone of a bipolar neuron contains which of the following:
axon hillock
The signal received by a neuron is transmitted to other cells through its
axon terminals
Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by
binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface
Exocytosis is directly dependent on an influx of which ion?
calcium
You are investigating the effects of a new drug your lab has created. You have an intact synapse (including pre- and post-synaptic neurons) in a dish. You add the drug to the dish so that it covers the cells and observe what happens. Following electrical stimulation of the pre-synaptic neuron, you record an action potential in the pre-synaptic neuron but observe no release of neurotransmitter into the synapse. Your drug most likely affects which of the following ions?
calcium (Ca++)
In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field
cannot be repeated verbally
Hyperpolarizing stimuli
decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential
You stimulate a presynaptic neuron to create an action potential. Then, you record what happens to membrane potential in a postsynaptic neuron. You see "A" response. Select all accurate descriptions of this response.
depolarization, so: the neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic neuron had an excitatory effect you recorded an EPSP in the postsynaptic neuron there was most likely an influx of sodium into the postsynaptic neuron you recorded a graded response in the postsynaptic neuron
Testosterone is most directly necessary for
development of vas deferens, epididymis, and seminal vesicles
What would you hypothesize happens when someone has XY chromosomes and a deficiency in 5-alpha reductase?
development of wolffish system and partial development of penis and scrotum in utero followed by full development of penis at puberty
The primary difference between an EPSP and an IPSP is the
direction of membrane polarization
spinal cord contains
dorsal root and ventral root
The traditional understanding of steroid hormones is that they exert their effects by
entering cells and altering gene expression
Select all criterion for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter.
existence of the substance in the presynaptic terminal release of the substance when nerve impulses reach the terminal ending existence of specific receptors for the substance on the postsynaptic membrane
True or false: The corpus callous is visible from a lateral view of the brain
false; it is visible from medial view
Which brain regions were removed during H.M.'s surgery? Select all that apply.
hippocampus and medial temporal lobe
Of the following options, what part of the brain is responsible for formation of declarative memories?
hippocampus and the surrounding cortex
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are characterized by _______ of the postsynaptic membrane.
hyperpolarization
Oxytocin is produced in the
hypothalamus
Releasing hormones are synthesized in the
hypothalamus
Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to the
left visual field
hippocampus
memory
Which brain area contains the inferior and superior colliculi?
midbrain
Which ion concentration relationship is true when a neuron is at rest?
more potassium (K+) inside the cell
ventral root
motor output
Someone with complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome develops testes that secrete hormones. What internal structures develop in this person?
neither develop
Select statements that correctly describe the sympathetic division of the nervous system.
nerves travel a short distance before terminating on ganglia
Which neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nerves?
norepinephrine
Multiple Sclerosis is a disorder in which there is autoimmune-activity to myelin in the central nervous system. This means increased immune reactivity to
oligodendrocytes
Following his motorcycle accident, what type of memory was K.C. able to form?
only semantic memories
The peak of the action potential is caused by the
opening of the sodium (Na+) channels
Male mice with knockouts of the _______ gene display "social amnesia," failing to recognize previously encountered females.
oxytocin
periaqueductal gray
pain
grade potentials are ___ and action potentials are ___
passive; actively propagated
Select all that represent major classes of hormones.
peptide steroid
Which molecule is NOT secreted by the pituitary?
progesterone
Select the statements that are true of glial cells.
secrete chemical signals that affect synaptic transmission may be involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease can control local blood flow
K.C remembered how to play chess, but did not remember that his grandfather taught him. What type of memory was still present?
semantic memory
dorsal root
sensory input
Select all monoamine neurotransmitters.
serotonin epinephrine dopamine
Select all examples of functions of the parasympathetic nervous system.
slows heart rate stimulates digestion
Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve
specialized receptor molecules
Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to
the corpus callous as a treatment for epilepsy
What helps to determine conduction velocity?
the diameter of the axon
What determines a neuron's maximal rate of firing?
the duration of the refractory phase
Which of the following is NOT true of neuroendocrine cells?
they release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
why study sex differences?
to create more effective therapeutics to answer basic science questions because, as of 2014, the National Institute of Health requires scientists to
Ganglia are to nerves as nuclei are to
tracts
What would be the most likely result of damage to the medulla?
tremors
Pituitary hormones that induce cells to release their hormones are collectively known as
tropic hormones
Action potentials generally are NOT actively propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack
voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels
Action potentials generally are NOT propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack
voltage-gated sodium channels
A large frontal lesion in, or damage to, the left hemisphere produces which effect?
Broca's aphasia
You apply a new drug to a different batch of neurons and record membrane potential changes in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. You record an action potential in the presynaptic neuron and a change from -70mV to -90mV in the postsynaptic neuron. Your drug most likely allowed which ion into the postsynaptic neuron?
Chloride (Cl-)
Select the TRUE statement(s) about K.C.
K.C.'s bilateral hippocampal damage probably accounts for his anterograde declarative amnesia
substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease
You are working with a patient who has Turner syndrome. What do you know about their chromosomal sex?
They have one X chromosome
You are meeting a new patient today. You walk in, introduce yourself, and ask how he's doing. He responds "You know the smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round." This is a classic sign of
Wernicke's aphasia
When activated extracellularly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCrs) initiate
a G protein signaling mechanism inside the cell
Equilibrium potential for a potassium (K+) is around
-65 mV
The resting potential of a neuron is around
-65 mV
Which molecule is NOT a steroid hormone?
ACTH
The slow burn that results from eating something mildly spicy (capsaicin) is due to:
C fibers and activation of TPRV1 receptors
When Botox (botulinum toxin) is injected, it paralyzes muscles locally. Based on this information only, what neurotransmitter system does Botox alter?
Cholinergic
Patient N.A. suffered from complete retrograde amnesia
False
Peptide hormones bind intracellular receptors
False
You stimulate a presynaptic neuron to create an action potential. Then, you record what happens to membrane potential in a postsynaptic neuron. You see "B" response. What neurotransmitter was most likely released from the presynaptic neuron?
GABA; hyper polarization on graph
Which statement BEST reflects the evolutionary advantage of sensory adaptation?
It prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little information about the world.
Treating people who have _____________ with L-Dopa can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms, showing evidence for the Dopamine Hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Parkinson's disease
What do you hypothesize would happen to gonadal differentiation if a zygote was XY but the SRY gene was not functional?
This female would not have ovaries but would have a uterus
What do you hypothesize would happen to gonadal differentiation if a zygote had XXY chromosomes?
This male would have smaller testes and a lower sperm production
The receptive field is the body region in which stimulus will alter a sensory neuron's firing rate.
True
How do typical/first-generation and atypical/second-generation antipsychotics differ?
Typical have high affinity for D2 dopamine receptors, atypical have high affinity for serotonin and other receptors.
drug tolerance
a decrease in response to a drug
On Barbra's birthday, she blew out the candles on the right side of the cake. When asked about the rest of the candles she exclaimed, "they are too pretty to blow out!" Later though, when eating cake, she wasn't using her left arm and even referred to it as a "hunk of meat." These symptoms might indicate that Barbra has
a possible stroke in the posterior portion of the RIGHT parietal lobe
Saltatory conduction refers to:
a process in myelinated axons where the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next
Select all examples of non-declarative memory. (select all that apply)
ability to ride a bike
The brain recognizes action potentials from different sensory modalities as separate and distinct because
action potentials from different sensory modalities are carried on different nerve tracts
Which of the following accurately describes neurons? (Select all that apply.)
all neurons have four functional zones
The likelihood that the spouse of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is similar to the likelihood that _____ will do so.
an individual in the general population
Which of the following is NOT true when a neuron is at rest?
anions are attracted into the cell due to electrostatic pressure
Jacqueline is six years old, and learns lots of new things in her kindergarten class. The past three weeks, her teachers have helped her use scissors every day to grow her abilities with them and work towards cutting more complex shapes. This type of learning would be most hindered by damage to which brain region?
basal ganglia
Which structures are required for the classical conditioned eye-blink resposne?
cerebellum motor cranial nerves
neuromodulators
chemicals that are co-released with neurotransmitters at the synapse. They alter the amount of neurotransmitter released.
The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called what?
choroid plexus
You are working in a research lab that studies mechanisms of PTSD using a rodent model. To do this, you use the following protocol: Place rats in a cage. Play a sound and measure fear response. Place rats in a cage. Play a sound and apply a light, but aversive electrical shock to the rat's paw. Measure fear response. Repeat 10 times. Place rat in a cage. Play a sound and measure fear response. What type of memory is involved in this task?
classical conditioning
Which statement regarding depression is TRUE?
cognitive behavioral therapy and SSRI treatment together are more effective than either one alone
central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
occipital lobe
cortical blindness
N.A. damaged several brain structures connected to the hippocampus, what areas would this affect in N.A.?
declarative memory formation
down regulation
decrease in number of receptors
For individuals with PTSD, there is a(n) ____ in the presence of cortisol, while there is a(n) ____ sensitivity to cortisol
decrease; increased
Hormone-producing glands are called _______ glands.
endocrine
What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses?
enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition
A psychobiological model of PTSD draws a connection among the symptoms and neural mechanisms of ____, behavioral sensitization, and ____
fear conditioning, extinction
The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter
glutamate
What comes first: testosterone production or gonadal differentiation?
gonadal differentiation
up regulation
increase in number of receptors, thereby altering tissue sensitivity to the chemical
Which of the following would result in depolarization of the neuron?
influx of Na+
Martin has been taking lithium for bipolar disorder for most of his adult life. He finds he takes his medication for a while but then stops. The most likely reason he does this is
it robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase
Which of the following would be the most likely result of damage to the brain region labeled "A"?
loss of motor function
Which of the following would be the most likely result of damage to the brain region labeled "B"?
loss of somatosensory function
In terms of its position on your body, your nose is
medial and anterior
The ___ is not needed to encode sensory information into short-term memory or to retrieve that information from it, but is required to move information from short-term into long-term memory
medial temporal lobe
Which structure is located between the hypothalamus and the pituitary?
median eminence
H.M. maintained ___ memory as he was able to perform better each time he did the mirror-tracing task.
nondeclarative
A hormone that is found only in males is
none of the above (luteinizing hormone, androstenedione, testosterone)
Which class of drugs is NOT used to treat depression?
phencyclidines
Which statement(s) regarding ions is true when a neuron is at rest?
positively charged cations are attracted to the intracellular fluid
vasopressin is secreted by the
posterior pituitary
Select all structures that are present in a synapse.
postsynaptic membrane synaptic cleft presynaptic membrane
autoreceptors
presynaptic neurotransmitter receptors that provide feedback on how much neurotransmitter has been released, ultimately decreasing future neurotransmitter release
You are walking home from class after a long day. You get home and realize you weren't paying attention at all to where you were going but you made it home. What type of memory is this?
procedural
The sodium-potassium pump:
pumps 3 Na+ ions out for every 2 K+ ions into the cell
Damage to the ____ would affect projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin
raphe nucleus
Robert sustained an injury to the brain after a car crash. During an examination, the doctor asked Robert to recall memories of his wedding. The only thing that he could recall was the date of his wedding which was April 2, 2018. Robert could not remember any events that happened at his wedding or even how he felt during the wedding. Robert preserved what type of memory?
semantic
affinity
the chemical attraction between a ligand and a specific receptor type, or how strongly a ligand binds to a receptor. strong bond = high affinity
therapeutic index
the difference between the lethal dose (LD50) and the effective dose (ED50). The larger the therapeutic index, the safer the drug
efficacy
the intrinsic activity of a ligand, or how strong a response is elicited. Agonists have high efficacy, and antagonists have low efficacy
After N.A.'s accident, he could only gain new nondeclarative memories. Which example of a new memory would he NOT be able to retain?
the name of the hospital he went to after his accident
During the relative refractory phase,
the neuron is briefly hyperpolarized
As a result of his experiments with roosters, Berthold concluded that
the tested release a chemical into the blood
how can psychoactive drugs alter synaptic transmission?
they can alter the clearance of neurotransmitters from the cleft; also alter receptor function or intracellular processes
What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
timing of memory loss; retrograde is loss of memories before the accident whereas anterograde is inability to form new memories